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Topic: Flue gas desulfurisation

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	Flue
		Flue gas is gas that exits to the atmosphere via a flue, which is a pipe or channel for conveying exhaust gases from a fireplace, furnace, boiler or generator.
		Flue gas desulfurisation (FGD) is a technique used for the removal of sulfur dioxide from the exhaust gases in power stations.
		Flue gas desulfurization is technology that employs a sorbent, usually lime or limestone, to remove sulfur dioxide(SO) from the gases produced by burning fossil fuels.
	www.breadlike.com /pages7/32/flue.html (1414 words)

	Flue Gas
		1) " Flue" -- In the context of Flue Gas
		2) " Gas" -- In the context of Flue Gas
		The word "gas" was probably made by a Flemish chemist as a re-spelling of his pronunciation of the Greek word chaos.
	www.lottery-news.net /dust41768-flue_gas.html (442 words)

	Flue gas desulfurization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Before flue gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide.
		Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) is the current state-of-the art technology used for removing sulfur dioxide (SO) from the exhaust flue gases in power plants that burn coal or oil to generate the steam for the steam turbines that drive their electricity generators.
		Flue gas desulfurization scrubbers have been applied to combustion units firing coal and oil that range in size from 5 MW to 1500 MW.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flue_gas_desulfurization (2152 words)

	!ce: Waste
		When released in the latter two states, gas especially, the wastes are referred to as emissions.
		Many landfills also have a landfill gas extraction system installed after they are closed to extract the gas generated by the decomposing waste materials.
		Generally, even flaring the gas off is a better environmental outcome than allowing it to escape to the atmosphere, as this consumes the methane (a far more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide).
	itsgoodeve.blogspot.com /2005/06/waste.html (6953 words)

	World Nuclear Association : "Clean Coal" Technologies
		Flue gas desulfurisation reduces the output of sulfur dioxide to the atmosphere by up to 97%, the task depending on the level of sulfur in the coal and the extent of the reduction.
		Flue gases are passed through an absorber, where a solvent captures about 90% of the CO The pregnant solution is then heated to 120°C to release pure CO at the rate of about one tonne per hour for geological sequestration.
		Using the hydrogen in a gas turbine for electricity generation is efficient, so the overall system has long-term potential to achieve an efficiency of up to 60%.
	www.world-nuclear.org /info/inf83.html (2413 words)

	Double Wall Flue \| Flue Gas Desulfurisation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		When we set this website in motion we knew that we aimed to specialize in providing you the material your needed for fan flue gas fires, we believe we have achieved that.
		Sometimes when you're flooded with data on cover flue it's a hurdle to pick the clever opinions from the bad advice.
		Sometimes when you're searching for data on balanced flue gas fire it's difficult to swim through the erudite data from the bad advice.
	canb.info /double-wall-flue.htm (343 words)

	etd AT Indian Institute of Science: Aqueous Phase Oxidation Of Sulfur Dioxide In Stirred Slurry Reactors
		Flue gas desulfurisation is one of the widely practiced strategies to control SO2 emissions.
		Simple equations are obtained from the general expression for the cases of zero and high concentrations of sulfuric acid in the system, which in turn lead to direct experimental determination of the parameters, Henry's law constant and the equilibrium constant of hydrolysis of SO2 (aq).
		In all experiments a pseudo steady-state region is observed where the gas phase concentration of SO2 reaches a steady value but the concentrations of HSO3¯ and total S (VI) in the liquid phase continue to change.
	etd.ncsi.iisc.ernet.in /handle/2005/130 (889 words)

	Hannah Werdmuller :: Weblog ::
		Once the temperature of flue gases has been decreased to less than 2000K, the gases can be used to vaporise water, used to drive turbines and produce electricity.
		The flue gases contain Cl and H atoms which can be removed to produce industrially useful hydrochloric acid.
		Release of CO2, the most important greenhouse gas, a major contributor being fossil fuel combustion, is minimised by cryogenic distillation and deep ocean disposal, carbonate/silicate slurry, chemical absorption (monoethylamine), and fertilising the oceans.
	elgg.net /hannahw/weblog/577.html (1838 words)

	Energy & Environment
		In 2003 atea produced, delivered and installed the penstocks for a flue gas desulfurisation tower of a lignite power plant.
		They are used for the cleaning of the flue gases from the lignite power plant.
		In it, a cleaning solvent is sprayed into the flue gas flow; this extracts the sulphur dioxide contained within the flue gases.
	www.atea-anlagentechnik.de /html/energy___environment.html (262 words)

	COAL GASIFICATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY SECTOR IN INDIA
		The emerging role of natural gas in Indian energy sector is evident from the increase in its share in primary energy supply from 2% in 1989 to 8% in 1996 and also increase in its production from 3.1 to 19.4 billion cubic meters during the same period.
		The fuel gas produced by gasifying coal would be suitable to burn in the existing gas turbines of the combined cycle plant.
		Fuel gas as town gas can be piped to homes and hotels for cooking supplementing the LPG presently used whose consumption was 1.2 million tonnes in 1996.
	www.worldenergy.org /wec-geis/publications/default/tech_papers/17th_congress/2_3_28.asp (7372 words)

	ALSTOM Environmental - Seawater FGD
		Over 30 years of market-leading experience has proven the outstanding removal efficiency, low lifecycle cost, reliability and unquestionable environmental safety of ALSTOM's Seawater Flue Gas Desulfurisation.
		Seawater is alkaline by nature, and has a substantial capacity to absorb and neutralise an acidic gas like sulfur dioxide (SO). When SO is absorbed in seawater, the end product is dissolved sulfate, which is already one of the major constituents of seawater.
		The process does not require the addition of any chemicals, only seawater and air are used. Another advantage is that no solids are formed in the process, and hence there are no land disposal issues, nor scaling in the process equipment.
	www.environment.power.alstom.com /home/power/seawater_fgd/17294.EN.php?languageId=EN&dir=/home/power/seawater_fgd (138 words)

	DAGAVO (air/gas pre-heater): Babcock Borsig Service
		Steam-heated gas pre-heater downstream of flue gas desulfurisation plants (FGD plants) and/or upstream of DeNOx plants.
		Downstream of the FGD plant the steam-saturated clean gas is to be dried and heated in order to protect the downstream plant components and to reach the temperature required at the stake outlet.
		In view of the existing flue gas conditions corrosion-resistant stainless steel pipes are used while the housing is provided with an all-plastic lining or high-grade steel lining.
	www.babcock-borsig-service.de /DAGAVO__air_gas_pre-heate.190.0.html?&L=1 (151 words)

	Fertilizer Society - Proceedings Number 295
		Its use dates back to the nineteenth century when it was obtained as a by-product from coking plants and gas works in most areas of the industrialised world.
		By contrast, ammonia is a minor constituent of coke oven gas and it is normal to remove this to produce a gas for subsequent use.
		Thus, ammonium sulfate obtained from caprolactam or acrylonitrile manufacture is normally referred to as co-product, while that produced from coke ovens, flue gas desulfurisation, smelter tail gas and waste acid from methyl methacrylate is usually termed by-product.
	www.fertiliser-society.org /Proceedings/US/Prc295.HTM (582 words)

	German language Process magazine June 2006 issue: News from Vogel Industrie Media
		The flue gas is not released directly through the chimney.
		The gas contains aggressive acid and alkali substances, and the system components which come into contact with these corrosive substances must be protected against severe thermal, chemical and mechanical attack.
		Gas often has to be injected into liquids in chemical reaction engineering applications.
	www.processingtalk.com /news/vog/vog101.html (952 words)

	[No title]
		Zhang suspects the pollution is the reason she and some neighbors have stomach cancer.
		Once airborne, by drifting as an invisible gas or clinging to particles of dust, mercury begins to wander.
		Other technologies, such as flue gas desulfurisation, that remove some mercury while scrubbing other pollutants from coal have helped cut mercury emissions in Europe and North America.
	yaleglobal.yale.edu /article.print?id=5058 (2546 words)

	"Clean Coal" Technologies
		Capture & separation of CO A number of means exist to capture carbon dioxide from gas streams, but they have not yet been optimised for the scale required in coal-burning power plants.
		Storage & sequestration of CO Captured carbon dioxide gas can be put to good use, even on a commercial basis, for enhanced oil recovery.
		In Denmark a pilot project at the 420 MWe Elsam power plant is capturing CO2 from post-combustion flue gases under the auspices of CASTOR (CO2 from Capture to Storage).
	www.uic.com.au /nip83.htm (2414 words)

	flue gas - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "flue gas" is defined.
		FLUE GAS : LANL Clean Coal Technology Compendium [home, info]
		Phrases that include flue gas: flue gas desulfurization, flue gas desulfurisation, flue gas desulfurization unit, flue gas desulphurisation, flue gas particulate collectors
	www.onelook.com /?w=flue+gas&ls=a (135 words)

	The Negotiated Agreement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The parties recognize that greenhouse gas emissions pose a significant threat to the global community.
		In order to determine acceptable emissions caps for each country, the countries shall be placed in 3 categories based on a combination of GDP, GHG emissions levels, and their score on the Human Development Index (currently supplied by the UN).
		The transfer of “hi-tech” technology, such as flue gas desulfurisation (FGD), or geologic carbon sequestration, is feasible only among countries that have the infrastructure to support it, i.e., developed countries.
	www.icess.ucsb.edu /esrg/Geog135_Sum04/135.agreement.html (3968 words)

	Nuclear Power in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		As per the energy experts statement, a 600 MW capacity pulverised coal plants, on an average will release about 35,500 tonnes of Sulphur dioxide, 11,700 tonnes of Nitrogen Oxide, 780 tonnes of particulate, 12.50 lakh tonnes of Carbon and 148 tonnes of heavy metal including radioactive nuclides such as Uranium and Thorium over two decades.
		Flue gas desulfurisation and de-noxing equipment or more highly efficient plants would reduce emission of the oxides, but these abatement measures do incur cost penalties upto 25% tilting the cost balance to nuclear energy option.
		If a Gas Turbine fails catastrophically at an IPP Plant, the plant suffers financially and perhaps electricity supply suffers locally.
	indiamagazine.com /mag/article/nuclear-power-in-india-18-1.html (2407 words)

	ECOCROSS (gas/gas heat exchanger): Babcock Borsig Service
		ECOCROSS is a none-leakage and corrosion-resistant cross-flow tubular heat exchanger which is predominantly used in flue gas desulfurisation plants (FGD plants) for the re-heating of clean gas.
		Although it was initially developed for waste incineration plants ECOCROSS is nowadays also used in power stations for the re-heating of flue gas downstream of the flue gas desulfurisation plant.
		Adjusted to the counter-flow arrangement of flue gas ducts
	www.babcock-borsig-service.de /ECOCROSS__gas_gas_heat_ex.189.0.html?&L=1 (223 words)

	Power Technology - Centralia Power Plant New CCGT Unit, WA, USA
		The Centralia power plant is equipped with scrubbers, gas turbines, a steam turbine and a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG).
		The new gas fired plant added 248MW of electricity to the Pacific Northwest energy market and is on the same site as TransAlta's coal-fired power plant.
		Stone and Webster, in a consortium with ABB Environmental Systems, was awarded the engineering, procurement and construction contract from PacifiCorp to design and build a flue gas desulfurisation system for the Centralia power plant.
	www.power-technology.com /projects/centralia (625 words)

	The impact of sulfur limits on fuel demand and electricity prices in Britain. \| * Utilities from AllBusiness.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This paper examines the economics of Flue Gas Desulfurisation, and argues that without the right to trade emissions permits, FGD may run at only 17% load because of premature investment in gas generation.
		As part of this plan, 6GW of coal-fired plant was to be retrofitted with Flue Gas Desulfurisation (FGD) at a capital cost of [pounds]1 billion.
		Gas pains: commodity price upheavals are energizing gas utilities to evolve their business models.
	www.allbusiness.com /utilities/473643-1.html (976 words)

	Babcock & Wilcox receives scrubber contract from Xcel Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Units 1 and 2 are existing 350MW boilers, the latter supplied by B&W in 1975, while Unit 3 is a new 816MW boiler.
		B&W will supply the FGD systems, commonly called scrubbers, for each unit including mercury removal sorbent injection systems, ash recycle systems, flue work and structural steel, as well as a common pebble-lime unloading and storage system and a common lime-slaking system.
		Start-up of Unit 2 is slated for January 2008, and Units 1 and 3 are scheduled for start-up later in 2008 and 2009, respectively.
	www.the-eic.com /News/Archive/2006/Feb/Article1768.htm (320 words)

	Responding to Climate Change 2007 - Society - Private Sector - The Shaw Group
		Shaw performed the retrofit of limestone scrubbers and equipment to the threeunit, 2460-megawatt Navajo Generating Station in Arizona, one of the world’s largest FGD projects.
		Shaw also is assisting clients with understanding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at solid waste landfills - an important source of methane reduction that can be used to offset carbon dioxide emissions.
		Organisations taking a greater part in corporate responsibility and environmental health and safety issues have to be strategic and this necessitates environmental management systems, activity-based cost accounting, and corporate responsibility programmes.
	www.rtcc.org /2007/html/soc_priv_sec_shaw.html (673 words)

	Ecological Tax Reform
		On the other hand, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 3) regards a major reduction, perhaps by 50 per cent, of greenhouse gas emissions as a necessity if we are to finally stabilise the global climate before a catastrophic warming may have taken place.
		As CO is the most important greenhouse gas contributing to the dangers of global warming we shall first discuss what may be called CO productivity as one illustrative example of a resource productivity that may be increased as a result of deliberate political and technological action.
		Although there was a strong rise in electricity prices, the production of flue gas desulphurisation systems was given a major boost, and the economy quickly learned to live with higher power costs.
	esl.jrc.it /dc/etr/ecological_tax_reform.htm (15148 words)

	[envorum] A rain check on Asia
		Methods of flue gas desulfurisation (FGD) and flue gas denitrification were first implemented at Japanese power stations as long ago as the early 1960s and 1970s, respectively.
		By the early 1990s more than 2000 industrial units were equipped with FGD technology and nearly 1000 units had denitrification systems installed.
		China is currently undertaking a massive air pollution control programme that involves fitting FGD equipment to major industrial plants; so far more than 300 plants have been equipped with FGD scrubbers.
	www.mail-archive.com /envorum@ypb.or.id/msg02328.html (2258 words)

	Potential impact of a seawater flue gas desulfurisation (SWFGD) effluent on coral reef communities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Potential impact of a seawater flue gas desulfurisation (SWFGD) effluent on coral reef communities
		A basis of available literature information there is little reason to expect that effluent from an SWFGD planned at Yanby, Saudi Arabia, will cause any damage to local coral reef formations, the nearest being about 3.5 km away.
		There may be a reason for concern regarding the effects of the elevated temperature of the outfall, but this will be due to the use as cooling water for the power station, rather than caused by the SWFGD.
	www.niva.no /symfoni/prosjekt/RappArkiv.nsf/0/02B9CA161D74F85DC1256FB80052E6C0?open (178 words)

	School of Engineering: University of Pittsburgh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		An exploration of high temperature superconductors, which hold promise as more efficient means of conducting electricityãas much as five times the capacity of current cablesãand an analysis of ways to incorporate superconductive materials in generators and motors;
		A study on acid rain, which examines harm done to the environment, to humans, and to industry by the problem, and explores ways to reduce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions, such as coal scrubbing and flue gas desulfurisation;
		An examination of the role of polymers in generating solar power, in creating new types of timed-release medication, and as a cost-effective and more environmentally friendly material to be used in manufacturing; and
	web.engr.pitt.edu /~engwww/news/pr/040501.html (634 words)

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