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Topic: Focal dystonia

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	Dystonia
		Dystonia is a movement disorder involving sustained muscle contractions and abnormal posturing with a strong hereditary predisposition and without a distinct neuropathology.
		The affected family members in the upper generations presented with focal or segmental dystonia; it was postural dystonia of the legs in the former, and writer's cramp or tremor of the arms in the latter families.
		Dystonia was generalized in seven patients and remained focal or segmental in three patients.
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /Literature/Review/dystonia.htm (8305 words)

	Focal Dystonia as a cause of musician's disability
		Focal Dystonia as a cause of musician's disability by Ryan J Thomson
		Focal dystonia is localized to a specific part of the body.
		Her dystonia has been spreading, and she is having a really hard time adjusting to her disease, partly because she is so young and doesn't understand why she is different from the other kids.
	www.guitarsite.com /FocalDystonia.htm (2677 words)

	NeurosurgeryToday.org \| What is Neurosurgery \| Patient Education Materials \| dystonia
		Dystonia is classified by three main factors: the age at which symptoms develop; the areas of the body affected; and the underlying cause.
		Focal dystonia more commonly affects people in their 40s and 50s and is frequently referred to as adult-onset dystonia.
		Dystonia is sometimes misdiagnosed as stress, a stiff neck or a psychological disorder.
	www.neurosurgerytoday.org /what/patient_e/dystonia.asp (1377 words)

	Focal Forms Dystonia Ireland
		Focal forms of dystonia are usually limited to one area of the body.
		Most cases of focal dystonia appear later in life and are referred to as adult-onset.
		The symptoms associated with the focal dystonias are variable and depend upon the intensity and severity of the spasms and the specific body region and muscle groups involved.
	www.dystonia.ie /menu.asp?Menu=33 (218 words)

	Dystonia
		Dystonia can be classified according to the age of onset (childhood, adolescent or adult) by body distribution (focal, multifocal, segmental, generalised or hemidystonia) or by the cause (primary, secondary, 'dystonia plus' syndromes or combinations of hereditary and degenerative causes).
		Focal dystonias affect one part of the body such as eyes, neck, arm or vocal cords and are the most common type.
		Dystonia may be the first sign in a patient with Huntington's disease, and is secondary to many other neurological diseases.
	www.netdoctor.co.uk /diseases/facts/dystonia.htm (4679 words)

	Dystonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Dystonia of this sort is called "focal dystonia" and it is the sort that most often occurs in pianists.
		Focal dystonia usually affects parts of the body that are subject to constant use in an activity like writing or piano playing.
		No one, I believe, is yet in a position to state the necessary and sufficient conditions for the development of focal dystonia, nor to say exactly what neurological events occur or fail to occur when a pianist loses control of her fingers.
	www.pianomap.com /dystonia.html (698 words)

	UVA Neurogram - Dystonia
		Dystonia is a neurologic syndrome characterized by involuntary, sustained, patterned and often repetitive muscle contractions of opposing muscles, causing twisting movements or abnormal postures.
		In anatomical classification of dystonia, a focal dystonia is restricted to a single, specific part of the body-- most often the cranial and cervical-innervated muscles.
		Dystonia in the lower face is often associated with blepharospasm and may manifest as repetitive lip puckering or retraction.
	www.healthsystem.virginia.edu /internet/neurogram/neurogram2_1_dystonia.cfm (1333 words)

	MDVU - Pediatric Movement Disorders - Dystonia
		Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder in which involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or both.
		The child's perception of dystonia may be that an attempt to move produces the wrong pattern of muscle activity and results in a movement different from the intended one.
		When dystonia is due to another identified disease, then it is called "secondary dystonia." When dystonia is not due to another disease, it is termed "primary dystonia." Primary dystonia includes the genetic dystonias and some adult-onset, focal dystonias.
	www.mdvu.org /library/pediatric/dystonia (555 words)

	Dystonias Fact Sheet: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
		Investigators believe that the dystonias result from an abnormality in an area of the brain called the basal ganglia where some of the messages that initiate muscle contractions are processed.
		Of the primary dystonias, many cases appear to be inherited in a dominant manner; i.e., only one carrier parent need contribute the dystonia gene for the disease to occur, each child having a 50/50 chance of being a carrier.
		In some individuals, symptoms of a dystonia appear in childhood, approximately between the ages of 5 and 16, usually in the foot or in the hand.
	www.ninds.nih.gov /disorders/dystonias/detail_dystonias.htm (2177 words)

	Cervical Dystonia Dystonia Ireland
		Cervical Dystonia, also known as spasmodic torticollis, is a focal dystonia characterised by neck muscles contracting involuntarily, causing abnormal movements and posture of the head and neck.
		This form of focal dystonia is unlikely to spread or become generalised dystonia, though patients with generalised dystonia may also have cervical dystonia.
		Cervical dystonia should not be confused with other conditions which cause a twisted neck such as local orthopedic, congenital problems of the neck, ophthalmologic conditions where the head tilts to compensate for double vision.
	www.dystonia.ie /page.asp?Page=43&Menu=33 (1788 words)

	Hopkins Parkinson's Disease & Movement Disorder Center
		Dystonia is a movement disorder in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures.
		Dystonia refers to an involuntary movement resulting in a sustained posture which may be painful.
		Dystonia plus refers to dystonia which are part of another syndrome as Lubag or X linked dystonia parkinsonism, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, Parkinson's disease, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Corticobasal Ganglionic Degeneration, Huntington's disease, Machado-Joseph disease or Wilson's disease.
	www.neuro.jhmi.edu /hopkinspdmd/dystonias.htm (638 words)

	FOCAL DYSTONIA OF THE HAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Dystonia is one of the hyperkinetic states, among tremors, chorea, choreoathetosis, ballism, tics, akathisia, myoclonus, and hemifacial spasms.
		In focal hand dystonia, abnormal movements are initiated by an attempt to carry out a specific motor skill within a particular context, which it is not explained by diminished practice efforts and it cannot be circumvented by any masking strategy.
		Focal dystonia is also associated to obsessive-compulsive disorders (Cavallaro et al., 2002).
	www.cmki.org /LMHS/Chapters/26-FocalDystonia-MANUAL.htm (2684 words)

	The Dystonia Society - About Dystonia - Dystonia explained
		Dystonia is the term used to describe involuntary sustained muscle contractions that lead to abnormal movements and postures.
		Focal dystonias are the most common form, and affect only one part of the body.
		Dystonia which has its onset in adult life usually remains focal and is more common in those over 40 years of age.
	www.dystonia.org.uk /about-dystonia-page7541.html (1108 words)

	Dystonia - Health and Medical Information produced by doctors - MedicineNet.com
		Dystonia disorders cause involuntary movements and prolonged muscle contraction, resulting in twisting body motions, tremor, and abnormal posture.
		Some patterns of dystonia are defined as specific syndromes: Torsion dystonia, previously called dystonia musculorum deformans or DMD, is a rare, generalized dystonia that may be inherited, usually begins in childhood, and becomes progressively worse.
		Cranial dystonia is a term used to describe dystonia that affects the muscles of the head, face, and neck.
	www.medicinenet.com /dystonia/article.htm (671 words)

	Piano Playing-related Injuries: Prevalence, Overuse, Focal Dystonia
		Focal dystonia is painless, but crippling, in that there is a loss of control over certain areas of the playing mechanism.
		In 1995, Brandfonbrenner stated that a diagnosis of focal dystonia was, for a musician, "almost as devastating" as news of a life-threatening illness, and notes the "disappointing success rate in treating focal dystonia" (p.
		They postulate that, because dystonia in musicians is characterized by both spasm and incoordination in the task-specific movements, and the botulinum toxin only addresses the spasm, that the remaining incoordinate movements still negatively affect the musician.
	www.balancedpianist.com /pianoinjury.htm (3321 words)

	eMedicine - Botulinum Toxin (BOTOX®): Dystonia Treatment : Article by Tarakad S Ramachandran, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Dystonia is a disorder characterized by involuntary sustained muscle contractions resulting in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures.
		The administration of BTX therapy for the focal dystonias requires a thorough understanding of the toxin itself, preparation of various dilutions, and practical knowledge of typical dosages and anatomy, along with basic electromyographic skills.
		This is not a form of focal dystonia but rather is caused most probably by irritation of cranial nerve VII by an artery compressing the nerve as it exits the brain stem.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/topic585.htm (4096 words)

	Patient Education: Dystonia
		Dystonia is a neurologic movement disorder dominated by involuntary, sustained or repetitive, patterned muscle contractions or spasms, frequently causing squeezing, twisting, and other movements or abnormal postures.
		Blepharospasm, a focal dystonia manifested by an involuntary eye closure produced by spasmodic contractions of the eyelids and eyebrows, is often associated with dystonic movements of facial, jaw, laryngeal, and neck muscles.
		Spasmodic dysphonia, a focal dystonia of the vocal cords and larynx, is characterized by strained, effortfull voice interrupted by uncontrollable pitch breaks or voiceless pauses (adductor spasmodic dysphonia) or whispering, breathy voice (abductor spasmodic dysphonia).
	www.bcm.edu /neurol/jankovic/educ_dystonia.htm (1285 words)

	WE MOVE - Focal Dystonias
		There are several forms of focal dystonia as well as other dystonias that may be limited to one area of the body.
		Focal dystonias are usually considered primary (idiopathic) dystonias, meaning that dystonia is the only sign, with the possible exception of tremor, and secondary causes are excluded.
		Adult-onset focal dystonias usually occur sporadically, in the absence of a family history.
	www.wemove.org /dys/dys_foc.html (362 words)

	Focal dystonia: You say do it, your body says 'no' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Focal dystonia occurs when the spasms occur in one area of the body, other types of dystonia can affect the right or left side of the body, or several body areas.
		Focal dystonia is curious because it can be caused by the kind of repetitive and specific motion that people do in jobs every day, like drawing on a piece of paper or sitting a certain way in a chair.
		Unsure of what caused dystonia, doctors once thought that it was psychological and would tell patients that their illness was all in their head.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05222/551106.stm (774 words)

	Focal dystonia poses challenge to Dilbert creator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		That was a cue that his focal dystonia was flaring up to threaten his career once again.
		Focal dystonia, which can affect the hand (it's commonly called "writer's cramp" when it affects writing), the neck (the most common site), eyelids or vocal cords, is something of a mystery.
		Some with focal dystonia affecting their mouth and jaw say holding a toothpick in their mouth appears to ease symptoms, said Karp.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/05138/505839.stm (1502 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Strategies for controlling dystonia
		Dystonia is classified in several ways, depending on location, etiology, and age at onset (2,3).
		The only type of dystonia that should always respond to oral medications is dopa-responsive dystonia, which is caused by gene mutations of enzymes or cofactors required for dopamine synthesis.
		For jaw dystonia, botulinum toxin is injected into the masseter and temporalis muscles for jaw-closing dystonia and the digastric and pterygoid muscles for jaw-opening dystonia.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2000/10_00/adler.htm (2635 words)

	NORD - National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
		Dystonia is a group of movement disorders that vary in their symptoms, causes, progression, and treatments.
		Dystonia may be focal (affecting an isolated body part), segmental (affecting adjacent body areas, or generalized (affecting many major muscle groups simultaneously).
		The most characteristic finding associated with dystonia is twisting, repetitive movements that affect the neck, torso, limbs, eyes, face, vocal chords, and/or a combination of these muscle groups.
	www.rarediseases.org /search/rdbdetail_abstract.html?disname=Dystonia (363 words)

	Clinical Study: 06-N-0126, Neurophysiology of Task-Specificity of Focal Hand Dystonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Patients with dystonia have muscle spasms that cause uncontrolled twisting and repetitive movement or abnormal postures.
		In focal dystonia, just one part of the body, such as the hand, neck or face, is involved.
		Healthy volunteers and patients with focal hand dystonia 18 years of age and older may be eligible for this study.
	clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov /cgi/detail.cgi?A_06-N-0126.html (558 words)

	Cognitive Daily: Mental Rotation and Focal Dystonia, or why Scott Adams doesn't draw Dilbert upside-down
		People suffering from focal dystonia are also limited in their ability to plan and execute muscle movements.
		Interestingly, however, even though these patients only showed symptoms of focal dystonia on their right hands, they were slower at mental rotations for both hands.
		Many focal dystonia patients -- including Scott Adams -- train themselves to use their opposite hand, only to find the symptoms recurring in the new hand a few years later.
	scienceblogs.com /cognitivedaily/2006/01/focal_distonia_a_deeper_unders.php (1187 words)

	Focal lingual dystonia, urinary incontinence, and sensory deficits secondary to low voltage electrocution: case report ...
		Focal lingual dystonia, urinary incontinence, and sensory deficits secondary to low voltage electrocution: case report and literature review
		and tongue; and a persistent focal lingual dystonia.
		Localized injections of botulinum Toxin for the treatment of focal dystonia and hemifacial spasm.
	emj.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/19/4/368 (1605 words)

	Clinical Study: 06-N-0161, Long-Term Motor Learning in Focal Hand Dystonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Patients with dystonia have muscle spasms that cause abnormal postures while trying to perform a movement.
		Right-handed healthy volunteers and patients with focal hand dystonia of the right hand 18 years of age and older may be eligible for this study.
		A primate genesis model of focal dystonia and repetitive strain injury: I. Learning-induced dedifferentiation of the representation of the hand in the primary somatosensory cortex in adult monkeys.
	clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov /cgi/detail.cgi?A_06-N-0161.html (731 words)

	Focal dystonia due to torticollis definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Focal dystonia due to torticollis definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Focal dystonia due to torticollis: Spasm of the muscles in the neck that control the position of the head, causing the head to twist and turn to one side.
		Torticollis is the most common form of focal dystonia.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=25099 (128 words)

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