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	Folk science - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Folk science describes ways of understanding and predicting the natural and social world, without the use of rigorous methodologies (see Scientific method).
		One could label all understanding of nature predating the Greeks as "folk science".
		Folk science is often accepted as "common wisdom" in a given culture, and gets passed on as memes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Folk_science (113 words)

	Naïve physics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Naïve physics or folk physics is the untrained human perception of basic physical phenomena.
		In the field of artificial intelligence the study of naïve physics is a part of the effort to formalize the common knowledge of human beings.
		Many ideas of folk physics are simplifications, misunderstandings, or misperceptions of well understood phenomena, incapable of giving useful predictions of detailed experiments, or simply are contradicted by more thorough observations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Folk_physics (287 words)

	Folk Psychology as a Theory
		On the internalist account of folk psychology (hereafter "folk psychology (internal)"), folk psychology is a theory of human psychology which is represented in the mind-brain and which underpins our everyday capacity to predict and explain the behavior of ourselves and others.
		Folk psychology (internal) may be represented in the language of thought, or by a distributed connectionist network, or by some other means (Stich and Nichols 1992).
		Other internalist theory theorists argue that folk psychology (internal) is largely innate, or at least that we are born with a mechanism dedicated to its acquisition.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/folkpsych-theory (3746 words)

	Is Asperger’s syndrome/High-Functioning Autism necessarily a disability?
		The model assumes that all individuals on the autistic continuum show degrees of folk psychology impairment, whilst their folk physics may be intact or even superior, relative to their mental age.
		This deficit in their folk psychology is thought to underlie the difficulties such children have in social and communicative development, and the development of imagination.
		For shorthand, folk psychology is referred to as 'empathy', and folk physics is referred to as 'scientist'.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/7138/lobby/disability.htm (5905 words)

	Folk Psychology as a Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		On the internalist account of folk psychology, folk psychology is a theory of human psychology which is represented in the mind-brain and which underpins our everyday capacity to predict and explain the behavior of ourselves and others.
		Folk psychology (internal) may be represented in the language of thought, or by a distributed connectionist network, or by some other means.
		Other internalist theory theorist argue that folk psychology (internal) is largely innate; or at least that we are born with a mechanism dedicated to the acquisition of folk psychology (see for example Fodor 1992 and Carruthers 1996: especially Section 1.7).
	www.science.uva.nl /~seop/archives/win1997/entries/folkpsych-theory (2759 words)

	"Deconstructing the Mind" (Chapter 1) by Stephen Stich
		A researcher who is interested in characterizing the folk physics used by a group of subjects wants to describe a theory that is represented in the minds of her subjects.
		Moreover, as in the case of folk physics, the principles inside the subject's heads can themselves be regarded as a theory, since (we have been assuming) one of the things they do is entail lots of claims about the grammatical properties of sentences in the speaker's dialect.
		Folk semantics, on this view, is just a collection of commonsense beliefs about reference and what determines reference, and the real facts about reference, like the real facts about physics, are as they are quite independently of what our folk theory may say about them.
	www.nyu.edu /gsas/dept/philo/courses/consciousness97/papers/stich.html (20390 words)

	Science & Technology at Scientific American.com: Folk Science -- Why our intuitions about how the world works are ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		But much of physics is counterintuitive, as is the case in many other disciplines, and before the rise of modern science we had only our folk intuitions to guide us.
		Folk astronomy, for example, told us that the world is flat, celestial bodies revolve around the earth, and the planets are wandering gods who determine our future.
		Folk biology intuited an élan vital flowing through all living things, which in their functional design were believed to have been created ex nihilo by an intelligent designer.
	www.sciam.com /article.cfm?articleID=000A760C-14A5-14C1-94A583414B7F0181&sc=I100322 (675 words)

	Folk Psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Folk psychology is the body of information people have about the mind, and it is often regarded as the basis for our capacity to attribute mental states and to predict and explain actions.
		Eliminativists bemoan the explanatory failures and limitations of folk psychology, and maintain that these shortcomings indicate that mature science will be quite at odds with folk psychology (e.g., Churchland 1981).
		While philosophers have debated the continuities between science and folk psychology and the consequences that would follow from various scenarios, cognitive scientists have been concerned to explore more systematically the nature of the capacity to attribute beliefs, desires, and emotions and the capacity to predict and explain behavior.
	www.cofc.edu /~nichols/FolkPsychologyFinal.htm (4694 words)

	Ephilosopher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		However, it has not been clear precisely what folk psychology is and what its commitments are.
		Folk physics refers to the ordinary understanding of the lay people, who have no special training in physics, about the physical processes in their environment.
		Likewise, folk psychology should be taken to refer to the ordinary understanding of lay people, who have no special training in the cognitive sciences, about the behaviours of their fellow human beings.
	www.ephilosopher.com /print.php?sid=212 (111 words)

	Cognitive Science References
		Every other folk theory—folk physics, folk biology, folk economics— has had to yield to more powerful theories, better equipped to address the problems of an adventurous civilization.
		Although it may be true that most of the world's business is still conducted according to folk theories of mind, this may be only a matter of cultural lag, which will be overcome as cognitive science takes hold.
		Medieval physics lives on in the baseball park, where fly balls have "legs" that may or may not be sufficient to carry them over the outfield wall.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~otec/cognitive_science_referenc.htm (2377 words)

	Aristotle's Physics and Astronomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		He was among the first to give a systematic account of the universe.
		I could spend a lot of time on his physics but instead I'm just going to give you the gist.
		Folk Physics - the physical theory that people naturally develop either from innate knowledge or from interactions with the world.
	www.bilkent.edu.tr /~cowley/Science-Inquiry/9-3-Aristotle.html (801 words)

	[No title]
		According to the ideas of classical physics it should be possible to simulate brain processes by a massive system of parallel computers, one for each point in a fine grid of spacetime points that cover the brain over some period of time.
		There is, therefore, no place within the conceptual framework provided by classical physics for the idea that certain patterns of neuronal activity that cover large parts of the brain, and that have important functional properties, have any special or added quality of beingness that goes beyond their beingness as a simple aggregate of local entities.
		But within the deterministic framework of classical physics, where the course of events is the same whether or not consciousness is appended to the local variables specified in classical-physics description, consciousness is non-efficacious, and hence of no relevance to the survival of the species.
	www-physics.lbl.gov /~stapp/36574.txt (7821 words)

	A PARTICULARLY COMPELLING
		"folk physics," "folk meteorology") is the set of common-sense generalizations about the mind, "platitudes" as David Lewis calls them, at least tacitly accepted by almost everyone and expected by almost everyone to be accepted by almost everyone.
		According to the "Theory" theory of folk psychology, the folk generalizations are at least roughly causal-explanatory in purport; we use them in the explanation and prediction of human behavior.
		(E5) Folk psychology characterizes propositional attitudes as "wide" features of cognizers--i.e., as features that do not supervene on their subjects' molecular composition at the time; attitude contents are determined in part by causal, historical and social factors outside the subjects' heads; and this makes the attitudes objectionably un- or contrascientific, and possibly epiphenomenal again.
	www.unc.edu /~ujanel/ElimWeb.htm (3120 words)

	Formal Ontology, Common Sense and Cognitive Science
		Common-sense realism is thus of a piece with physical realism understood as the view that physics is a true account of reality at some deep level of structure, and the world of common sense is capable of being investigated in large part also by standard physical means.
		The physical universe is causally closed; it is such as to constitute a single, harmonious, organized totality, the events and processes constituting it being in principle explicable in terms of prior events and processes and corresponding laws.
		Such objects are, as we have seen, parts or sub-regions of physical reality which are yet not recognized by or such as to be of interest to physical theory as such.
	ontology.buffalo.edu /focscs.htm (12814 words)

	The Lawrence Jacobsen Library: Books Received
		Of course, there may be striking parallels between how children come to discover the regularities of the world and the methods that scientists use (observation, experimentation, revising one's ideas in the light of new evidence, etc.), but to describe this as a formal science of physics may be too far a stretch for most readers.
		On the other hand, we might be perfectly comfortable talking about infant's and children's 'folk physics', that is, their common-sense understanding of how the world works, as well as why it works in the way that it does.
		FROM CHAPTER 1 Folk Physics Cannot Be Assumed Daniel J. Povinelli This book is the result of a five-year project designed to explore how chimpanzees conceive of the physics that underlies their use and construction of simple tools.
	library.primate.wisc.edu /collections/books/folkphysics.html (1232 words)

	Two Contrasts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Instead, I am going to expand on the similarities between folk psychology and folk physics--two crafts that repay attention, and that should be studied with the methods of anthropology, not just the informal methods of philosophers.
		Folk physics is as effortless, as second-nature as folk psychology, and it keeps us one step ahead of harsh reality most of the time.
		A pioneering analysis of a portion of folk physics is found in Patrick Hayes' work on what he calls the naive physics of liquids.
	ase.tufts.edu /cogstud/papers/twocontr.htm (464 words)

	Newsvine - physics
		Scientist thinks invisibility possible in future It's unlikely to occur by swallowing a pill or donning a special cloak, but invisibility could be possible in the not too distant future, according to research published on Monday.
		The John Templeton Foundation, a $1.1 billion philanthropy devoted to bringing science and religion together, is launching an ambitious international effort to fund physics research with potential theological implications.
		Granular physics is a relatively new field--it's full of neat little experiments like these.
	www.newsvine.com /physics?category=science (952 words)

	Mental Causation Seminar Notes, Week 2
		Folk psychology: “the perspective that invokes the family of “mentalistic” concepts, such as belief, desire, knowledge, fear, pain, expectation, intention, understanding, dreaming, imagination, self-consciousness, and so on.” (p.
		Physical stance: “if you want to predict the behavior of a system, determine its physical constitution (perhaps all the way down to the microphysical level) and the physical nature of the impingements upon it, and use your knowledge of the laws of physics to predict the outcome for any input.” (p.
		*Folk psychology is a normative theory that attributes beliefs and desires, and predicts behavior, based upon the beliefs, desires, and intentions that one ought to have.
	comp.uark.edu /~efunkho/notes2.html (1531 words)

	The Psychology of Folk Psychology
		Just as scientific psychology studies folk physics (McCloskey 1983, Hayes 1985), viz., the common understanding (or misunderstanding) of physical phenomena, so it must study folk psychology, the common understanding of mental states.
		The study of folk psychology is a subdivision of (B), the one that concerns mental state concepts.
		Persuaded that materialism (or physicalism) is the only tenable ontology, philosophers have deliberately fashioned their accounts of the mental with an eye to safeguarding materialism.
	www.ecs.soton.ac.uk /~harnad/Papers/Py104/goldman.psyc.html (12953 words)

	Science & Technology at Scientific American.com: Back to the Future -- [ PHYSICS ] -- Physicists gaze into the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Commemorating the 25th anniversary of the school's Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, they looked back at the past quarter of a century of physics and ahead to what will happen in the next.
		On the lower-energy side of physics, Steven Kivelson of the University of California at Los Angeles, among others, discussed condensed-matter physics, which is primarily the science of electrons in matter.
		According to Bialek, 25 years ago biophysics involved the application of physics methods to problems posed by biologists, whereas today it is characterized by physicists asking new and different research questions about living matter.
	www.sciam.com /article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000E4AF6-EF1E-119B-ACD083414B7F0000 (625 words)

	Oxford University Press: Folk Physics for Apes: Daniel Povinelli
		Folk Physics for Apes challenges the assumptions so often made about apes.
		It offers us a rare glimpse into the workings of another mind, examining how apes perceive and understand the physical world - an understanding that appears to be both similar to, and yet profoundly different from our own.
		"Folk Physics for Apes, written by anthropologist Daniel Povinelli; represents a recent contribution to hthis contentious history.
	www.oup.com /us/catalog/general/subject/Psychology/Cognitive/~~/c2Y9YWxsJnNzPWF1dGhvci5hc2Mmc2Q9YXNjJnBmPTM2MCZ2aWV3PXVzYSZwcj0xMCZib29rQ292ZXJzPXllcyZjaT0wMTk4NTcyMTkw (435 words)

	Book review of Paul Churchland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is only the vocabulary of our "folk psychology" that refers to beliefs and desires, sensations, emotions, thoughts, etc. We explain people's behavior by using this terminology, which ascribes mental states to people.
		We should replace the outdated language of folk psychology with the language of neurobiology, just like folk physics was replaced by the more precise language of Newton's Physics.
		According to Churchland, evidence that folk psychology is unscientific includes: 1.that it has remained the same since the ancient Greeks (but so does arithmetic, doesn't it?); 2.
	www.thymos.com /mind/churchla.html (232 words)

	3255H5
		The leading example of a folk theory is “folk physics,” the commonsense view of physical objects and how they behave that each of us acquires by age 3 and that most people deploy for the rest of their lives.
		Similarly, mental concepts are ensconced in folk psychology, a system of generalizations that we acquire very early and use in dealing with the social world.
		Churchland believes we know right now that folk psychology is a terrible theory, and he thinks it’s also pretty clear that cognitive psychology and neuroscience will soon be a better one.
	www.unc.edu /~ujanel/3255H5.htm (906 words)

	ERP - European Review of Philosophy 8: Folk Epistemology
		These include folk physics, folk biology, folk arithmetics, folk psychology, among others.
		The goal of this volume is to bring together contributions on this topic from different areas of investigation such as: philosophy, developmental psychology, cognitive ethology, social cognition, pragmatics, sociology of knowledge, cultural anthropology.
		The aim of the present project is to synthesise and evaluate the progress made in the concerned research areas, and to promote an interdisciplinary discussion on the natural bases of epistemic evaluation capacities.
	www.erp-review.org /8.php (445 words)

	neurodiversity.com \| cognitive psychology & autism
		In the extreme case, severe autism may be characterized by almost no folk psychology (and thus mindblindness), but as autism and AS itself come by degrees, so different points on the autistic spectrum may involve degrees of deficit in folk psychology.
		These 3 individuals were given one test of folk psychology, one test of folk physics, and one test of executive function.
		In addition, all 3 cases were at ceiling on the test of folk physics, and on the most complex test of executive function (the Tower of Hanoi).
	www.neurodiversity.com /cognitive_psychology (9775 words)

	Folk physics and folk psychology as approximate theories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Folk physics and folk psychology as approximate theories
		For example, the concept of ``X believes P'' is approximate both in the criterion for belief and in what is the object of a belief.
		Much of the criticism of folk psychology may come from demanding that it be more precise than is reasonable.
	www-formal.stanford.edu /jmc/approximate/node10.html (81 words)

	welcome to isae education webpage
		Folk Physics for Apes, written by anthropologist Daniel Povinelli, represents a recent contribution to this contentious history.
		Folk is an unusual book in that none of the empirical work it presents has ever been peer reviewed.
		Although several experiments in Folk are based on studies initially designed by other researchers, Povinelli argues that only his experiments explicitly determine whether subjects solve a problem by attending to perceptually tangible cues as opposed to causally imperceptible physical factors.
	www.animal-info.net /isae/books.html (2229 words)

	Moral Philosophy Meets Social Psychology
		Considering the inadequacies of ordinary physical intuitions, it is natural to wonder whether ordinary moral intuitions might be similarly inadequate.
		It seems that ordinary attributions of character traits to people are often deeply misguided and it may even be the case that there is no such thing as character, no ordinary character traits of the sort people think there are, none of the usual moral virtues and vices.
		In attempting to characterize and explain the movements of a body, folk physics places too much emphasis on assumed internal characteristics of the body, ignoring external forces.
	www.princeton.edu /~harman/Papers/Virtue.html (5174 words)

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