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Topic: Fluoroquinolones

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	Fluoroquinolones: Encyclopedia of Medicine
		Fluoroquinolones are medicines that kill bacteria or prevent their growth.
		Fluoroquinolones are antibiotics, medicines used to treat infections caused by microorganisms.
		Fluoroquinolones are available only with a physician's prescription and are sold in tablet and injectable forms.
	health.enotes.com /medicine-encyclopedia/fluoroquinolones (1085 words)

	Pharmacy Times: Fluoroquinolones: Focus on Safety
		Fluoroquinolones are bactericidal agents that exhibit concentration-dependent killing against a broad spectrum of pathogens.
		Although seizures are infrequent, fluoroquinolones should be avoided in patients with a history of convulsion, cerebral trauma, or anoxia.
		A recent study found that the use of fluoroquinolones was associated with tendon or join disorders in <1% of children—similar to the incidence with the comparator azithromycin.
	www.pharmacytimes.com /article.cfm?ID=1541 (1205 words)

	Topical Fluoroquinolones for Eye and Ear - October 15, 2000 - American Family Physician (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Topical fluoroquinolones are not appropriate for the treatment of uncomplicated conjunctivitis where narrower spectrum agents suffice; they represent a simplified regimen for the treatment of bacterial keratitis (corneal ulcers).
		Fluoroquinolones were often chosen because of their broad activity and lack of ototoxicity.
		Fluoroquinolones are active against the organisms most commonly found in bacterial keratitis.
	www.aafp.org /afp/20001015/1870.html (3077 words)

	Fluoroquinolones for urinary tract infections (UTIs)
		Fluoroquinolones also treat urinary tract infections that have complications, such as pregnancy, a high temperature [greater than 101°F (38.3°C)], or ongoing nausea, vomiting, and chills.
		Fluoroquinolones relieve the symptoms of a urinary tract infection and kill bacteria present in the urinary tract.
		Fluoroquinolones are effective against a broad range of bacteria, and they may be effective in killing bacteria that are resistant to other medications such as amoxicillin.
	www.webmd.com /hw/lab_tests/aa78069.asp (552 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Fluoroquinolones (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Fluoroquinolones may also be used for other problems as determined by your doctor.
		Since fluoroquinolones have been reported to cause bone development problems in young animals, breast-feeding is not recommended during treatment with these medicines.
		Fluoroquinolones may rarely cause inflammation or even tearing of a tendon (the cord that attaches muscles to bones).
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202656.html (3115 words)

	Infectious Diseases in Children: New Advances in Fluoroquinolones
		Fluoroquinolones are broad spectrum, bactericidal, have a rapid rate of bacterial kill, achieve therapeutic levels in the target tissue and have minimal toxicity.
		Fluoroquinolones work by binding to one of two enzymes of the target organisms — DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV — inhibiting the ability of the organism to replicate.
		While the dosing regimen for all other fluoroquinolones is one to two drops of medication every two hours for the first two days, followed by four times a day for days three through seven, the dosing regimen for moxifloxacin is only one drop three times a day for seven days.
	idinchildren.com /monograph/0307/katz.asp (1580 words)

	Infectious Diseases in Children - Ocular Infections in Children: New Developments in Fluoroquinolones
		Fluoroquinolones are the most commonly prescribed class of ophthalmic antimicrobial agents, and they are approved for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis in children 1 year of age or older.
		Increasing resistance against fluoroquinolones, especially among gram-positive organisms, is becoming a serious concern, creating what is known as a “strep hole.” Resistance is a more significant issue for older fluoroquinolones, including norfloxacin (Chibroxin, Merck and Co.), ciprofloxacin (Ciloxan, Alcon, Inc.) and ofloxacin, because these medications were the first available fluoroquinolones and were widely used.
		Fluoroquinolones provide the most effective treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis because they provide better eradication of bacteria over a shorter duration and are less expensive in the long run.
	idinchildren.com /monograph/0303/treatment.asp (1659 words)

	Review of Ophthalmology
		This is also an 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone, but differs from gatifloxacin in its different amino side-chain, which confers hydrophobicity and reduces efflux of the antibiotic from the bacterial cell, one of the key resistance mechanisms evolved by bacteria.
		The basic ways bacteria resist fluoroquinolones are decreased cell wall permeability, altered enzymes that block antibiotic complexing and the use of efflux pumps that remove antibiotic molecules from the cell.
		In vitro susceptibilities of bacterial ocular isolates of fluoroquinolones.
	www.revophth.com /index.asp?page=1_303.htm (2045 words)

	Fluoroquinolones and Glycopeptides--Order of Prohibition
		The agency is issuing this order because it believes that some extralabel uses of fluoroquinolones and glycopeptides in food-producing animals are capable of increasing the level of drug resistant zoonotic pathogens (pathogens that are infective to humans) in treated animals at the time of slaughter.
		Fluoroquinolones FDA has approved sarafloxacin and enrofloxacin, both of which are fluoroquinolones, for therapeutic use in poultry.
		Also, extralabel use of fluoroquinolones in food-producing animals would interfere with CVM's ability to interpret the monitoring and surveillance data that will be obtained through the National Antimicrobial Susceptibility Monitoring Program (see 61 FR 57732 at 57736 and 57737) and the postapproval monitoring program for the approved fluoroquinolones.
	www.fda.gov /cvm/fqnotice.htm (3004 words)

	The Use of Fluoroquinolones in Animal Health
		Fluoroquinolones are a modern group of therapeutic antimicrobials, active against a range of bacteria.
		Fluoroquinolones are given in the drinking water for a short period of time under the direction of the prescribing veterinary surgeon.
		Fluoroquinolone antimicrobials are recognised as making an important contribution to the treatment of disease in both human and animal patients.
	www.noah.co.uk /issues/briefingdoc/18-fluoroquinolones.htm (757 words)

	Fluoroquinolones in the Treatment of Tuberculosis: A Study in Mice American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In other regimens, the fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin was either added throughout to the standard regimen or was substituted in three separate regimens for the isoniazid, rifampin, or pyrazinamide component of the standard regimen.
		The sterilizing effects of treatment were assessed as the rate at which counts of viable tubercle bacilli in the lungs and spleens fell during the 6 months of treatment and by relapses in groups left untreated for a further 3 months.
		In all of these studies the fluoroquinolone is added to the basic isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide regimen, in substitution for ethambutol in the initial phase.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4085/is_200402/ai_n9408324 (940 words)

	Public Citizen \| Publications - Petition to Require a Warning on All Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics (HRG Publication #1399)
		Despite the fact that the fluoroquinolones are essentially second-line drugs, there being few clinical situations in which they would be the first choice to treat an infection, they are heavily promoted and are often used as first-line drugs in situations where an equally or more effective, less expensive and possibly safer antibiotic would be preferable.
		In those treated with a fluoroquinolone there were 11 who developed an Achilles tendon problem; 7 with unilateral tendon inflammation, 1 case of unilateral inflammation and subsequent rupture, 2 cases of inflammation of both Achilles tendons, and 1 case of inflammation of both tendons with a single tendon rupture.
		Fluoroquinolones and achilles tendinopathy in renal transplant recipients.
	www.citizen.org /publications/release.cfm?ID=6595 (2654 words)

	CDC - Fluoroquinolones Protective against Cephalosporin Resistance in Gram-negative Nosocomial Pathogens
		We conducted a matched case-control study to test the protective effect of fluoroquinolone use on the subsequent isolation of the three most common gram-negative hospital pathogens that are resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, Enterobacter spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (4).
		Proof that fluoroquinolones are in fact protective against the isolation of nosocomial third-generation cephalosporin-resistant gram-negative pathogens, as suggested by the inverse association demonstrated here, will require animal models or prospective interventional studies.
		Fluoroquinolone resistance, not addressed in our study, occurs primarily by means of chromosomal mutation (18), and resistant mutants could potentially be selected for by increased use of this class of antimicrobial agent.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol10no1/02-0663.htm (3058 words)

	Phototoxic Fluoroquinolones: Sparfloxacin to Trovafloxacin. Compiled by Fluoride Action Network Pesticide Project.
		Temafloxacin is one of a newer class of synthetic oral fluoroquinolones -- broad-spectrum antibiotics -- that are used to treat a variety of infections including lower respiratory tract infections, skin and skin structure infections, infection of the prostate and urinary tract infections.
		Clinical trials in patients with community- and hospital-acquired infections have established that the clinical effectiveness and safety of fluoroquinolones are similar to -lactam and macrolide agents.
		The incidence of specific adverse events associated with individual fluoroquinolones was reviewed in a five-year post-marketing surveillance (PMS) study in Japan, in which a total adverse drug reaction (ADR) rate of 1.3% was found for levofloxacin, compared to total ADR rates of 3.3% for pazufloxacin, 3.6% for tosufloxacin, 4.5% for gatifloxacin and 5.4% for balofloxacin.
	www.fluoridealert.org /pesticides/photo/1.spar-trov.html (3814 words)

	Permeability Classification of Representative Fluoroquinolones by a Cell Culture Method
		In comparing absorptive versus secretive in vitro transport, the tested fluoroquinolones were found to be subject to efflux in varying degrees (ciprofloxacin >; lomefloxacin > rhodamine 123 > levofloxacin >; ofloxacin).
		Fluoroquinolones are synthetic antibacterial agents with rapid bactericidal effect against most susceptible organisms.
		This cell culture model was previously evaluated and determined to be a suitable method according to the BCS Guidance as it demonstrated a rank-order correlation between in vitro permeability and human extent of absorption for the model drugs, with clear segregation between high and low permeability drug substances.
	www.aapspharmsci.org /view.asp?art=ps060213 (2764 words)

	Gaps in Research on Antibiotic Resistance / Fluoroquinolones
		Fluoroquinolones are important members of the quinolone group of antibiotics licensed to treat diseases in humans and animals.
		Fluoroquinolones are important for the treatment of invasive Salmonella and Campylobacter infections in humans and an increase in the resistance in these bacteria is therefore of concern.
		While fluoroquinolones are not used as growth promoters, they are currently used for treatment of animal disease in many countries of the world and, in some regions, they are also used for disease prevention in animals.
	www.who.int /inf-pr-1998/en/pr98-46.html (486 words)

	Resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to Fluoroquinolones ---United States, 1995--1999
		Newer fluoroquinolones with higher in vitro activity against the pneumococcus, including levofloxacin, grepafloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin, are available in the United States.
		These mechanisms are common between ofloxacin and the newer fluoroquinolone agents, although ofloxacin-resistant strains may be seen with a single mutation to DNA gyrase and newer fluoroquinolones and require mutations in both mechanisms for resistance (9,10).
		Fluoroquinolones are not licensed for use in children, a factor that may be helping to slow the rate of emerging fluoroquinolone resistance.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5037a2.htm (2069 words)

	Fluoroquinolones for pneumonia
		Fluoroquinolones are useful against some bacteria that are resistant to penicillin and erythromycin.
		Although the newer fluoroquinolones, such as levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin, are highly effective at killing most of the bacteria that can cause pneumonia, they are not always used first.
		This is because of the concern that overusing fluoroquinolones may result in them becoming less effective against bacteria (resistant).
	www.webmd.com /hw/pneumonia/hw253165.asp (454 words)

	ECF: Fluoroquinolones Appear Safe In Children With Cystic Fibrosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Fluoroquinolones are always used in combination with aminoglycosides or cephalosporins for the management of respiratory infection or colonisation.
		Height velocity was no different in the patients receiving fluoroquinolones compared with a control group of children not receiving fluoroquinolone therapy.
		While pefloxacin is the agent most likely to be associated with an arthropathy, the whole issue of the relative contraindication of fluoroquinolone deserves re-evaluation, as they are unlikely to harm CF patients in the long term, and any changes appear to be reversible, and do not interfere with growth.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/1FDA62.htm (465 words)

	Phototoxic Fluoroquinolones: Gemifloxacin to Lomefloxacin. Compiled by Fluoride Action Network Pesticide Project.
		The most common drug-related adverse effects (AEs) with fluoroquinolone therapy involve the gastrointestinal troct and central nervous system and are usually transient and mild to moderate in severity.
		Recent reports on the photochemical carcinogenicity and photochemical genotoxicity of fluoroquinolone antibacterials led to an increasing awareness for the need of a standard approach to test for photochemical genotoxicity.
		While many fluoroquinolones are associated with cardiac effects, pre-clinical data has shown that compared with sparfloxacin and grepafloxacin, levofloxacin has no effect on myocardial conduction.
	www.fluoridealert.org /pesticides/photo/1.gemi-lome.html (3430 words)

	Healthopedia.com Drugs Information - Fluoroquinolones : Proper Use
		Do not give fluoroquinolones to infants, children, or teenagers unless otherwise directed by your doctor.
		Fluoroquinolones are best taken with a full glass (8 ounces) of water.
		Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using a fluoroquinolone.
	www.healthopedia.com /drugs/detailed/fluoroquinolones/proper-use.html (1391 words)

	Quinolone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The parent of the group is nalidixic acid.
		The majority of quinolones in clinical use belong to the subset of fluoroquinolones, which have a fluoro group attached the central ring system.
		Fluoroquinolone therapy should be discontinued if the patient experiences pain, inflammation, or rupture of a tendon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fluoroquinolones (525 words)

	Fluoroquinolones for Respiratory Infections : Too Valuable To Overuse -- Williams 120 (6): 1771 -- Chest
		primary or secondary consideration of fluoroquinolones in the
		for the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in the hospital.
		Modai, J (1999) High-dose intravenous fluoroquinolones in the treatment of severe infections.
	www.chestjournal.org /cgi/content/full/120/6/1771 (2412 words)

	The Poisoning of America: The Rise of 'Mystery' Illnesses Including Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Gulf ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		But since fluoroquinolones are not found in measurable amounts very long after treatment has ceased, their side effects are labeled âbizarreâ by those few doctors who understand this effect.
		Well, we do know that there are a number of different fluoroquinolones on the market, and that there are obviously a lot of variations on how each person carries their own normal amount of the muscle tension.
		While the FDA undoubtedly believes that a toxin such as fluoride is a necessary evil in the world in which we live, it would certainly appear they have made a grave miscalculation in turning a blind eye to its effects on the human body.
	www.fibromyalgiasupport.com /library/showarticle.cfm/id/4072 (2920 words)

	Drug Information: Fluoroquinolones (Systemic) (Print Version)
		Fluoroquinolones are available only with your doctor's prescription, in the following dosage forms:
		Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity defect (problem with an enzyme that your body makes)—If you have this condition and you take a fluoroquinolone, you could have problems with anemia.
		For quick reference, the following fluoroquinolones are numbered to match the corresponding brand names.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/print/druginfo/uspdi/202656.html (3104 words)

	Primary Targets of Fluoroquinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae -- Fukuda and Hiramatsu 43 (2): 410 -- Antimicrobial ...
		The MICs of the fluoroquinolones and the target-gene mutations for the mutant strains are presented in Table 2.
		Characterization of a mutation in the parE gene that confers fluoroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae.
		Contribution of mutations in gyrA and parC genes to fluoroquinolone resistance of mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae obtained in vivo and in vitro.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/43/2/410 (2840 words)

	Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin, Volume 21, Number 4, December 2002
		The association between fluoroquinolone antibiotics and tendon disorders (especially involving the Achilles tendon) has been reported by ADRAC and has recently been confirmed by an epidemiological study.
		The adjusted relative risk of Achilles tendon disorders with current use of fluoroquinolones was 1.9 (95% confidence interval 1.3 to 2.6).
		With the marketing of two new fluoroquinolones (gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin), ADRAC wishes to remind prescribers that tendon disorders are a class effect of fluoroquinolones and that increasing age and concomitant corticosteroids are established risk factors.
	www.tga.gov.au /adr/aadrb/aadr0212.htm (1626 words)

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