Because of the close relationship between biochemistry and medicine, I have included in this glossary a collection of prefixes, suffixes and root words typically found in medical dictionaries in hopes that some words I may have forgotten to define can be figured out.
Specific biochemical compounds that are detected within the body, and which have a particular molecular feature that makes it useful for measuring a specific process (flux through a pathway, e.g.), the progress of a disease, the effects of treatment of a disease, etc.
The protein portion of an enzyme, absent any organic or inorganic cofactors or prosthetic groups that might be required for catalytic activity.
I found the conference sessions informative and interesting and gained a wider understanding of the field of Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, which is the field in which I hope to establish myself as a valuable researcher.
Symposia ranged from “Ecophysiology and the fabric of biodiversity” to “Adaptive physiology and biochemistry of organisms of vents and seeps”.
While I did run into some technical difficulties with my own samples, I was able to gain a thorough understanding of the principles of lipid biochemistry and the technique of ESI-MS.
To understand the differences between glucose and engineered xylose metabolic networks, we performed a flux balance analysis (FBA) and calculated extreme pathways using a stoichiometric model that describes the biochemistry of yeast cell growth.
These results suggest that oxygen (or some other electron accepting system) is required to resolve the redox imbalance caused by cofactor difference between xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, and that other factors limit glycolytic flux when xylose is the sole carbon source.
The approach is then applied to a case study and the magnitude of the flux increase and the quality of the prediction studied in two different profiles of flux control coeffients.
Qualitative, trial-and-error methods designed to increase the flux to desirable biotechnological products have led to new technologies and vast improvements in existing ones.
Hans V. Westerhoff (Mathematical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, BioCentrum Amsterdam, and MicroPhysiology, Free University, BioCentrum Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, NL-1087 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands and Douglas B. Kell (Institute of Biological Sciences, Edward Llwyd Building, University of Wales, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
Single domain magnetite crystals are magnetically saturated and produce a localized magnetic field with peak flux densities between 0.25 and 0.5 T. These flux densities are sufficiently high to alter radical pair chemistry and therefore provide a mechanism for potentially altering cellular biochemistry.
Magnetite may have been observed in various human tissues (Kirschvink et al., 1992b; Dobson and Grass, 1996; Dunn et al., 1995) and there is crystal structure information that suggests the magnetite might have been organized into magnetosomes.
The mechanical model of magnetite grain behavior in a viscous medium suggests a drop-off in response as a function of increasing frequency.
Comparative genomics is a powerful approach for identifying genetic variation that could explain differences in the anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of the organisms compared, and the factors responsible for their life-styles in general.
The flux, streamlining and elimination of genes in bacterial genomes of obligate intracellular parasitic species represent an ongoing process and could be a function of bacterial life-style and coding capacity of the genomes in terms of compactness.
Comparative genomics utilizes the large number of sequences in databases not only for elucidating commonality in all of life, but also for understanding the evolutionary diversity within various groups, as well as for comprehending the evolutionary processes or mechanisms producing such diversity.
For processes involving a system at constant pressure P and temperature T, the Gibbs free energy is the most useful because, in addition to subsuming any entropy change due merely to heat flux, it does the same for the PdV work needed to "make space for additional molecules" produced by various processes.
In solution chemistry and biochemistry, the Gibbs free energy change (denoted by ΔG) is commonly used merely as a surrogate for (−T times) the entropy produced by spontaneous chemical reactions in situations where there is no work done; or at least no "useful" work; i.e., other than PdV.
It is a linear combination of the energy and the entropy of a system, yielding a thermodynamic state function which represents the "useful energy".
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell, catalyzed by enzymes, to achieve in either the formation of a metabolic product to be used or stored by the cell, or the initiation of another metabolic pathway (then called a flux generating step).
Anabolic and catabolic pathways in eukaryotes are separated by either compartmentation or by the use of different enzymes and cofactors.
Several distinct but linked metabolic pathways are used by cells to transfer the energy released by breakdown of fuel molecules to ATP.
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell, catalyzed by enzymes, and resulting in either the formation of a metabolic product to be used or stored by the cell (metabolic sink), or the initiation of another metabolic pathway (then called a flux generating step).
A metabolic enzyme is an enzyme involved in a metabolic pathway.
Although human metabolism is primarily aerobic, under anaerobic conditions, for example in over-worked muscles that are starved for oxygen, pyruvate is converted to lactate, as in many microorganisms.
Radioisotopes produced with nuclear reactors exploit the high flux of neutrons present.
In biochemistry and genetics, radionuclides are used to label molecules and allow tracing chemical and physiological processes occurring in living organisms, such as DNA replication or amino acid transport.
Trace radionuclides are those that occur in tiny amounts in nature either due to inherent rarity, or to half-lives that are significantly shorter than the age of the Earth.
DE: Broadleaves-; Habit-; simulation- OD: Ficus-elastica; Ficus-benjamina BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales CC: KK100; ZZ100; FF030 CD: Forestry-General; Mathematics-and-Statistics; Plant-Morphology-and-Structure PT: Journal-article IS: 0022-5193 UD: 950316 AN: 930665295 CAB Abstracts 1993-1994 16 of 94 TI: Morphological and physiological characteristics of Leea coccinia and Leea rubra in response to light flux.
DE: pot-plants; protected-cultivation; light-; mathematical-models; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina BT: Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants CC: FF100; FF060 CD: Plant-Production; Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article IS: 0567-7572 IB: 90-6605-989-3 UD: 980716 AN: 980304941 CAB Abstracts 1996-7/98 56 of 94 TI: Possible role of gibberellins in the interaction between cytokinins and pesticides.
The inadequacy of the semi-mechanistic approach for practical use in assessing leaf area expansion and therefore also for predicting the growth period, was connected to the high sensitivity of the model predictions to parameters that were presumably badly tuned to the prevailing conditions.
Think of your pulsed coil as the "primary" of a transformer and anything conductive nearby (living tissue included) as the "secondary" into which current is induced when cut by coil's time-varying magnetic lines of flux.
See Electroporation: a General Phenomenon for Manipulating Cells and Tissues; J.C. Weaver, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 51:426-435 (1993).
Electronic and controlled electroporation approaches may well make vaccines (even if possible someday), pharmaceuticals, supplements, oxygen and diet therapies, plus other proposed remedies obsolete, even if they worked and were free.
Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain APStracts 5:0091E, 1998.
Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate pool size and estimated cycle flux in human muscle during exercise.
DE: Broadleaves-; Habit-; simulation- OD: Ficus-elastica; Ficus-benjamina BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales CC: KK100; ZZ100; FF030 CD: Forestry-General; Mathematics-and-Statistics; Plant-Morphology-and-Structure PT: Journal-article IS: 0022-5193 UD: 950316 AN: 930665295 CAB Abstracts 1993-1994 16 of 94 TI: Morphological and physiological characteristics of Leea coccinia and Leea rubra in response to light flux.
DE: pot-plants; protected-cultivation; light-; mathematical-models; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina BT: Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants CC: FF100; FF060 CD: Plant-Production; Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article IS: 0567-7572 IB: 90-6605-989-3 UD: 980716 AN: 980304941 CAB Abstracts 1996-7/98 56 of 94 TI: Possible role of gibberellins in the interaction between cytokinins and pesticides.
The inadequacy of the semi-mechanistic approach for practical use in assessing leaf area expansion and therefore also for predicting the growth period, was connected to the high sensitivity of the model predictions to parameters that were presumably badly tuned to the prevailing conditions.
We have centered our research in the biochemistry, physiology and molecular biology of GS, NADH-GOGAT and PEPc, which are key enzymes for the assimilation of ammonium and fixation of CO2 in bean nodules.
Reverse genetics in plants (overexpression and antisense inhibition) offers the possibility to modulate the gene expression of specific metabolic pathways, and therefore by quantitatively varying the flux control of a number of processes.
I. Regulation of ammonium assimilation and fixation of CO2 in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis.
flux, allowing relatively rapid restoration of visual sensitivity
40% of the mouse visual pigment was bleached.
Kinetics of visual pigment regeneration in excised mouse eyes and in mice with a targeted disruption of the gene encoding interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein or arrestin.
G.H.Koops and C.A.Smolders descibe in the Chapter 5 the groups of polymers that have been used for pervaporation and the polymer selection for optimizing flux and selectivity of pervaporation membranes.
In Chapter 8, the use of pervaporation in bioreaction and downstream processing is discussed by H. Strathmann and W. Gudernatsch, using the example of removal and concentration of ethanol from a fermentation broth, by
The removal of organics from water by pervaporation is the subject matter of Chapter 10, elaborated by K.W. Boddeker and G. Bengtson.
Becroft DM0, Webster DR, Simmonds HA, Fairbanks D, Wilson JD, Phillips LI 1986 Hereditary orotic aciduria: further biochemistry.
The orotic aciduria is considered secondary to PP-ribose-P depletion in consequence of the greatly increased flux through the de novo pathway.
Orotic acid excretion and UMPS activity may be affected by a variety of factors, such as haematological status, reticulocytosis, iron, and pharmacological agents such as 5-azauridine, 5-azaorotic acid, or allopurinol.
