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Topic: Florentine Codex

	Florentine Codex Information
		Florentine Codex is the name given to 12 books created under the supervision of Bernardino de Sahagún between approximately 1540 and 1585.
		The Florentine Codex is primarily a Nahuatl language text, written by trilingual (Nahuatl, Spanish and Latin) Aztec students of Sahagún.
		The Codex Matritense is a copy and compilation from same sources as the Florentine Codex, corresponding to the material recompiled in Tlatelolco and Texcoco in Nahuatl.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Florentine_Codex (402 words)

	Teocuitlatl, "Divine excrement": the significance of "holy shit" in ancient Mexico. - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		In Codex Borgia (pl. 10), for example, as in the cognate scene in the less artfully painted Codex Vaticanus B (pl. 29), a nearly naked man not only defecates but also seems to be eating some of his own excrement (fig.
		In Codex Vaticanus B (pl. 41), the same amorphous ocher-colored material is being pulled from the mouth of a skeletal female, a sure reference to the material's alimentary nature.
		According to Sahagun, Florentine Codex, 6:92, an Aztec nobleman's daughter was urged not to covet carnal experience, "as it is said, in the excrement, the refuse." (12.) The etymology of cuitlatl is unknown, but the word is itself the root of a number of other Nahuatl words.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1G1-14538980.html (3957 words)

	Florentine Codex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Florentine Codex is the name given to 12 books created under the supervision of Bernardino de Sahagún between approximately 1540 and 1585.
		The Florentine Codex is primarily a Nahuatl language text, written by trilingual Nahuatl, Spanish and Latin Aztec students of Sahagún.
		The Codex Matritense is a copy and compilation from the same sources as the Florentine Codex, corresponding to the material recompiled in Tlatelolco and Texcoco in Nahuatl.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Florentine_Codex (477 words)

	ooBdoo
		The codex was an improvement upon the scroll, which it gradually replaced as the written medium.
		From the fourth century, when the codex gained wide acceptance, to the Carolingian Renaissance in the eighth century, many works that were not converted from scroll to codex were lost to posterity.
		The codex also made it easier to organize documents in a library because it had a stable spine on which the title of the book could be written.
	www.oobdoo.com /wikipedia/?title=Codex (496 words)

	Aztec codices - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Codex Osuna is a set of seven separate documents created in early 1565 to present evidence against the government of Viceroy Luis de Velasco during the 1563-66 inquiry by Jerónimo de Valderrama.
		Based on an earlier unknown codex, Codex Magliabechiano is primarily a religious document, depicting the 20 day-names of the tonalpohualli, the 18 monthly feasts, the 52-year cycle, various deities, indigenous religious rites, costumes, and cosmological beliefs.
		Codex Xolotl - a pictorial codex recounting the history of the Valley of Mexico, and Texcoco in particular, from Xolotl's arrival in the Valley to the defeat of Azcapotzalco in 1428.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aztec_codices (1193 words)

	Mesoamerican Codices in the University Libraries
		This "codex" consists of fragments of a very large painting, some of which is believed to have been lost since it was first described by Borutini in the eighteenth century.
		It is a fragment of a codex attributed to Don Fernando de Alva Ixtlilxochitl, one of the outstanding historians of the early years of the Spanish Conquest.
		This codex is related to a lawsuit held before the Council of Indies between the Indians of Tepetlaoztoc and the encomendero, Juan Velasquez de Salazar.
	library.albany.edu /subject/codices.htm (4082 words)

	Aztecs - Painting Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Florentine Codex shows 2 variants of colouring to this suit, one in an orangish tint, the other a light mustard and white colour, which I take to be trying to represnet some sort of natural colouring.
		The Florentine Codex shows these Eagle warriors in a brown coloured suit (one would assume eagle colours) with a beaked helm (the helm made of feathers) but with no crest to the helm, and a tail to the suit in one instance.
		Codex Mendoza supplies two variants of the parrot suit, being the Queztal (green feathered crest with yellow suit) and Cuecal (Macaw) (red feathered crest and suit).Both types come in full length suits, or with a feathered skirt instead of leggings.
	www.chronofus.net /wargames/eureka/100club/aztecs/painting.htm (6157 words)

	Anales 66, 1995
		The Codex Mendoza was created at the order of the first Viceroy, don Antonio de Mendoza, as a background history intended for the King in Spain.
		The Codex Osuna is a document painstakingly prepared at the direction of the indigenous leadership specifically for use in a judicial process at the highest level of colonial administration.
		The Tecpan of Mexico beautifully recorded in the Codex Osuna was a building intended to be a lasting architectural expression of the legitimate power and authority of the indigenous leaders, demonstrating not only their continuing role as transmitters of the traditional culture but also their new role as interpreters and transducers of the new culture.
	www.interamericaninstitute.org /teposcolula.htm (9976 words)

	The 1,300 Year Pilgrimage of the Codex Amiatinus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Codex Amiatinus (click on underlined words), was produced in the twin monasteries of Jarrow and Monkwearmouth some time before 716 A.D., and is still extant, in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, the Laurentian Library, in Florence.
		The Codex had been produced in a monastery in the south of Italy, at Vivarium, founded by the Roman Senator, Cassiodorus the Younger, on his retirement from political life.
		The Codex Grandior is no longer in existence, but it has left its descendants to us in the forms of the Codex Amiatinus and, most probably, the Lindisfarne Gospels, whose Matthew and Mark illuminations (the latter reversed) may also be based on the Cassiodorus portrait of the Codex Grandior.
	www.umilta.net /pandect.html (2261 words)

	Sister Stories - Florentine Codex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Florentine Codex is a manuscript containing a hand-written version of the encyclopedic account of Aztec society assembled by Fray Bernardino de Sahagun.
		By the time the Florentine Codex was completed (it is thought in 1577), Sahagun had decided on a way to organize the information he had received, modeled on contemporary encyclopedias.
		The Florentine Codex is, for these reasons, inherently biased in its portrayal of Aztec society and Aztec women toward the interests of control by male Aztec elites, further screened by their conformity with Spanish clerical authority.
	www.nyupress.org /sisterstories/feathered.fir/florentine.codex.html (386 words)

	Colorants Used During Mexico's Early Colonial Period
		the Florentine Codex indicates that "tlaceuilli" was made from the juice of the macerated leaves of an herb that Wallert has identified as I.
		In the Florentine Codex a yellow colorant is described as being made from the grinding of a yellow stone (Sahagún 1963, book 11).
		The Florentine Codex describes an inorganic white colorant, chalk, that the Aztecs called "tetiçatl." the colorant was made from ground, heated limestone, and was used as a painting medium (Anderson 1948; Sahagún 1963, book 11).
	aic.stanford.edu /conspec/bpg/annual/v16/bp16-05.html (4891 words)

	Teaching and Learning: Conquest of Mexico: The Conquest of Mexico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Florentine Codex, eventually published under the title Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España, appeared during a complex transition in Spanish language politics, when some priests began to urge that Nahuatl be made the official language of all of the indigenous peoples living in New Spain.
		The Aubin Codex, often called the Manuscrito de 1576 although that was probably the date of its origin rather than its publication, largely consists of “picture-histories” of the Mexicas from their earliest migration south to the conquest and construction of New Spain.
		This version of the Códice Florentine is based on the version of the codex held in Florence as well as on the summary of the original codex, Primeros memorials, held in the Bibliioteca de Palacio, Madrid.
	www.historians.org /tl/LessonPlans/ca/Fitch/conquestbib.htm (5577 words)

	FAMSI - John Pohl's Mesoamerica - The Meeting
		"Mexica, all of you, they are fleeing, they are sneaking away." (Florentine Codex) Then a guard at the top of the temple of Huitzilopochtli sounded the alarm and the boatmen headed forward carrying hundreds of warriors to entrap the Spaniards.
		Tzilacatzin, the mighty, as portrayed in the Florentine Codex.
		The Florentine Codex indicates that they were ritually executed before the great temple of the Aztec war god Huitzilopochtli.
	www.famsi.org /research/pohl/pohl_meeting.html (2456 words)

	Detail Page
		Others, such as the Codex Mendoza, were copies of pre-conquest codices or compiled especially in order to provide the Spanish, particularly the emperor Charles V of Spain, with detailed information concerning Aztec holdings.
		Others were the Codex Laud, Codex Fejervary-Mayer, Codex Cospi, Codex Vaticanus B and the Mexican Manuscript 20, in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris.
		Their work, generally meticulous, can be seen in the Codex Mendoza; a Spanish priest trying to record Aztec history after the conquest complained that they took so long to read that he was allowed only a few days in which to make his editorial changes and notations.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=MES0119 (707 words)

	Essay on precolumbian Mexican [Aztec] Codex Boturini by Karl Young (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The story of the conquest of Mexico by a small band of European soldiers of fortune is one of the most engaging sagas in human history, and, at least in its outlines, one of the best known to contemporary audiences.
		The style of Codex Boturini is deceptively simple: though it shows none of the soul-wrenching force of Codex Borgia, or the serene mastery of Codex Vindobonensis, or the colorful grandeur of Codex Borbonicus, its artist was a master who deserves our respect.
		Codex Boturini is also known by several other names, the most frequently used being Tira de la Perigrinacion and Tira del Museo.
	www.thing.net /~grist/ld/bot/boturini.htm (2393 words)

	American Passages - Unit 2. Exploring Borderlands: Context Activities
		The opening sequence of the codex depicts an archetypal Aztec man and the goddess Chimalma (identified by the round shield attached by a line to her head) sitting on the far left in the Aztec homeland of Aztlán.
		Exploration: Compare the view of the Conquest of Mexico presented in the Lienzo de Tlaxcala, the Florentine Codex, the "Hymn of the Dead," and the "The Ruins of Mexico in Tlatelolco" with the Conquest of California by Anglos in the works of María Amparo Ruiz de Burton and John Rollin Ridge (Unit 5).
		The Florentine Codex was illustrated by Aztec scribes in a style that reflected a mixture of pre-Conquest manuscript traditions and European illustration conventions.
	www.learner.org /amerpass/unit02/context_activ-2.html (2371 words)

	HOASM: The Florentine Group
		Leonard Ellinwood has, on the basis of the chronological order apparently followed in arranging the contents of the Squarcialupi Codex --one of the chief MSS of the period--and on the basis of the type of notation devices employed by each composer, assigned a large number of the trecento composers to three different generations, thus:
		This and many other compositions of Landini and his contemporaries have been preserved in the form of a magnificent vellum manuscript, now at the Bibliotheca Laurenziana in Florence; it is considered to be the most important and detailed source of this art.
		It is called the "Squarcialupi Codex" after its onetime owner, the famous organist Antonio Squarcialupi, who lived 100 years after Landini, at the court of Lorenzo the Magnificent.
	www.hoasm.org /IIIA/IIIAFlorentineGroup.html (795 words)

	Mexica Uprising - In Support of World Wide Indigenous Revolution
		Still, the fact that the informants for the Florentine were not acquainted with the inner workings of Moctezuma's court only proves that they were unlikely to have the first part of the story straight;it tells us nothing about why they chose to say what they did.
		Furthermore, in the Codex itself, when the earlier explorer Juan de Grijalva lands on the coast in 1518, he is taken to be Quetzalcoatl.
		In the Florentine Codex, the moment of political surrender is described by the warriors: "There goes the lord Cuauhtemoc going to give himself to the gods" (teteu').
	www.mexicauprising.net /buryingthewhitegods.html (12607 words)

	Continuum, Fall 2000
		Image from the Codex Cospianus, reproduced as a facsimile in 1898 from the original manuscript held in the library of the University of Bologna.
		A codex was generally painted on the bark of a fig tree or on deer hide and was folded in an accordion style known as screenform.
		He is credited with furthering the use of The Florentine Codex as an essential resource, making it accessible to further study and preserving the knowledge of the Aztec civilization.
	www.alumni.utah.edu /continuum/fall00/aztec.htm (2194 words)

	FARMS Update: Scourging with Faggots - Maxwell Institute Insights
		Illustrations from the Florentine Codex, from top: punishment of an immoral merchant, judgment and execution of an adulterer, and a noblewoman who corrects and punishes.
		Codex Mendoza, a richly illustrated ethnographic record of Aztec daily life that was produced in Mexico City around 1541, contains a painting that depicts two men beating a youth with firebrands (see fig.
		The Florentine Codex is the most complete version of Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún’s General History of the Things of New Spain, a 16th-century record of Aztec culture written in Náhuatl (the language of the Aztecs) with parallel Spanish text.
	farms.byu.edu /display.php?table=insights&id=205 (520 words)

	Textual Sources
		Codex Azoyu I and II (from the state of Guerrero)
		This apparently is the manuscript known as the Codex Ramirez, which was extensively plagiarized by Acosta.
		History and Mythology of the Aztecs : the Codex Chimalpopoca (Anales de Cuauhtitlan, Leyenda del Sol) (translated J. Bierhorst) (972.01 C669h) The first of these is Nahuatl document written from the perspective of the Basin community of Cuauhtitlan, though with ample information on Tenochtitlan, Tula and the Toltecs, and other communities.
	www.davidson.edu /academic/anthropology/ant356/ant356_texts.htm (877 words)

	Graeco-Roman Ruins in the New World gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Xipe Totec: Apollo, lord of flayed ones, god of sickness, Florentine Codex.
		Paynal: delegate of Huitzilopochtli, Dionysian altars, Florentine Codex.
		Tlaloc: god of rain, aspect of Jupiter, Florentine Codex.
	www.entheomedia.org /Aztecs.htm (46 words)

	untitled
		The Florentine Codex, or the General History of the Things of New Spain, was written by Nahua scribes under the direction of the Franciscan monk Bernardino de Sahagún.
		And already in the hand of the fire priest lay the [sacrificial] knife, with which he was to slash open the breast of the ceremonially bathed [captive].
		The Life of Tolpitzin Queztalcoatl and the creation of the fifth sun in the Codex Chimalpopoca, and the birth of Huitzilopochtli in the Florentine Codex are some of the sources used by scholars linking ritual human sacrifice with religious practices.
	www.elcamino.edu /Faculty/jsuarez/1Cour/H19/WpSacrifice.htm (2284 words)

	JAIC 1998, Volume 37, Number 3, Article 1 (pp. 240 to 270)
		In their translation of the Florentine Codex, Anderson and Dibble suggest that tlaceuilli was made “from the leaves of the xuihquilitl pitzauac (Indigofera añil)” (Sahagún 1963, book 11, 242).
		The Florentine Codex indicates that tlaceuilli was made from the juice of the macerated leaves of an herb that Wallert (1995) has identified as I.
		Standley (1967) indicates that the blue colorant is derived from the leaves of the plants and was used as a dye.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic37-03-001_4.html (3151 words)

	Psilocybin - Narcodex, the drug-free initiative
		The Mixtec culture of central Mexico worshipped many gods, one known as Piltzintecuhtli, or 7 Flower (his name presented in the pictoral language as seven circles and a flower) who was the god for hallucinatory plants, especially the divine mushroom.
		The Vienna Codex (or Codex Vindobonensis) (ca 13th-15th century) depicts the ritual use of mushrooms by the Mixtec gods, showing Piltzintecuhtli and 7 other gods holding mushrooms in their hands.
		With Cortez's defeat of the Aztecs in 1521, the Europeans began to forbid the use of non-alcohol intoxicants, including sacred mushrooms, and the use of teonanácatl ('wondrous mushroom', or 'flesh of the gods') was driven underground.
	www.narcodex.ca /index.php?title=Psilocybin&printable=yes (1370 words)

	Painting Aztecs
		The shield illustrated (from Codex Mendosa) is often associated with the Cuachicqueh, but is not unique to them - it also appears in Codex Mendosa next to a blue suit with claw backbanner (Otontin?) and a yellow suit with umbrella backbanner (Captain?).
		The illustration shown (from the Codex Mendosa) is a variant of the quetzalcuexyochimalli ("Quetzal feather Huaxtec shield") but with blue waves ending in yellow discs instead of normal nose-moons.
		This uniform is found in the ethnography section of the Codex Mendoza, and is the basis of Plate C2 Mexica Warrior Priest (Pohl, 1991).
	www.balagan.org.uk /war/iberia/1492/mexico/painting_guide_aztec.htm (1363 words)

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