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Topic: Folk Christianity

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	Philippine Religion - Folk Christianity
		The Spaniards may have imposed Christianity, but it would be inaccurate to say that the indigenous people fully accepted the foreign religion.
		Christianity in the Philippines is really a unique folk variety, incorporating animistic beliefs.
		Another example of folk Christianity in the Philippines is the veneration of saints for prayers answered: for a good harvest, for rain, for the right spouse, for children.
	www.filipinoheritage.com /religion/folk_christianity.htm (408 words)

	Folk religion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Folk religion consists of beliefs, superstitions and cultural practices transmitted from generation to generation, in addition to the formally stated creeds and beliefs of a codified major religion.
		Folk religion also can be thought of the practice of religion by lay people outside of the control of clergy or the supervision of theologians.
		Folk religion answers human needs for reassurance in times of trouble, and many of its rituals are aimed at mundane goals like seeking healing or averting misfortune.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/f/fo/folk_religion.html (357 words)

	Readings: Religion in the Philippines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In addition to the Christian majority, there is a vigorous 4 percent Muslim minority, concentrated on the southern islands of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan.
		Spain introduced Christianity to the Philippines in 1565 with the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi.
		The latter is commonly referred to as Filipino folk Christianity, combining a surface veneer of Christian monotheism and dogma with indigenous animism.
	www.askasia.org /teachers/Instructional_Resources/Materials/Readings/Philippines/R_philippines_1.htm (1369 words)

	[No title]
		The majority of the Anatolian Christians were converted to Islam between the 11th and 15th centuries and their mass entry resulted in the further variegation of Islamic popular religion as the converts brought with them many of their own pagan and Christian practices.
		The Christian Empire and the Orthodox Church were inextricably intertwined prior to 1453, and as the Christian Empire was the principal foe of the sultans, the Orthodox church and bishops were politically suspect in Thrace, Macedonia, Thessaly, and in other areas conquered before 1453.
		In 1489 the Christians constituted 81.6% and the Muslims 18.4% of the population.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~fisher/bosnia/readings/Vryonis1.html (8469 words)

	Doing Liberation Theology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Christian message which the Filipinos received from the Spanish and Western missionaries during the almost four centuries of colonisation has not been a holistic one.
		Official Catholic Christianity has been, and is still often "bad news" for the Filipino: it has justified and even encouraged suffering; it has set standards which did not tie in with culture; it imposed rites which became a sort of magic.
		A spirituality, incorporating the zest of life and the sense of mystery of folk Christianity has still to be developed.
	www.theo.kuleuven.ac.be /clt/pub_wostyn_text_2.htm (1770 words)

	Folk Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Christianity has come to be the dominating factor in the spiritual life of Lithuanian nation.
		Integrated into the ethos and lifestyle of Lithuanian nation Christian culture with the diversity of its forms was shaping the parameters of nation’s existence.
		Lithuanian folk art - sculpture, painting and printing - was under the heavy impact of the European Christian tradition fostered in churches and monastaries.
	ldmuziejus.mch.mii.lt /Naujausiosparodos/Folk_Art.en.htm (833 words)

	South African Christianity: A History of the Christian Church in South Africa
		The story of the Christian Churches in South Africa, like the story of South African society in general is the story of many tribes, whose histories are on the one hand interwoven and interconnected, but, on the other hand, are also rigidly distinct from one another and independent.
		The first non-white Christians came from among the slave population of the Cape, though it was not at all uncommon for slave owners to introduce their slaves to the Christian faith, but forbid their baptism, on the grounds that baptism effected their freedom.
		The story of the Christian church among persons of racially mixed ancestry is complex and multifaceted, and includes independent mixed-race communities, like the Griqua, who moved out of the Cape area and established quite an independent cultural and ethnic identity.
	www.bethel.edu /~letnie/AfricanChristianity/SouthAfricaHomepage.html (988 words)

	17: Obstacles in the Path of Theological Reconstruction
		Folk religious superstitious activities have been held, not only in these fixed sites, but in streets and alleyways, and even under the guise of scholarly exchanges, and packaged as the essence of traditional culture, have attracted men and women who feel spiritually needy and experience a spiritual vacuum.
		Superficially, since Christianity is opposed to idol worship, believers basically do not take part in these folk religious activities, but many concepts in Christian faith have been given a superstition-ized explanation (this is not the same as indigenization)Ã¢â‚¬â€in some places God is no more than a powerful god with a different name.
		Many Christians had contempt for this world and material life while waiting for the next, or adopted the utilitarian view that "prayers would be answered." They set faith and reason, intellect and spirit, the material world and the spiritual world in opposition.
	www.amitynewsservice.org /page.php?page=1181 (1816 words)

	Self-Defining-Text (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Christian, like McDowell, associates the drive in fl women's novels to define fls as complex human beings with a revisionary strategy: fl writers must resist the assault of the dominant culture and revise the stereotypical images of African-Americans as fearful moral problems.
		Folk religion, therefore, might be said to have contributed to a positive "sense of group identification": folk beliefs helped to define African-Americans as willful and sane as well as alternatively (or independently) powerful and knowledgeable.
		Eugene Genovese also cites a specific instance in which this Christian identity was used by a fl woman to challenge that most destructive of fl identities--i.e., the slave image: "In 1807 a Baptist church in Kentucky had to exclude a fl woman because, on becoming a Christian, she denounced slavery.
	members.aol.com /DrEofBWC/Am-Lit-1/Journal/Self-Defining-Revision-text.html (9171 words)

	eBay Guides - Guide to Mexican Folk Art
		Christianity, paganism, folklore and depictions of daily life are also themes commonly used in Mexican folk art.
		Authentic folk art is made of clay, fibers, metals grasses and wood that are indigenous to the region of Mexico that the art comes from.
		When you purchase Mexican folk art you generate income for folk artists who are abandoning their heritage to work in maquiladoras and immigrate to the United States.
	reviews.ebay.com /Guide-to-Mexican-Folk-Art_W0QQugidZ10000000000881283?ssPageName=BUYGD:CAT:-1:SEARCH:3 (1149 words)

	Arthur M Jackson - Science of Ethics.
		However, the area of folk religion (Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, etc.) up to this point has resisted adopting the methods of science, therefore, their ethical guidance often causes more harm than good.
		Folk religions fail humanity because they utilize the "tribal" propensities, primarily the propensity to believe in magic and the power of wishing.
		For folk religions the usual answer to the question, what is the meaning of life, has a mystical or obscurantist focus which has only been satisfactory because it taps into the genetic propensity to believe in magic and in the power of wishing.
	www.arthurmjackson.com /Mentor.html (2443 words)

	Louisville Institute Grants
		Never in the history of the Catholic Church in the Philippines were there enough priests to attend to the spiritual needs of the indigenous population under the Spanish colonized islands from the sixteenth to the late nineteenth century.
		So these were lay-leaders who caused the sick and dying to "confess their faith in Jesus" and thus these lay-leaders competed with the local shamans for the heart and souls of the indigenous population.
		Your clue to the folk tradition in Gibson's film is the variety of extra-biblical material that similarly corresponds to the material in the Casaysayan: The wiping of Christ's face by Veronica; the extended scourgining of Christ as decreed by Pilate (over 39 stanzas as compared to the 4 verses found in the four Gospels‹Mtt.
	www.baptiststoday.org /news2004/passionb030504.htm (1473 words)

	Mermaid Lounge - APRIL 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The basis for the Danish Folk High School lies in its commitment to the principle of "general education", which again is deeply rooted in a long tradition of democratic and enlightenment principles.
		The primary thought was that inside of the Danish Folk High School every man was to be seen as equal, and in that spirit it was to be based upon "the living word", rather than the written one.
		To understand the spirit of the Danish Folk High School one has to experience it, and a great opportunity for foreigners to experience Denmark and the Danish Folk High School is to attend their programs.
	www.denmark.org /mermaid_Apr00/folkschool.html (1141 words)

	History of IRELAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The most telling images of early Christianity in Ireland are the beehive cells on the inhospitable rock of Skellig Michael, off the coast of Kerry.
		In 563 he and his party make their base on the island of Iona, from which offshoots are later established as far afield as Lindisfarne (known for this reason as Holy Island) off the coast of Northumberland.
		The glory of these manuscripts (in addition to their wonderfully inventive images of the evangelists) is the intricate decoration, with the famous 'carpet pages' formed of interlacing patterns - reminiscent of the complex linear designs in Celtic metalwork.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac70 (463 words)

	index
		Our native folk religion is being revived – going by names such as Odinism, Asatru, Heathenry, Theodisc belief, Forn Sed and others.
		But it is inevitable that some of us will not be able to, or want to, entirely cast off the Christianity that we have grown up with or that has shaped our folk for so long.
		Furthermore, some of the spirituality that our ancestors have gained through the Christian tradition can be a positive influence on our re-emerging folk faiths.
	www.englishfolkchurch.com (228 words)

	Dialogue between Christianity and Chinese Folk Beliefs
		And this situation--- the vigorous growth of the folk beliefs in Chinese society---was a challenge to Catholic missionaries who came to China with the aim to preach Catholicism.
		For some Chinese folk beliefs, Jesuits emphasized their compatibility with Christian doctrine, and were much more ready to compromise and tolerate.
		Where their basic attitudes toward Chinese folk beliefs fell into two categories: tolerance or opposition, However, evidently the aspects which could be tolerated were far fewer than those which were to be prohibited, the main reason being that there existed essential divergences between folk beliefs and Catholicism.
	www.georgetown.edu /centers/woodstock/publications/Zhang_presentation.htm (1483 words)

	The Theology of National-Socialism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The standard used by both Islam and Christianity to judge a person, their deeds, and other concepts and ideas, is based upon what is or is believed to a revelation from a supreme being, whereas for National-Socialism such judgement depends upon the ethics of honour, and honour alone.
		The folk is considered, by National-Socialism, to be a manifestation, a presencing, of Nature, and thus represents Nature and the Cosmos in evolution.
		This concept of the folk, the race, and its continued evolution, is irrelevant to Islam, which views the individual in relation to such things as Taqwa and Imaan (Taqwa: fear of Allah, resulting in devotion to Allah and His truth as revealed in Quran and Sunnah; Imaan: total trust and faith in Allah).
	www.geocities.com /myattns/theology_ns.html (3497 words)

	Drevo: ancient Ukrainian folk music
		One thousand years ago with the ward of Christianity to Ukraine the culture on these grounds did not begin anew, but its new page was opened.
		Alongside with the partially kept prior archaic layers and on their basis, Christianity has formed other original forms of culture, genres and styles.The influence of these processes on national music was especially expressive.
		The closest relation with Orthodox Christian religious doctrine and ideology, and also with Church service music is observed in folk canticles (3,12,13) and polychronions (20,22).
	www.magnatune.com /artists/drevo (540 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The second form of culture was folk culture, which was the culture of the common man. It was simplistic and dealt with themes familiar to the average citizen.
		The problem with maintaining the culture of churches in distinction from the rest of culture was that Christianity would seem foreign and even irrelevant.
		Christians adopted this culture, which seemed harmless enough, though they should have recognized that this sentimentalism was debasing their affections.
	www.fbcrockford.com /musicandculture.doc (1166 words)

	Cape Folk ("Cape Coloured") Christianity
		The modern Cape Folk (Cape Coloured) are most directly descended from the mixed race slave population of South Africa.
		However, masters would rarely permit their slaves to be formally baptised into the Christian faith, since Christian slaves could not be sold (Afrikaner Christians took St. PaulÕs letter to Philemon concerning his former slave Onesimus seriously.) In some places Christian slaves even had some claim to be able to gain their freedom.
		One of the leading Christians within the Oorlam community was Afrikaner Jager, who had been a shepherd on a Cape farm.
	www.bethel.edu /~letnie/AfricanChristianity/SACapeFolk.html (719 words)

	theology_numen
		The standard used by both Islam and Christianity to judge a person, their deeds, and other concepts and ideas, is based upon what is or is believed to a revelation from a supreme being, whereas for The Numinous Way such judgement depends upon the ethics of honour, and honour alone.
		The folk is considered, by The Numinous Way, to be a manifestation, a presencing, of Nature, and thus represents Nature and the Cosmos in evolution.
		This concept of the folk and its continued evolution, is irrelevant to Islam, which views the individual in relation to such things as Taqwa and Imaan (Taqwa: fear of Allah, resulting in devotion to Allah and His truth as revealed in Quran and Sunnah; Imaan: total trust and faith in Allah).
	www.geocities.com /davidmyatt/theology_numen.html (2877 words)

	Folk Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The deliniation between the religious intelligentsia (those who can read the Quran, and understand it) and the Folk (those who cannot and thus rely on the intelligentsia for interpretation) seems to be a functional aspect of Islam.
		We are hearing here in the U.S. that the aspects of Islam which are being preached by Muslim clerics in such places as Afghanistan, and Pakistan, and to a lesser degree in places like Palistine, Egypt and so on is not in accord with the true teachings of Islam.
		For example, the Quran in 2:62 promises paradise for Christians, Jews and other believers in God: free admittance to all theists.
	clublet.com /c/c/why?FolkIslam (1477 words)

	The_stories_of_Christianity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A myth is a story with 'deep explanatory or symbolic significance,' and thus, without addressing any issues of core beliefs of Christianity, Christian mythology is therefore a body of stories that explains or symbolizes Christian beliefs.
		Christian mythology includes the body of legendary stories that have accumulated around New Testament figures and elaborates upon the lives of the Saints, to emphasize, explain, or embody Christian beliefs.
		Legendary history of the Christian churches, such as the tales from the Crusades or the paladins of Charlemagne in mediaeval romance.
	www.comicscomics.com /search.php?title=The_stories_of_Christianity (759 words)

	Ukrainian Language, Culture and Travel Page
		Traditional Ukrainian folk dress is among the most colorful costume in the world.
		Folk and religious celebrations are pictured on a new series of postage stamps.
		NEW An exhibition of folk icons of Ukraine from the 18th and 19th centuries is touring the U.S. and Canada.
	pages.prodigy.net /l.hodges/ukraine.htm (3774 words)

	Pagan-Christianity Today Part 1
		Mithraism differed from Christianity in the exclusion of women from its ceremonies and in its willingness to compromise with polytheism.
		If we accept this line of thought with “Christian” beliefs, then we should never try to convert someone who is in paganism, for their beliefs may be absorbed into “Christianity” at some later date making our work unnecessary.
		Still others are now considered "Christian", but have only had their names changed.
	biblicalstudies.qldwide.net.au /pagan_christianity_today_part1.html (4135 words)

	THE CHRISTIAN TRADITION
		The Christian worldview and attitude to one’s fellow beings, the church rituals and ceremonies were fully absorbed by folk culture before the end of the Middle Ages.
		These views, which were supported by the sufferings of the Great Northern War and which conflicted with the habits of the educated circles and even the clergy, engendered the dissatisfaction and oppositon that gave birth to the national revivalist movements.
		This trend was now hastened along and supported by the liberal movement gaining ground among the educated circles from the 1860s onward and the socialist ideology assimilated by the working classes at the end of the century.
	sfhs.eget.net /P_articles/Pelo12.html (1713 words)

	Asatru Folk Assembly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Eventually, the monolithic organization of the Christian church, bolstered by threats of economic isolation and assisted by an energetic propaganda campaign, triumphed over the valiant but unsophisticated tribes.
		However, just as most Christians do not think their God is really an old bearded figure sitting on a golden chair in heaven, we do not believe Thor (for example) is actually a muscular, man-shaped entity carrying a big hammer.
		As a general model, the ancient Euro-tribes consisted of three parts: (1) the free folk, who expressed themselves politically in the assembly, (2) the leader or chieftain, and (3) the council which advised the leader.
	www.runestone.org /faq.html (4418 words)

	"Perly ludovej architektury"/"Perlyny narodnoyee arkhitektury"
		This variety of historical names of the same ethnic group of population with a common history, culture and language or dialect was, and, alas, is an object of various speculations about the national appurtenance and the character of culture of the settlement.
		In the East Slovakian region as well as in "Boiko" part of Transcarpathian Ukraine and "Lemko" region of Poland the unified type of the wooden temples of eastern liturgy were formed as a result of historical, political, social and economical, cultural, natural and climatic conditions of living.
		In 1967 it was moved to the folk architecture exposition of Sharish Museum in Bardeiovske Kupele.
	www.lemko.org /religion/perly (5485 words)

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