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Topic: Fluency

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	Put Reading First -- K-3 (fluency) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Fluency is not a stage of development at which readers can read all words quickly and easily.
		Fluency instruction is useful when students are not automatic at recognizing the words in their texts.
		Probably the easiest way to formally assess fluency is to take timed samples of students' reading and to compare their performance (number of words read correctly per minute) with published oral reading fluency norms or standards.
	www.nifl.gov /partnershipforreading/publications/reading_first1fluency.html (3395 words)

	Fluency: A Review of Developmental and Remedial Practices
		The studies of fluency instruction fell into two overarching categories: those that dealt with fluency training as a means of remediation for individuals, and those designed for classrooms.
		When fluency instruction is compared to the traditional instruction used with basal readers, the results seem clear--fluency instruction seems to improve children's fluency and comprehension.
		Fluency instruction seems to be a promising approach to teaching children in the confirmation and fluency stage of reading, especially those in late first and second grades, but also older children with reading problems who are disfluent.
	www.ciera.org /library/reports/inquiry-2/2-008/2-008.html (12854 words)

	Assessing Reading Fluency
		In a sense, then, reading fluency is multidimensional – one dimension stresses the importance of accuracy in word decoding, a second dimension focuses on quick and automatic recognition of words in connected text, and a third dimension stresses expressive and meaningful interpretation of text.
		Fluency is often described by the extent to which appropriate expression and phrasing can be heard in a person’s voice when reading aloud.
		Fluency assessments are good to share with parents because they reflect student performance on passages students should be expected to read successfully – passages at their assigned grade level.
	www.prel.org /products/re_/assessing-fluency.htm (7584 words)

	A New Theoretical Framework For Explicit and Implicit Memory
		It is argued that enhanced fluency underlies all item-specific implicit memory and that the same kind of fluency process is probably involved regardless of the type of memory representation fluently activated.
		If fluency operates, then, at the critical stage, the memory will seem to emerge spontaneously (or with authority as Jacoby, Kelley and Dywan, 1989 put it) so that, via the attribution mechanism, a feeling of aware memory will arise, the strength of which will be a function of the degree of fluency enhancement.
		Unless semantic fluency is solely based on the strengthening of already established associations between items and their semantic features, it must involve forming new associations and so should be reduced by dividing attention not only at study, but also at test.
	psyche.cs.monash.edu.au /v3/psyche-3-02-mayes.html (20805 words)

	Reimagining Interface Development: The Fluency Interface Builder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Fluency has two stages: during buildtime the author can edit an interface---creating, deleting, linking, and unlinking Widgets---then during runtime a user, who may be the same as the author, runs the interface, and while the interface is running it may need to create, delete, link, and unlink Widgets.
		Fluency can also run a past session as a movie for other authors to see not just what is in an interface, but also how it came to be built.
		Fluency itself would then be an 'interface' in a more general sense, cutting today's hard-coded links between authors and programmers, letting them instead be observers of each other, and thus allowing them both to work more effectively to accomplish some joint task.
	fluency.knownspace.org /developer/codedoc/design.html (8129 words)

	Reading First: Fluency
		Fluency is the ability to read a text quickly and accurately, instead of stumbling word by word.
		Fluency is characterized by the ability to read with expression as the reader begins to recognize not just single words but grammatical units such as phrases, clauses, and punctuation that give the text its tone and cadence.
		In modeling fluency or providing feedback to students, teachers should be direct about when the voice changes.
	www.ncrel.org /rf/sbrr/fluency.htm (671 words)

	Welcome to Fluency.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Republished in 2005 by The Fluency Project, Inc. Originally published as a mimeographed meeting notice and report, this set of 38 newsletters captures many of the early discoveries and developments in Precision Teaching during the period in which it was written.
		Fluency is fun, produces confidence, and brings on a whole host of positive feelings and affect.
		While this article is not focused on fluency per se, it provides some background about the measurement principles and tools used in Precision Teaching and standard celeration charting, the methodology that has yielded most of what we currently know about fluency-based instruction.
	www.fluency.org (3572 words)

	Fluency
		Slow and relaxed communicative situations facilitate fluency by reducing pressure on the child to compete for time on the floor.
		Fluency shaping techniques involve changing the overall speech timing patterns of the individual.
		Slow-motion speech strategies that had been learned during the first two phases of therapy are used in anticipation of stuttering (not as a response to an occurrence of stuttering).
	www.d.umn.edu /~mmizuko/2230/fluency.htm (1500 words)

	Learning Disabilities OnLine: LD In-Depth: Reading Fluency
		Reading fluency encompasses the speed or rate of reading, as well as the ability to read materials with expression.
		Research on repeated reading suggests that fluency can be improved as long as students are provided with specific instructions and procedures are used to monitor their progress (Mastropieri et al., 1999).
		Fluency methods are designed to increase rate and automaticity.
	www.ldonline.org /ld_indepth/reading/reading_fluency.html (2774 words)

	The Partnership for Reading: Explore the Research
		Because fluent readers do not have to concentrate on decoding the words, they can focus their attention on what the text means.
		Fluency changes, depending on what readers are reading, their familiarity with the words, and the amount of their practice with reading text.
		Researchers have found several techniques to be effective including the reading and rereading of text a number of times (usually four times) until a certain level of fluency is reached, and practicing oral reading through the use of audiotapes, tutors, peer guidance, or other means.
	www.nifl.gov /partnershipforreading/explore/fluency.html (301 words)

	Reading Rockets : Fluency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Fluency is the ability to read a text correctly and quickly.
		Fluency means reading quickly and accurately with proper phrasing, expression, and attention to syntax (or word order).
		Fluency, reading in a fast and fluid manner, is what often distinguishes to observers the reading performance of a good reader from a poor reader.
	www.readingrockets.org /articles/c59 (671 words)

	Fluency -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Fluency is the property of a (A human being) person or of a (Instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity) system which delivers (A message received and understood) information quickly and with (Skillfulness by virtue of possessing special knowledge) expertise.
		Fluency is also proficiency in a (A systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds or conventional symbols) language, most typically (additional info and facts about foreign language) foreign language or another learned language.
		Reading and writing a foreign language are skills that can more easily be acquired after the primary language acquisition period of youth is over, however.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fl/fluency.htm (218 words)

	Fluency Master
		The speed and amount of improvement produced by the Fluency Master in the treatment of stuttering are often dramatic.
		Giving the Fluency Master to a person who stutters is like giving eyeglasses to a person with a vision problem.
		The Fluency Master fits comfortably behind the ear and is "user-friendly." It is easy to put on, easy to use on a daily basis, and does not interfere with normal hearing.
	www.rickywburk.org /speech/therapy.htm (765 words)

	BalancedReading.com -- fluency
		Before I get into the research on fluency, I have a caveat -- fluency instruction is only effective for students who have some word-attack skills, but who labor and struggle to sound out words.
		One limitation with this approach is that, while the student becomes much more fluent with that particular passage of text, he or she does not become substantially more fluent with other passages of text.
		Fluency instruction, therefore, should focus on helping students who already know how to sound out words to repeatedly read words (in real text) so they can read them quickly and automatically.
	www.balancedreading.com /fluency.html (871 words)

	Oral Reading Fluency Help (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		The first step to reading fluency is to determine the student's level of reading.
		Reading fluency is the ability to read aloud smoothly, without many pauses or mistakes.
		Usually, a section of one hundred words or less (fifty or less for primary students) is usually enough to determine the fluency percentage of accuracy for the session.
	members.aol.com /djennfam/OnLine_Reading_Tutor/help.html (549 words)

	Fluentzy: You know English... But can you speak it - fluently? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		And does excellence in your career depend on a high degree of fluency in...
		The focus of classroom work and the focus of fluency work are not the same.
		Fluency is one skill that you can’t pick up thro' simulation — thro' pretending that you're facing and dealing with the pressures in a real-life situation when you’re not...
	www.fluentzy.com (717 words)

	Automatic Foreign Language Pronunciation Training
		Fluency is designed to let you speak, then give you feedback as to how you did – what to correct and how to correct it.
		Fluency is patient and can be customized to do what you want.
		FLUENCY is a project of the Language Technologies Institute of Carnegie Mellon University.
	www.lti.cs.cmu.edu /Research/Fluency (212 words)

	Fluency
		They all had improved their fluency greatly that they no longer refer to themselves as a stutterer, but a fluent speaker who occasionally has a mild block.
		Experiencing first hand the changes the graduates are making with their fluency is an inspiration for me, and is so rewarding, as they apply and put into action, being committed to and in getting their results.
		Having worked with the power of the mind/body over many years, learning to ‘run my own brain’, I was aware of and had experienced personally the great changes that were a possibility, if the person was willing to Practice, Persist and Put into action the techniques to achieve their results.
	www.fluency.com.au /fluency/about.htm (1128 words)

	Reading Rockets : Two Methods for Developing Fluency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Fluency means reading faster, smoother, more expressively, or more quietly with goal of reading silently.
		In general, the fluency formula is: Read and reread decodable words in connected text.
		Children should be allowed and encouraged to read page turners (e.g., easy series books) rather than the classics for their independent reading.
	www.readingrockets.org /articles/346 (882 words)

	[No title]
		This site is dedicated to people who stutter, their parents and friends as well as to the speech and language pathologists and other specialists who deal with the treatment of stuttering.
		Professional literature indicates that while fluency shaping techniques are among the most widely used methods for treatment of stuttering, provision of this kind of treatment is often difficult.
		Whether offered as an intensive course, as the central technique in a weekly therapy session, or integrated with a fluency modification psychological approach, fluency shaping is very demanding on the professional therapist's time and clinic space, and requires expensive specialized tools to maximize effectiveness.
	www.angelfire.com /biz/Medsport (921 words)

	Fluency Voice Technology - Speech recognition applications for call centres
		Fluency Voice Technology is the leading provider of speech recognition applications for use in call centres.
		Fluency’s custom applications are built on Fluency’s core technology, the VSA Suite, the ideal foundation for custom applications to be developed for industry specific needs.
		Fluency works with leading organisations across a number of verticals helping them to achieve key business challenges.
	www.fluencyvoice.com (252 words)

	The Fluency Enhancer
		The Fluency Enhancer contains electronic biofeedback circuits that profoundly affect the speech of individuals who stutter.
		Additionally, as a result of combining the Fluency Enhancer with a Motiv-Aider and a special-purpose protocol, the average user can be weaned off the Enhancer in 3 - 5 months.
		It is for this reason that the Enhancer is registered with the Food and Drug Administration as effective and safe for the treatment of stuttering.
	www.fluencyenhancer.com (149 words)

	Fluency Clinic
		Central Baptist Hospital's Fluency Clinic provides comprehensive outpatient treatment for stuttering disorders in children ages six and older and adults.
		CAFET is the acronym for "Computer-Aided Fluency Establishment Training." It is a tool developed to help speech-language pathologists treat the stuttering client in a comprehensive way, from identification of the problem through retention of fluency skills following therapy.
		CAFET was developed by the Annadale Fluency Clinic starting in 1983, with help from a research grant through the National Institutes of Health.
	www.centralbap.com /services-information/services/speech/fluency.cfm (1202 words)

	The Fluency Factory - Hingham Tutoring Center
		Fluency Factory Study Hall provides an informal yet supervised environment where work can get done—with assistance to solve problems that might otherwise be too confusing or difficult.
		He is VERY cute and has already made several trips to join his brother Jack in observing the trains in our window.
		The Fluency Factory welcomes its first full-time employee, Rachel Currie-Rubin.
	www.fluencyfactory.com (177 words)

	AFC and Cafet: Services: Computer-Aided Fluency Establishment Trainer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Permitting some air to flow out before initiating voice has been shown to be a powerful fluency initiating gesture, possibly by stabilizing the timing of speech onset.
		Another well-known fluency facilitator is the slow rise of volume at the beginning of speech.
		On the other hand, if he attempts to use an inappropriately soft, breathy voice as a fluency "crutch," he will also be made aware of his error through visual feedback.
	www.afccafet.com /cafetoverview.htm (2374 words)

	Best Practices: Fluency Formula with Maryanne Wolf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		"Fluency" has become a buzzword in the arena of reading instruction, but it can be difficult to define as a term -- and an even harder to incorporate into your curriculum as a concept.
		Here, Maryanne Wolf shares her research and expertise to help teachers understand the basics of fluency: precisely what fluency is, how to measure student success, and ways to help students become fluent readers.
		She has published books such as Dyslexia, Fluency, and the Brain, and numerous articles in The Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Learning Disabilities, and Reading Research Quarterly.
	teacher.scholastic.com /reading/bestpractices/fluency.htm (289 words)

	Fluency Information
		NRC Report: The Fluency concept originated in a report by the National Research Council.
		With no Fluency textbook then available I produced class notes for the jointly offered course that is taught every term.
		There is also an abbreviated edition, Fluency with Information Technology, Brief Edition, containing approximately half of the material of the full volume.
	www.cs.washington.edu /homes/snyder/fluency.html (735 words)

	Oral Reading Fluency Retell Fluency
		The DORF passages and procedures are based on the program of research and development of Curriculum-Based Measurement of Reading by Stan Deno and colleagues at the University of Minnesota and using the procedures described in Shinn (1989).
		The purpose of the RTF measure is to (a) prevent inadvertently learning or practicing a misrule, (b) identify children whose comprehension is not consistent with their fluency, (c) provide an explicit linkage to the core components in the NRP report, and (d) increase the face validity of the DORF.
		Retell Fluency is included to provide a brief measure with an explicit score that corresponds directly to the comprehension core component.
	dibels.uoregon.edu /measures/orf.php (583 words)

	Winter 1995 - A Plan to Attack Fluency Problems (CAREI) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Educators often describe reading problems in terms of fluency, and research demonstrates a correlation between fluency and reading comprehension (Armstrong, 1983; Breznitz,1987; Knupp,1988; Lesgold, 1986).
		Periodically, the teacher assesses the student's progress to ensure that the correct level of reading material is being used and that the appropriate fluency goal has been set.
		Improved fluency makes reading easy enough for many students to choose to read for pleasure, which is, after all, a goal of most reading teachers.
	www.education.umn.edu /carei/Reports/Rpractice/Winter95/fluency.htm (1166 words)

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