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	NGA - Florentine Sculpture of the 15th Century
		Carving busts of young boys became a specialty of Florentine sculptors from about 1450 until the end of the fifteenth century.
		Giovanni Dominici (about 1356-1419), a Florentine Dominican preacher and cardinal, wrote a treatise on family life in which he recommended that images of saintly children, especially Jesus and John the Baptist, be placed in the home to delight and instruct children as they grew up.
		Florentine parents may have considered these busts as an inspirational way to shape a son's character.
	www.nga.gov /collection/gallery/itasculp/itasculp-over1.html (959 words)

	Machiavelli - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		He was secretary of the ten-man council that conducted the diplomatic negotiations and supervised the military operations of the republic, and his duties included missions to the French king (1504, 1510-11), the Holy See (1506), and the German emperor (1507-8).
		From 1503 to 1506 Machiavelli reorganized the military defense of the republic of Florence.
		In 1512, when the Medici, a Florentine family, regained power in Florence and the republic was dissolved, he was deprived of office and briefly imprisoned for alleged conspiracy against them.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761575472___1/Machiavelli.html (286 words)

	Florence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Florentines drove out the Medici for a second time and re-established a republic on May 16, 1527.
		The extinction of the Medici line and the accession in 1737 of Francis Stephen, duke of Lorraine and husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, led to Tuscany's inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown.
		The typically saltless Tuscan bread frequently features in Florentine courses, especially in its famous soups, ribollita and pappa al pomodoro, both usually served with local olive oil, and in the salad of bread and fresh vegetables called panzanella that is served in summer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Florentine_Republic (2898 words)

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		If any reading (of history) is useful to citizens who govern republics, it is that which shows the causes of the hatreds and factional struggles within the city, in order that such citizens having grown wise through the sufferings of others, can keep themselves united.
		Machiavelli goes to some pains in his dedication to Clement VII to establish his independence from his patron, stating that this was a charge from Clement himself, that he should "write in such a way of the things done by your ancestors that I should be far from all flattery" (Gilbert, 1029).
		Florentine history provided the final backdrop against which he would lay out some of the larger themes of his political thought.
	www.loselle.com /neh/mbimmediata.htm (3011 words)

	Society and Individual in Renaissance Florence: CHAPTER SEVEN
		Florentine spirits were buoyed by the auspicious rebellion of Bologna, which the city marked with a feast devoted to Saint Benedict, and further festivities were sponsored in honor of the Otto di guerra.
		Florentines were now forced to comply with the profanation of a sacred ecclesiastical patrimony that they had endowed themselves, carried out in violation of what even the most cynical regarded as fundamental property rights.
		The artistic commemoration of a Florentine respublica christiana entailed the construction of a purified, expurgated—and thus, secularized—narrative of the respublica florentina.
	www.ucpress.edu /books/pages/9634/9634.ch07.html (10860 words)

	Dante Alighieri
		Dante thus grew up amidst the triumphs of the Florentine democracy, in which he took some share fighting in the front rank of the Guelph cavalry at the battle of Campaldino (11 June, 1289), when the Tuscan Ghibellines were defeated by the forces of the Guelph league, of which Florence was the head.
		This victory was followed by a reformation of the Florentine constitution, associated with the name of Giano della Bella, a great-hearted noble who had joined the people.
		The discovery of a plot on the part of certain Florentines in the papal service (18 April) and a collision between the two factions, in which blood was shed (1 May), brought things to a crisis.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/d/dante_alighieri.html (4423 words)

	In April of 1478
		The ultimate source of Medici power, however, was the grudging complicity of the Florentine patriciate, which had tired of the civil disturbances that plagued the republic throughout the previous century.
		The regime of Lorenzo il Magnifico was pivotal in the transformation of a republic typical of late medieval Italy into a 'modern,' quasi-national duchy ruled by a hereditary dynasty.
		A member of a prominent Florentine family, Francesco Salviati had secured the archbishopric over the objections of Lorenzo, who in turn was able to prevent the archbishop from occupying his see - one of the fatter seeds of the conspiracy.
	www.portifex.com /Dates/Archive/pazzi.htm (1382 words)

	CliffsNotes::The Prince:Book Summary and Study Guide
		Although Florence was supposed to be a republic, ruled by its leading citizens rather than by lords or princes, during Machiavelli’s youth, Florence was effectively controlled by the powerful Medici family, with Lorenzo de Medici, called “the Magnificent,” at its head.
		The Florentine republic had been reinstated, and Machiavelli was appointed as secretary of the Second Chancery, a position in which he coordinated relations with Florence’s territorial possessions.
		Observing and negotiating for the Florentine republic, he visited the courts of Caterina Sforza (in 1499), King Louis XII of France (in 1500, 1504, 1510, and 1511), Cesare Borgia (in 1502 and 1503), Pandolfo Petrucci (in 1503 and 1504), Pope Julius II (in 1503 and 1506), and Emperor Maximilian II (from 1507 to 1508).
	www.cliffsnotes.com /WileyCDA/LitNote/id-148,pageNum-1.html (851 words)

	Niccolo Machiavelli
		This period was marked by political instability, fear, invasion, intrigue, and high cultural achievement as the tiny states of Italy, including the Papal States, were pulled into the politics and wars of Europe by the immense gravity of two large states, Spain and France.
		Machiavelli was the secretary of this new Republic, an important and distinguished position.
		The Republic, however, was crushed in 1512 by the Spanish who installed the Medici's as rulers of Florence once again.
	www.wsu.edu:8000 /~dee/REN/MACHIAV.HTM (1315 words)

	Renaissance Florence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It was an intellectual movement that strongly influenced the psychology of early Florentine government.
		The Florentine republic discovered techniques that are characteristic of modern diplomacy, such as the establishment of embassies, intelligence reports, balance of power and alliances with other city-states.
		This section of The Florentine Chronicle has the text of a primary source from 1348 that describes the effects of the Bubonic Plague on Florence.
	novaonline.nv.cc.va.us /eli/evans/Student/Florence/index.html (1553 words)

	Women Renaissance Florence
		Social historians, studying the structure and ideology of the male lineage and of the Florentine republic, have explored the social and legal constraints on women and demonstrated that female destiny was almost entirely in the hands of men; indeed, women had very limited rights and few opportunities for any autonomous action.
		A progressive relation of the prescriptions of Florentine sumptuary laws from the beginning of the fifteenth century to the 1460s was followed in the 1470s and 1480s by a reaction --possibly to the failures of enforcement of the preceding half-century-- and many fourteenth-century limitations were restored.
		A well-born Florentine woman had no place in the public life of the streets and palaces of government, but the mistress of a large and wealthy patrician household was far from isolated; the world, in a sense, came to her.....
	employees.oneonta.edu /farberas/arth/arth213/women_Ren_florence.html (2643 words)

	Castles (and Abbeys) of Tuscany
		In the year 1364 the Florentine Republic [that in the meantime made the castle the administrative center of the zone] after a battle with the Pisane army supported by English mercenaries that caused serious damages to Incisa, restored the fortifications and built a new imposing tower at the head of the bridge.
		At the beginning of the 14th century the Florentine Republic decided, in order to better control these routes, to build two new fortified towns, at that time called 'New Lands': the first was Scarperia in the 'Mugello' and the second Firenzuola (Little Florence), on the opposite side of the Apennines mountain.
		The Florentine Republic had to destroy one of their strongholds, the castle of Montaccianico, before beginning in 1306 the construction of a castle on the place called 'the Scarperia'.
	omni.cc.purdue.edu /~corax/castellitoscani.html (6723 words)

	Mapline: A Newsletter Published by the Hermon Dunlap Smith center for the History of Cartography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Florentine cityscapes held special significance for a city that identified itself strongly with its artistic and cultural heritage.
		Unlike the Passetto, the Florentine Corridoio has windows overlooking many areas of the city and river, which allowed the Duke to observe the activities of his citizenry and to enjoy vistas of the city over which he ruled.
		It is doubtful that the engravers of the Ballino and Duchetto views were aware of the Florentine aqueduct lying under the Corridoio.
	www.newberry.org /smith/Mapline/92/92feature.html (2199 words)

	PlanetPapers - Richelieu's Great Success
		The ostracization of Piero by his Florentine counterparts was in direct correlation to the invasion and capture of Naples from Spanish control by the French King Charles VIII.
		Soderini and Machiavelli’s Republic was destroyed by a Spanish invasion of Florentine territory in 1512 which resulted in Soderini’s exile and Machiavelli’s dismissal; the Medicis reemerged into this political void and once again took their former positions as Florentine princes.
		Likewise the corruption of the Florentine citizenry by their wealth and international events had made 1512 unreceptive to his idealistic republic and as a result it had failed.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/3279.php (2640 words)

	Florence and Central Italy, 1400–1600 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Shortly thereafter, Donatello pioneers the technique of carving in shallow relief, known as schiacciato, which uses perspective to produce an illusion of spatial depth; one of the earliest examples of this is the scene of Saint George Slaying the Dragon, depicted in a panel on the base below the statue of Saint George.
		Florentine citizens led by Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici (1360–1429) undertake the rebuilding of the Church of San Lorenzo, an eleventh-century structure.
		Florentine sculptor Desiderio da Settignano (1428–1464) carves a marble tomb effigy for Cardinal Marsuppini (Florence, Church of Santa Croce).
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/08/eustc/ht08eustc.htm (3394 words)

	Machiavelli: Florentine Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		He supported the republic, but he wanted most of all for the people of Italy to be happy.
		Since all governments are either republics or principalities, Machiavelli noted, their people will be accustomed either to managing their own affairs or to accepting the leadership of a prince.
		Whatever vitality a former republic may have, then, Machiavelli counselled that it either be destroyed or ruled carefully by a resident prince.
	www.lycos.com /info/machiavelli--florentine-republic.html (390 words)

	SparkNotes: Michelangelo Buonarroti: General Summary
		In 1490, the fifteen-year-old Michelangelo's talent was so advanced that Lorenzo de' Medici, known as "The Magnificent", an important Florentine patron of the arts, invited the young artist to live in his palace.
		From 1520 to 1524, during the beginning of the Reformation, he worked on a project for the Medicis, but the family fled the city in 1529, when the papal seat of Rome was sacked by mercenaries of the Holy Roman Empire.
		As the conflict between the deposed Pope Clement VII and the Florentine republic worsened, Michelangelo fled to Venice, but returned to Florence when the republic accused him of treason.
	www.sparknotes.com /biography/michelangelo/summary.html (1037 words)

	THE INVASIONS OF ITALY 1494-1527. MACHIAVELLI AND GUICCIARDINI
		Professor Donald Weinstein has shown how elements in the Florentine tradition were reflected in his preaching.3 The Florentines had long thought of their city as having a special mission as a center of reform and renewal, and Savonarola emphasized this theme.
		The Florentine republic continued its existence, but it was weak from internal dissension and exposed to grave dangers from outside.
		As The Prince is a treatise on monarchy, the Discourses is a discussion of republics.
	vlib.iue.it /carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/04.html (5865 words)

	Machiavelli
		As another irritant, when Piero de' Medici died, his widow Alfonsina sued the Florentine republic, claiming that it had confiscated property that was part of her dowry.
		It should also be noted that the connections linking Colonna, Soderini, and Florentine republics, on the one hand, and Orsini, corrupt and antiFlorentine popes and their nipoti, and Medici (whether in Florence or Rome or both), on the other hand, were being drawn by other contemporaries besides Machiavelli.
		Fabrizio at once states his main theme: a well-governed state, be it a republic or a kingdom, depends on a citizen militia; and it was Rome's departure from this principle that caused her fall.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/articles/colish.htm (6167 words)

	1481, Florence: NICOLO DI LORENZO DELLA MAGNA
		Accordingly, the edition was to have been accompanied by a figurative commentary inspired by one of the most important Florentine artists of the time, Sandro Botticelli.
		Disfigured by omissions and errors, Dante's 14th-century language is further distorted by a patina of latinate orthography and 15th-century Florentine idiotisms.
		It would take non-Florentines, with some distance between themselves and the Florentine language, like the Venetian Pietro Bembo at the beginning of the 16th century, to adopt a philological approach and undertake the process of restoring Dante's text to its original 14th-century linguistic character.
	www.italnet.nd.edu /Dante/text/1481.florence.html (518 words)

	Island of Freedom - Michelangelo Buonarroti
		A member of an old and distinguished Florentine family, Michelangelo was born near Arezzo, Italy, on Mar. 6, 1475, and he died on Feb. 18, 1564, in Rome--a record of longevity that was as unusual as his precocity as an artist.
		Always a Florentine patriot, even after he had expanded his art into a universal language, he exemplified the character of his native city: a passionate, proud, and independent man, he saw art as a sacred calling through which the dignity of human beings should be enhanced and celebrated.
		To a profoundly religious and humanistic Michelangelo the jolting breakup of the Roman church after 1517, the terrible sack of Rome by the troops of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1527, and the final crushing of the Florentine Republic in 1530 came as disillusioning blows.
	www.island-of-freedom.com /MICHEL.HTM (1541 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		So elated were the Florentines by their victory, that they followed it up by an attempt to storm Pisa; but Gonzalo sent a force of Spanish infantry to defend the town and the attack had to "be abandoned.
		These years, in which the fate of Florence was decided, while the Republic was dragged helpless in the chain of events, helpless to determine her own fortunes, were the period in which Machiavelli's term of political activity was comprised.
		The writings of nearly all the Florentine historians and publicists of the sixteenth century involve certain fundamental beliefs or hypotheses, upon which the whole structure of their reasoning rests; these are rarely stated totidem verbis in any passage, although implied in nearly all.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh106.html (10734 words)

	Reviews of Fortune is a River
		Leonardo joined the Pisan siege in June, and by late July as "hydraulic engineer" he was advocating the Arno's diversion, an undertaking he found to be increasingly justified by the implications of Amerigo Vespucci's newly available reports about the true significance of Columbus's discoveries.
		The Florentine Signoria gave approval to the diversion in August 1504, but it never devoted more than a fraction of the resources to it that Leonardo had calculated would be needed.
		The result was that even though Machiavelli wrote to the Ten on War on October 3 that "the situation could be remedied with 'seven or eight days' of careful work," subsequent storms and disastrous flooding led to a decision to drop the project.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~rmasters/fourtune/review.html (975 words)

	Upcoming Collections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Opera di Santa Maria del Fiore was founded by the Florentine Republic in 1296 to oversee the construction of the new Cathedral and its bell tower.
		In 1777 it was further assigned responsibility for the Florentine Baptistery and in 1891 for the museum which had been created to house works of art that, over the years, had to be removed from the Cathedral and the Baptistery.
		It is the seat of one of the Italian state conservation schools, of a museum displaying samples of its artistic semiprecious stone production, a scientific laboratory for diagnostics and research, a highly specialised library in the sphere of conservation, extremely rich archives documenting conservation projects, a research centre and a public climatology service.
	www.artstor.org /info/collections/ghiberti_announce.jsp (616 words)

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