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Topic: Flicker noise

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	epanorama.net/Noise types
		White noise is noise in which the intensity of the power spectral density is constant and independent of frequency.
		Pink noise is the common name given to 1/f noise which crops up in many natural stochastic processes and approximates the power spectrum of music signals too.
		"flicker noise" or "1/f noise") is halfway between white noise and red noise.
	www.epanorama.net /documents/audio/noisetypes.html (656 words)

	Section Twelve
		This type of noise is common, even in the highest quality oscillators, because in order to bring the signal amplitude up to a usable level, amplifiers are used after the signal source.
		Flicker PM can be reduced with good low-noise amplifier design (e.g., using rf negative feedback) and hand-selecting transistors and other electronic components.
		This noise can be kept at a very low value with good amplifier design, hand-selected components, the addition of narrowband filtering at the output, or increasing, if feasible, the power of the primary frequency source.
	tf.nist.gov /timefreq/phase/Properties/twelve.htm (1064 words)

	Choosing a Low-Noise Amplifier - Maxim/Dallas
		Voltage noise is the voltage fluctuations at the input of an otherwise noise-free amplifier with shorted inputs.
		Flicker noise, the random noise intrinsic to all linear devices, is known as 1/f noise.
		Flicker noise, or 1/f noise, is inversely proportional to frequency and is usually the dominant noise source at frequencies less than 200Hz.
	www.maxim-ic.com /appnotes.cfm?an_pk=3642 (1306 words)

	Electronic noise - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shot noise in electronic devices consists of random fluctuations of the electric current in an electrical conductor, which are caused by the fact that the current is carried by discrete charges (electrons).
		Johnson-Nyquist noise (sometimes thermal noise, Johnson noise or Nyquist noise) is the noise generated by the equilibrium fluctuations of the electric current inside an electrical conductor, which happens regardless of any applied voltage, due to the random thermal motion of the charge carriers (the electrons).
		Flicker noise, also known as 1/f noise, is a signal or process with a frequency spectrum such that the power spectral density is proportional to the reciprocal of the frequency.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Electronic_noise (330 words)

	Finesse Voltage Regulator Noise!
		By amplifying the noise with an inverting transconductance amplifier with the right amount of gain, the required current sink may be realized.
		The flicker noise will be a bit high but the circuit could be useful for eliminating switching regulator spikes.
		The regulator's noise is 330 nV per root-hertz at 100 hertz and the circuit reduces this noise to 20 nV.
	www.wenzel.com /documents/finesse.html (1272 words)

	Capgo - Understanding Noise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Generally the aim is to maximize the signal to noise ratio by minimizing the noise, maximizing the signal or a combination of both.
		The topic of noise is a big one, but in practice you may never need to deal with the problem because the equipment you are using is effective in removing the noise or there is no significant noise present in you measurement.
		This noise is has a number of components: thermal noise, excess current noise, flicker noise and shot noise.
	www.capgo.com /Resources/Measurement/Noise/Noise.html (1583 words)

	Rane Professional Audio Reference (N)
		The measured noise spectrum (done in octave bands using an SPL meter) is compared against a series of standard noise criteria (NC) curves to determine the "NC level" of the space.
		noise figure The ratio between the Johnson noise (or thermal noise) of the equivalent input resistance of a circuit and its measured noise, expressed in decibels.
		A noise gate is to an expander as a limiter is to a compressor.
	www.rane.com /par-n.html (3182 words)

	BACKGROUND ON NOISE Paul Brooking Jan 2003
		When noise is not associated with a carrier, it is the absolute level of the noise, which is normally considered as a power per Hz bandwidth, or total power in a known bandwidth (dBm/Hz or dBm respectively).
		Whenever a noise level is considered for measurement, or for it’s effect in a system, it is important to be clear about what aspect of the noise is of significance.
		A noise spectrum may be considered to consist of a large number of elemental sinewaves, each able to change amplitude and phase, as the noise chnges.
	website.lineone.net /~paul.brooking/intro_noise/intro_noise.htm (1951 words)

	Noise in Audio Amplifiers
		Thermal noise is "white" in character (has a constant energy per unit bandwidth) and is generated by the thermal agitation of electrons in a conductor.
		Flicker noise is a low frequency effect, and as such is not so much of a problem with audio circuits.
		This is the equivalent of 80dB Signal to Noise ratio (S/N) relative to 0dBu.
	sound.westhost.com /noise.htm (2366 words)

	Pink Noise Generator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		1 is an implementation of a flicker noise generator described in NBS technical note #604, "Efficient Numerical and Analog Modeling of Flicker Noise Processes" by J.A. Barnes and Stephen Jarvis, Jr.
		The amplifier must have low noise current since a farily high value resistor is used to generate the 50 nV white noise; choose an op-amp with noise voltage less than 15 nV/root-Hz and noise current less than 0.1 pA/root-Hz, both easily obtained with several modern op-amps.
		The capacitor values vary slightly from the calculated values in the referenced paper to simplify construction and the circuit includes bias to allow the use of polarized electrolytic capacitors.
	www.techlib.com /electronics/pinknoise.htm (330 words)

	[No title]
		It is frequency independent (white noise) well into the GHz region.ª³Hó¨Shot noise modeling¨7The noise amplitude is represented by the rms value: ª5ó ¨Shot noise modeling¨ÝThe rms noise current for a diode current of 1 mA is about 20 pA/Hz1/2.
		Metal film resistors have no flicker noise.ó ¨Flicker noise modeling¨7The noise amplitude is represented by the rms value: ª5ó ¨Flicker noise modeling¨õThe constant K1 is device dependent and must be determined experimentally.
		It is often the dominating noise factor in the low-frequency region.
	www.csus.edu /indiv/n/ngw/EEE-243/Noise.ppt (635 words)

	Flicker noise - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Flicker noise is a type of electronic noise with a 1/f, or pink spectrum.
		Flicker noise is found in carbon composition resistors, where it is referred to as excess noise, since it increases the overall noise level above the thermal noise level, which is present in all resistors.
		Since flicker noise is related to the level of DC, if the current is kept low, thermal noise will be the predominant effect in the resistor, and the type of resistor used will not affect noise levels.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Flicker_noise (262 words)

	Managing noise and spurious within complex microwave assemblies
		This means that the input noise of a multiplier block is translated to the output by summing all noise sources present at the effective input, then increasing this noise power by 20*Log (N).
		Noise associated with the flicker noise (1/f noise) in semiconductor devices is important primarily in oscillator design and early stage multiplier chain devices.
		Voltage regulator circuits are usually specified in terms of total noise (~10uVrms) within their bandwidth so to estimate the equivalent noise in a 1 Hz BW simply divide by square root of the regulator output bandwidth.
	rfdesign.com /mag/radio_managing_noise_spurious/index.html (2920 words)

	Lock-in Amplifier
		The random white noise has a maximum frequency that is much higher than the signal frequency (it is sampled 63 times per period of the signal).
		The standard deviation of the output voltage is estimated and displayed as "Output noise" (cell K6), along with the signal-to-noise ratio (output voltage divided by standard deviation) and the relative standard deviation (standard deviation divided by output voltage).
		The advantage is even more striking for flicker; turn up the flicker on both simulators and notice how the output voltage of the AC voltmeter responds to the flicker but that the lock-in is almost immune to flicker.
	www.wam.umd.edu /~toh/models/lockin.html (1946 words)

	Flicker Noise in Orbit 2um N-well CMOS (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		To determine the flicker noise in this process, a LNA was first designed without knowledge of the flicker noise contribution.
		The measurements were made with a HP 3588A Spectrum Analyzer using its built-in noise measurement function and a resolution bandwidth of 1.1 Hz.
		A noise analysis was performed and the noise parameters were adjusted until there was a reasonable match between the simulation results and the measured data.
	bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /~warneke/research/flicker.html (383 words)

	1/f noise and self-organised critical systems
		Flicker noise is characterized by correlations extended over a wide range of timescales, a clear indication of some sort of cooperative effect.
		Flicker noise has been observed, for example, in the light from quasars, the intensity of sunspots, the current through resistors, the sand flow in an hourglass, the flow of rivers such as the Nile, and even stock exchange price indices.
		We shall argue that flicker noise is in fact not noise but reflects the intrinsic dynamics of self-organized critical systems.
	secamlocal.ex.ac.uk /~mwatkins/zeta/1fnoiseandsocs.htm (787 words)

	Pink noise - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pink noise (left) and white noise (right) on an FFT spectrogram with linear frequency vertical axis (on a typical audio or similar spectrum analyzer the pink noise would be flat, not downward-sloping, and the white noise rising)
		One important parameter of noise, the peak versus average energy contents, or crest factor, cannot be specified for pink noise, because it depends on f
		In physical systems it is present in some meteorological data series, the electromagnetic radiation output of some astronomical bodies, and in almost all electronic devices (referred to as flicker noise).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pink_noise (791 words)

	BSIM Model for MOSFET Flicker Noise Statistics: Technology Scaling, Area, and Bias Dependence
		Given that many analog/mixed-signal and RF circuits are sensitive to flicker noise, it is essential to utilize a quantitative approach to design optimization that accounts for noise variation.
		Second, the increase in the noise variation as transistor area is reduced and as gate overdrive is decreased is addressed in detail and implemented in the new model.
		The present work sheds light on the physical mechanisms leading to flicker noise variation; the noise variation is largely attributed to stochastic fluctuations in effective trap density of the devices.
	www.nsti.org /Nanotech2006/showabstract.html?absno=743 (307 words)

	flicker
		Zhou et al, "SPICE Models for Flicker Noise in p-MOSFETs in the Saturation Region", IEEE Trans.
		Dallas et al, "Characterization of Flicker Noise in GaAs MESFETs", IEEE Trans.
		Takanashi, "Low-Frequency Noise of InP/InGaAs Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors", IEEE Trans.
	www.emba.uvm.edu /~merturk/flicker.html (880 words)

	Pink Noise
		Pink noise (AKA 1/f noise or flicker noise) is similar to white noise except that it contains an equal amount of energy in each octave band.
		Pink noise can be generated by putting white noise through a pinking filter which removes more energy as the frequency increases (approximately 3 dB per octave).
		As white noise is anagous to white light (representing all frequencies equally), pink noise is anagous to light which tends towards the lower end of the visible light spectrum (red light).
	www.mediacollege.com /audio/noise/pink-noise.html (142 words)

	Effect of Slit Width on Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The bar graph shows how the contribution of the three primary noise sources (flicker, photon, and detector) changes as the spectrometer slit width is changed.
		The table below that gives the analyte and background signals, the breakdown of the individual noise contributions from analyte and background shot and flicker noise, the total noise, signal to noise ratio (ratio of analyte signal to total noise) and the signal-to-background ratio (ratio of analyte signal to background signal).
		This simulation considers only random noise errors; it assumes that some method of background correction has already been applied to correct the systematic error caused by the background intensity at the analyte wavelength.
	www.wam.umd.edu /~toh/models/LineOnBackground.html (425 words)

	Noise Wave Correlation Matrix of Components
		If one wants to calculate the noise wave correlation matrix of a component, the most universal method is to take noise voltages and noise currents and then derive the noise waves by the use of equation (1.1).
		A passive, linear circuit produces only thermal noise and thus its noise waves can be calculated with Bosma's theorem (assuming thermodynamic equilibrium).
		That is, even though the two currents flow in different directions ("minus" in dc current equation), they have to be added in the noise equation (current is proportional to noise power spectral density).
	qucs.sourceforge.net /tech/node13.html (531 words)

	Noise in GPS coordinate time series
		A combination of white noise and flicker noise appears to be the best model for the noise characteristics of all three position components.
		Both white and flicker noise amplitudes are smallest in the north component and largest in the vertical component.
		The white noise part of the vertical component is higher for tropical stations (±23° latitude) compared to midlatitude stations.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/1999/1998JB900033.shtml (234 words)

	pubs on one-over-f (1/f) noise
		In addition, the noise of the air conditioner is reduced and the comfort of the user is improved.
		Pink noise sounds more natural than white noise (it sounds like rushing water or ocean surf) and is quite relaxing.
		SPIE's Proceedings of Fluctuations and Noise 2003 http://spie.org/Conferences/Programs/03/fn/index.cfm?fuseaction=proceedings
	www.nslij-genetics.org /wli/1fnoise (792 words)

	Noise modulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The power spectral density of the white noise will be unchanged as long as the bandwidth of the amplifier is larger than the chopping frequency.
		The effect of chopper modulation on the flicker noise will be the reduction of the PSD of the output noise at low frequencies.
		T>>1 the PSD of the white noise after chopping remains the same and the PSD of the flicker noise at low frequencies will be reduced.
	www01.edatoolscafe.com /books/phdThesis/Chapter-5.4.php (436 words)

	DSP Generation of Pink Noise
		White noise has the same distribution of power for all frequencies, so there is the same amount of power between 0 and 500 Hz, 500 and 1,000 Hz or 20,000 and 20,500 Hz.
		The most obvious use of pink noise is as an audio signal, to be used directly, to be filtered or to be used to modulate something.
		It is possible to conceive of a pink noise generator with "k" rate control of level, upper and lower boundary frequencies and the slopes of those boundaries.
	www.firstpr.com.au /dsp/pink-noise (5641 words)

	Electronic Flicker Pulsing Suppresses EMI Problems
		Pure flicker pulsing requires that the components be driven with a set of uncorrelated pulses, with random heights, started at random times.
		The PSD for a signal given these constraints is provided in Figure 1, and is shown on an expanded scale in Figure 4.
		Although both signals in Figure 1 have the same total energy, the PSD of the flicker-pulsed signal is reduced to background noise.
	www.elecdesign.com /Articles/ArticleID/6275/6275.html (902 words)

	flicker_world_of_dirt (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		I hold in my trembling hands a compact disc called, "Flicker Noise Presents The Astounding World Of Dirt." My hands tremble from a combination of caffeine, anticipation and what can only be called lust.
		Flicker Noise is a comedy troupe from the Aspen area that you have more than likely never heard of.
		If this is true, then Flicker Noise is a full-blown backyard bar-b-q of irreverent comedy, with plenty of surreal potato salad on the picnic table.
	flickertista.com.cob-web.org:8888 /Flicker_world_of_dirt.html (371 words)

	The Restoration Of Rory O'More (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Noise is quite common in old footage, and has a strong effect on the perceived quality of the film.
		Flicker and shake should be therefore fixed prior to the other problems.
		The viewer is at first disturbed by the shake, then, when the shake is fixed, by he will noticed the flicker and eventually the blotches and the grain noise.
	www.mee.tcd.ie /~sigmedia/research/restoration/ifc/index.php (909 words)

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