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	Mathematical practice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the philosophy of mathematics, mathematical practice is used to distinguish the working practices of professional mathematicians (e.g.
		This distinction is considered especially important by adherents of quasi-empiricism in mathematics, which denies the possibility of foundations of mathematics and attempts to refocus attention on the ways in which mathematicians arrive at mathematical statements.
		One motivation to study mathematical practice is that, despite much work in the 20th century, some still feel that the foundations of mathematics remain unclear and ambiguous.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mathematical_practice (327 words)

	Philosophy of mathematics - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But this permanence is in fact grounded by much uncertainty: as mathematical practice evolves, the status of previous finished mathematics is cast into doubt, and is re-examined and corrected only to the degree it is required or desired by the needs of current applications and groups.
		Finished mathematics is often accorded too much status, and folk mathematics not enough, due to an over-belief in axiomatic proof and peer review as practices.
		The capacity to acquire mathematics, and competence in it, called numeracy, is seen as separate from literacy and the acquisition of language.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Philosophy_of_mathematics (3541 words)

	Wikinfo \| Mathematics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mathematics (often abbreviated to math or, in British English, maths) is commonly defined as the study of patterns of structure, change, and space.
		In the modern view, mathematics is usually considered the investigation of axiomatically defined abstract structures using formal logic as the common or foundational framework.
		In general the philosophy of mathematics one adopts has little effect on mathematical practice: mathematicians all over the world can rely on mathematics as a language even if there are arguments about the meaning or reliability of certain constructs or "words" or "phrases" used in any given "sentence".
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=mathematics (2233 words)

	Mathematical proof - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In mathematics, a proof is a demonstration that, given certain axioms, some statement of interest is necessarily true.
		The distinction has led to much examination of current and historical mathematical practice, quasi-empiricism in mathematics, and so-called folk mathematics (in both senses of that term).
		The philosophy of mathematics is concerned with the role of language and logic in proofs, and mathematics as a language.
	www.lexington-fayette.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Mathematical_proof (589 words)

	Mathematics in Latvia Through the Centuries, by Daina Taimina and Ingrida Henina
		Mathematics at the University of Latvia in 1920's was mainly taught for students of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences.
		It was organized on a basis of the two mathematics research laboratories of the Institute of Physics of the LAS and professors from the Departments of Differential Equations and General Mathematics of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics.
		[Reizins, 1975] L.Reizins, E.Riekstins, Mathematics in University of Latvia 1919-1969, Latvijskij matematiceskij jezegodnik, 1975 (16), pp.
	www.math.cornell.edu /~dtaimina/mathinlv.html (16065 words)

	Folk mathematics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As the term is understood by mathematicians, folk mathematics or mathematical folklore means theorems, definitions, proofs, or mathematical facts or techniques that circulate among mathematicians by word-of-mouth but have not appeared in print, either in books or in scholarly journals.
		Quite important at times for researchers are folk theorems, which are results known, at least to experts in a field, and considered to have established status, but not published in complete form.
		Some people, principally non-mathematicians use the term folk mathematics to refer to ethno-cultural studies of mathematics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Folk_mathematics (172 words)

	mathematics - Anarchopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Another view is that mathematics is simply a human way to organize things that is not shared by other beings: recent experiments with near human relatives like chimpanzees seem to prove though that counting and even adding and substracting with symbols (arithmetic) are skills learnable by non-humans.
		There is some study of historicism in mathematics but because of the very durable nature of mathematical practices and proofs, there is a strong bias against explaining any given mathematical idea as a product of mere "history".
		Mathematics may be defined as the subject in which we never know what we are talking about, nor whether what we are saying is true.
	meta.anarchopedia.org /mathematics (2179 words)

	Philosophy of mathematics :: Web Articles ::
		However, although such external forces may change the direction of some mathematical research, there are strong internal constraints (the mathematical traditions, methods, problems, meanings and values into which mathematicians are enculturated) that work to conserve the historically defined discipline.
		But social constructivists argue that mathematics is in fact grounded by much uncertainty: as mathematical practice evolves, the status of previous mathematics is cast into doubt, and is corrected to the degree it is required or desired by the current Mathematical Community.
		They argue further that finished mathematics is often accorded too much status, and folk mathematics not enough, due to an over-belief in axiomatic proof and peer review as practices.
	www.webarticles.com /Science/Math/Philosophy-of-mathematics (3515 words)

	The Contemplator's Folk Music Microencyclopedia
		Webster defines folk music as the "traditional and typically anonymous music that is an expression of the life of the people in a community." It is an excellent "quick and dirty" definition.
		Folk songs are important both musically and historically as they define some part of a people's experience and become a part of a people's culture.
		I retain folk for several reasons: "folk" encompasses most of the music here (though there are now many with known authors), it is the term I grew up with and I don't believe most people are yet familiar with the difference between folk/traditional/celtic, etc. music.
	www.contemplator.com /history/epedia.html (1302 words)

	jeito: on the doing of ethnomathematics
		Mathematical knowledge expressed in the language code of a given sociocultural group is called "ethnomathematics." In this context "ethno" and "mathematics" should be taken in the broad sense.
		Mathematical knowledge is to be shared between student and teacher, and not just passively transmitted from the teacher to the student.
		Mathematics in schools shall be such that it facilitates knowledge, understanding, incorporation and compatibilization if known and current popular practices into the curriculum.
	www.csus.edu /indiv/o/oreyd/papers/jeito.html (1861 words)

	anasayfa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Popular or folk veterinary medicine means the methods and practices employed by Anatolian people when they are unable to reach to a veterinarian in order to cure and protect their animals from disease.
		We may define Folk Calendar as a systematic arrangement of time and life, assuming the task of remembering religious, historical, traditional, educational, religious, legal, agricultural, political and economic ties established by relationships based on long-term experiences between natural events, social institutions and events inherited by people of any region, in essence as a cultural inheritance.
		In folk law, the residents of a village form a court to solve a problem in the event that they face an issue that requires the presence of a court in thei village, and they are either unable to attend one elsewhere or for some reason do not want to go to the official courts.
	www.istanbulhotelreservations.com /yeni/map/folkknowlegde.htm (500 words)

	multcrit
		Ethnomathematics is typically defined as the study of mathematical concepts in cohesive social groups, with an emphasis on small-scale or indigenous cultures.
		Mathematical anthropology uses mathematical modelling in ethnographic and archaeological studies to describe material and cognitive patterns, generally without attributing conscious intent to the population under study.
		It is true that the mathematics of these cultures are easier to translate into the standard educational curriculum, but in doing so the emphasis merely reinforces orientalism and primitivism.
	www.rpi.edu /~eglash/isgem.dir/texts.dir/multcrit.htm (1533 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The cognitive science of mathematics is the study of mathematical ideas using the techniques of cognitive science.
		This approach was long preceded by the study, in cognitive sciences proper, of human cognitive bias, especially in statistical thinking, most notably by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, including theories of measurement, risk and behavioral finance from these and other authors.
		One central claim that justifies a cognitive science of mathematics is that Euler's Identity reflects a cognitive structure unique to humans, or less specifically to a narrow range of beings similar to humans, e.g.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Cognitive_science_of_mathematics (259 words)

	ERP - European Review of Philosophy 8: Folk Theories
		Folk ontology, folk physics, folk psychology, folk biology, folk mathematics, folk economics are just examples of domains that have drawn growing interest in the last decade.
		In the proposed monograph, outstanding researchers from different domains will be invited to share their insights about this notion: the expected result is that interdisciplinary contributions from different research areas will help develop an account of what a folk theory might be.
		Investigating the notion of folk theory will resonate with current debates on neighbouring notions such as those of simulation and metarepresentation and on the nature of concepts.
	www.erp-review.org /8.php (344 words)

	PCMI @ Math Forum: International Seminar: 2001 Report: Issue 5
		Mathematics education was, however, limited to a certain class of the society.
		While determining the curriculum in mathematics, it must be kept in mind that the majority of pupils would leave education at the end of secondary stage (grade ten).
		The framework also suggests that the history of mathematics, with special reference to India and the nature of mathematical thinking should find a place in the curriculum, and students should be encouraged to enhance their computational skills by the use of Vedic Mathematics.
	mathforum.org /pcmi/int2001report/page56.html (2852 words)

	Folk Music Web Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Or God merely a mistake of man's?" (Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche) Folk Mathematics transfigures the fortuitous concourse of atoms into the tracery of the finger of God.
		Folk "Be the change that you want to see in the world." (Mohandas Gandhi) "When a girl marries, she exchanges the attentions of all the other men of her acquaintance for the inattention of just one." (Helen Rowland) I require three things in a man: He must be handsome, ruthless, and stupid.
		Their tastes may not be the same." (George Bernard Shaw) Each of us has a spark of life inside us, and our highest endeavor ought to be to set off that spark in one another.
	www.searchmusicnetwork.com /Styles_Folk.html (1655 words)

	[No title]
		In order to achieve Indicators 3-5, students need to understand the importance of mathematics in their own culture and in other cultures, they need to understand that their futures will be affected by their mathematics achievement, and that mathematics is indeed used by adults in their communities.
		Female and minority members of the professional community who use mathematics in their daily jobs and lives can be enlisted to serve as role models for female and minority students and to help others recognize the contributions and possibilities of women and minorities.
		Applied Mathematics is a set of 36 modular learning materials prepared to help high school students and others develop and refine their job-related math skills.
	dimacs.rutgers.edu /nj_math_coalition/framework/ch16/ch16.html (12774 words)

	Kathryn Cramer: Pokémon Cards & Folk-Mathematics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		My 'discovery' of my illiterate mother's mathematics, and how my mathematics and knowledge could neither detect nor comprehend her mathematics and knowledge, mark the biggest turning point in my life, and have had the greatest impact on my perception of knowledge, language, and their relationship to reality.
		If this is not mathematics, I do not know what mathematics is. The fact that I could not see it for 35 years made me realize the power of language in what we see and what we do not see.
		A lot of this "mathematical ability" is pre-wired (from pretty far back, perhaps long before the ape-hominid split), and I suspect that it is pretty much a pre-requisite for successful social living.
	www.kathryncramer.com /kathryn_cramer/2005/06/pokemon_cards_f.html (1936 words)

	Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Further, the expanded role of computer technology in most areas of human society, and dependence of both hardware and software on the elements of mathematics means this threat is growing and now dangerous.
		The focus on communication activities that are inherently non-mathematical has a second aspect: the overall nature of this activity is to raise the valuation of what might be called folk-mathematics: mnemonic devices, card and dice gambling strategies, informal aspects of game theory and recreational topics.
		The reason it isn't dull nor obscure, is that it has roots in the practical issues of daily life, and that everyone is fascinated by their own activities.
	www.cs.ucla.edu /~klinger/pami/l.html (680 words)

	The Leiter Reports: Editorials, News, Updates: The "companions in guilt" argument in philosophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		"Frequently cited companions in guilt for morality are epistemology, mathematics, the mind, and philosophy itself.
		Moral skeptics and antirealists are challenged by claiming that a) we have no more grounds to doubt the existence of reasons for action than we have to doubt the existence of reasons for belief and the inferential relations between them (p.
		It is not as if no serious philosophical doubt has been voiced over the last century or so about epistemology, mathematics, folk-psychology, or indeed philosophy itself.
	webapp.utexas.edu /blogs/archives/bleiter/001529.html (474 words)

	Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture - Folk Mathematics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Republic of Turkey, Ministry of Culture - Folk Mathematics
		Folk mathematics means the way people use their own measuring units in their daily lives, when shopping, bartering, or in any other activities that require measurement.
		In folk mathematics, people use their cups, pots or any other equipment available as measurement units.
	www.kultur.gov.tr /portal/kultur_en.asp?belgeno=5655 (60 words)

	Folk Dance Information
		Cypriot Folk Dances Contains a quick reference to types of Cypriot dances and an articls on Cypriot Folk Dances.
		Finnish Folk Dancing An article written for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1992 and updated in 1998.
		Georgian Folk DancesThis page was set up by Nino Gigineishvili, and contains information about and pictures of a number of different Gerogian folk dances.
	www.recfd.com /resources.htm (495 words)

	[No title]
		I wonder if there was some transmission over the Silk Road or other central Asian trade routes which could have carried some information directly between the Orient and Europe, bypassing the Indians and Arabs — see Dead Dogs and Trick Ponies on p.
		If so, there may be some evidence for this in the folk cultures of the central Asians and Russians.
		I can find nothing about this and would be delighted to hear from anyone who does know about this.
	www.g4g4.com /MyCD5/SOURCES/QRUSSIA.DOC (552 words)

	American Scientist Online - The Kolam Tradition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A tradition of figure-drawing in southern India expresses mathematical ideas and has attracted the attention of computer science
		The women of Tamil Nadu in southeastern India traditionally cover their thresholds every morning with elaborate designs drawn with rice powder.
		But with their orderly and often highly symmetrical designs, which frequently group into families, kolams are also expressive of mathematical ideas.
	americanscientist.org /articles/02articles/Ascher.html (145 words)

	T.C. Kultur Bakanligi / Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey
		The organization, whose mandate includes the research and study of traditional cultural values, collection of material, their systematic filing and publishing within the scope of folklore systems has a far reaching interest area.
		Poetry : Legands, folk songs, "mani"s which are a particular type of Turkish folk songs, jingles and other types of poetry
		These main titles are further divided into sub-titles and the working system of the department has been formed on the basis of this classification
	www.discoverturkey.com /english/bakanlik/b-h-alan.html (297 words)

	[NZ-Folk] East Coast Folk Club (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Previous message: [NZ-Folk] The mathematics of a twanging string
		East Coast Folk Club Please find details for this Friday’s guest below.
		July 2nd, 8pm Terry Free — Neo-Trad Madness Neo-traditional madness will be served up with the usual dose of humour and with tongue firmly in cheek.
	www.earthlight.co.nz /pipermail/nz-folk/2004-June/007136.html (184 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 92064179 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Publisher description for Mathematical cranks / Underwood Dudley.
		It is written with wit and style and is a part of folk mathematics.
		Library of Congress subject headings for this publication: Mathematics Miscellanea
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/cam025/92064179.html (63 words)

	Voices Project: Fact Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		workshops on the chemistry of folk remedies, mathematics in quilt patterns and Christmas crafts, and analyzing the Southern diet;
		year-end exhibits, where the girls demonstrated their achievements and led other students in science, mathematics, and technology activities.
		The project works with sixty-six girls as they move through their sixth, seventh, and eighth grade years.
	www.ael.org /nsf/VOICES/vocfact.htm (297 words)

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