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	Fonio - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		White fonio (Digitaria exilis) is the most important of a diverse group of wild and domesticated Digitaria species that are harvested in the savannas of west Africa.
		Fonio is the smallest of all species of millet.
		Fonio has continued to be important locally because it is both nutritious and one of the world's fastest growing cereals, reaching maturity in as little as six to eight weeks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fonio (288 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Fonio, in particular, is sometimes regarded as “grain of life” as it provides food early in the farming season, when other crops are yet to mature for harvest (Ibrahim 2001).
		Fonio grains are also considered as the best tasting and nutritious of all grains (Vietmeyer et al., 1996), with about 7% crude protein that is high in leucine (9.8%), methionine (5.6%) and valine (5.8%) (Temple and Bassa, 1991).
		The increasing problem of food insecurity in Africa and the recognition of fonio as a potential buffer against famine is expected to stimulate the expansion of land area devoted to fonio cultivation in the continent.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?jb03109 (3013 words)

	The Rolex Awards: a machine to prepare African cereals, S. Diakité
		Fonio, a grain famous in West Africa, is often referred to as "Africa’s tastiest cereal".
		But for centuries, fonio has had a major drawback – up to two hours of manual pounding and winnowing is needed to remove the husks from two kilos of grain before it can be cooked and served.
		Fonio’s major handicap is the two brittle husks that surround each tiny seed – each about the size of a grain of sand – and make the actual husking process extremely difficult and time consuming.
	www.rolexawards.com /laureates/laureate-13-diakite.html (968 words)

	Annual Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Also known as findo, findi, acha or 'hungry rice', fonio was among the first crops to be domesticated in Africa and remains vital to the food security of millions of African farmers who use it in several ways.
		Twenty-four samples of fonio were collected from different villages and studied to determine the degree of diversity present.
		Fonio plants shatter easily when they are mature, so much of the grain is lost between harvesting and processing the crop.
	ipgri-pa.grinfo.net /nucleus/plugins/print/print.php?itemid=644 (913 words)

	Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter - Collecting fonio ( Digitaria exilis Kipp. Stapf, D. iburua Stapf) landraces in Togo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Fonio grows under conditions of low-rainfall and low fertility and is adapted to marginal land farming.
		According to Portères (1976) Togo is one of the centres of diversity of fonio millet in West Africa.
		Fonio millet is cultivated in three administrative regions in Togo; Kara, Savanes and Plateaux.
	www.ipgri.cgiar.org /pgrnewsletter/article.asp?id_article=10&id_issue=139 (1540 words)

	Fonio - Global Facilitation Unit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Fonio is tolerant to high rainfall, but not of excessive dryness.
		Fonio is used in a variety of ways.For instance it is made into porridge and couscous, ground and mixed with other flours to make breads, popped and brewed for beer.
		Paper for the International workshop on fonio, food security and livelihood among the rural poor in West Africa.
	www.underutilized-species.org /pok/pop-up/subcrop/fonio.html (228 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : More Fonio, Less Hard Work (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Fonio is a grain that people across 15 countries in northwest Africa have enjoyed for centuries.
		But the cultivation of fonio has all but disappeared because, as the saying implies, preparing it is a task of legendary difficulty.
		Diakité's first full-scale test, in 1993, was a success: 95 percent of the fonio husks were removed, the seeds were intact and, best of all, he had husked two kilos of fonio (4.4 lbs.) in only six minutes, compared to the hour or more that manual husking would have required.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199701/more.fonio.less.hard.work.htm (721 words)

	Strengthening African Food Processing - sucesses stories
		The production of fonio, one of the most nutritious and best-tasting of African cereals, has steadily declined in the last few decades due to the tedious process of removing the brittle husks from the grain.
		Fonio (Digitaria exilis) is a highly nutritious cereal which, although known since the sixteenth century, is about to disappear.
		Fonio's major handicap is the two brittle husks that surround each tiny seed - each about the size of a grain of sand - and make the actual husking process extremely difficult and time consuming.
	www.digivu.co.za /safpp/DAH/sucess_stories.htm (939 words)

	Improving the quality and competitiveness of the fonio commodity chain in West Africa - CIRAD
		Fonio (Digitaria exilis) is considered to be the oldest of all the traditional local cereals in West Africa.
		Across a region spreading from Senegal to Chad, fonio is a staple food for millions of people, and is thus a strategic factor in improving the food security of those populations.
		The FONIO project was chosen under the 6th European Union Research and Development Framework Programme (FP6), following an invitation to tender relating to food security, in the priority field of "biodiverse, bio-safe and value-added crops".
	www.cirad.fr /en/actualite/communique.php?id=469 (296 words)

	Institut für Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzüchtung I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Agro-morphological and molecular characterisation of fonio (Digitaria spp.
		Fonio (Digitaria exilis Stapf and Digitaria iburua Stapf) is native to Sub-Saharan Africa and has been cultivated for centuries as staple in many West-African countries.
		The actual proposal aims to assemble the fonio landraces in use by farmers in the producing zone of Benin and Togo, to access the existing genetic diversity using agro-morphological traits and molecular markers (RAPD, AFLP or SSR), to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between landraces and to evaluate proposed hypotheses on their presumed wild relatives.
	www.uni-giessen.de /fbr09/ipz/pz/dw_dats/pro_hub.html (215 words)

	Building fonio postharvest processing equipment - CIRAD
		The primary aim of the project was to foster the revival of the fonio commodity chain by improving processing techniques.
		Mechanical processing of fonio requires three machines: a sieve (short or long) to remove sand, dust and impurities larger than the fonio grains (stones and lumps of earth), a huller to remove the grain sheath and a winnowing channel to separate the bran from the grain.
		In processing shops, fonio is first cleaned in a sieve before being hulled or whitened in a huller, coupled to the winnowing channel to remove the bran.
	www.cirad.fr /en/actualite/communique.php?id=308 (509 words)

	USAID/Senegal - Women’s coop in rural Senegal sees fonio profits soar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Fonio (Digitaira exilis) is said to be Africa’s oldest cereal crop.
		It is considered by the Dogon people of Mali to be the “seed of the universe.” When cooked it has roughly the consistency of couscous that is typically served with a peanut sauce or chicken stew.
		Aya noted that the major barrier to developing her fonio business was the lack of “improved processing equipment to reduce labor costs and the need to reach new markets.”
	www.usaid-sn.org /pubs/stories/04_NRM_fonio.html (463 words)

	44F-3 Physical and sensory characteristics of sugar cookies containing mixtures of wheat, fonio, and cowpea flours (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Fonio (Digitaria exilis and Digitaria iburua), a relative of crabgrass, and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) are widely cultivated in certain regions of West Africa.
		The objective was to determine the baking performance and acceptability of sugar cookies using wheat, fonio, and cowpea flours.
		Flour components were (1) 100% wheat, (2) 50% wheat/50% fonio, (3) 50% wheat/50% cowpea, (4) 33% wheat/33% fonio/33% cowpea, (5) 25% wheat/75% fonio, (6) 25% wheat/50% fonio/25% cowpea, (7) 75% fonio/25% cowpea and (8) 50% fonio/50% cowpea.
	ift.confex.com /ift/2001/techprogram/paper_6725.htm (340 words)

	Fonio - home page - Cirad
		For a long time, it was of marginal importance as a cereal due to its small seeds, but is now the object of renewed interest as consumers begin to recognize its flavour and nutritional qualities.
		Research is under way with a view to mechanizing several processing stages, so as to increase fonio sales in urban areas, where it is particularly popular.
		The research on improving fonio postharvest technologies was conducted within the framework of a project funded by the CFC (Common Fund for Commodities), an intergovernmental financial body, and supervised by the FAO.
	fonio.cirad.fr /en (172 words)

	USAID/Senegal - Communities unite to tap and preserve forest resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Fonio (Digitaria exilis) thrives even in poor soils found in this region and is increasingly sought after as a regional delicacy.
		Fonio is said to be Africa’s oldest cereal crop.
		These are just two of more than 2,070 producer groups and family enterprises assisted by USAID over the past three years to boost production in a range of products, such as fonio, karaya gum for use in the pharmaceutical industry, baobab, jujube and madd (local fruits) and honey, benefiting over 20,000 rural Senegalese.
	www.usaid-sn.org /news/articles/06_NRM_fonio_forests.html (935 words)

	Magazine content (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Fonio (Digitaria exilis), a traditional cereal crop from West Africa, is popular because it is well adapted to local conditions and has good nutritional and culinary properties.
		But manual processing of fonio is a difficult and timeconsuming task because of the tiny size of its seeds.
		To make fonio available to consumers and worth growing for farmers, a CIRAD initiated project has been working together with local stakeholders to develop better equipment for mechanical processing and cleaning of the fonio.
	www.leisa.info /?url=magazine-details.tpl&p[readOnly]=1&p[_id]=64433 (467 words)

	Digitaria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Despite their weediness, crabgrasses do have a few redeeming qualities.
		The seeds, most notably those of fonio, can be toasted and ground into a flour, which can be used to make porridge or fermented to make beer.
		Fonio has been widely used as a staple crop in parts of Africa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crabgrass (502 words)

	Coraf Action 12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A colloquium on "Man and Erosion" is being organized in December 1999 in Yaoundé by GRES and the Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD).
		Fonio is a cereal that is much sought after for its nutritional qualities.
		The project aims to develop appropriate technology, support fonio marketing and producer associations in major cropping areas, to locate potential markets in the three countries concerned and in the subregion.
	www.coraf.org /action/ca12en.html (6103 words)

	Annex I: Types of millet
		White fonio (Digitaria exilis), Black fonio (Digitaria iburua), and Guinea millet (Brachiaria deflexa) are minor cereals of dry areas in sub-Sahelian Western Africa.
		White fonio is cultivated throughout much of this region, except Liberia.
		Black fonio is found in isolated pockets in the Jos-Bauchi plateau of Nigeria and the northern parts of Togo and Benin.
	www.fao.org /docrep/W1808E/w1808e0k.htm (640 words)

	Les recettes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		• Prepare a dough with 100 g RACINES precooked fonio, then mix the pulp with the 100 g of potato flour and the 250 g of fonio flour.
		• Serve the RACINES precooked fonio in a hollow dish, the meat and vegetables in a lengthened dish and the stew in a soup tureen.
		Wash fonio and remove excess water in a kitchen towel.
	www.racines-sa.com /html/english/recettes/fonio.htm (629 words)

	UK Birdkeepers Message Board -> FONIO SEED (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		What i find more amazing is that even those birds that love their livefood go for the Fonio first.
		Fonio Seed is a natural Grass Seed that grows in Africa.
		I have Germinated Fonio & the ammount of Seed on the Plants was pathetic, so I will have to continue buying it.
	www.ff3.co.uk /cragsipb/forum/index.php?showtopic=623 (698 words)

	Genetic Resources in Africa
		Fonio or acha, Digitaria exilis (Kipp.) Stapf, has been given the misnomer "hungry rice" by English colonials.
		It is a chief's food, a gourmet item, and couscous made of fonio is better than couscous made from wheat.
		Tef, Eragrostis tef Trott, is the noble grain of Ethiopia, and enjera, the bread made from it, is the food of the upper classes.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/proceedings1993/V2-064.html (1135 words)

	Nicolas Collins : It Was a Dark and Stormy Night - Listen, Review and Buy at ARTISTdirect
		The music is alternately frenetic and stasis-filled and, as Collins mentions in his liner notes, a nod toward Terry Riley's landmark composition "In C." "Broken Light" also displays an eerie sense of synchronicity between the players and the discs.
		"Tobabo Fonio" features Collins in the role for which he's achieved the most renown, that of the player of a trombone from which no trombone sounds emerge.
		Collins uses some of the same music as in "Tobabo Fonio," both as a tape source and played live by the ensemble.
	www.artistdirect.com /nad/store/artist/album/0,,197420,00.html (512 words)

	Fonio - CIRAD
		Fonio (Digitaria exilis) has been grown in West Africa for centuries.
		It was long seen as being of marginal use as a cereal due to its small grains, but is now the object of renewed interest for its taste and nutritional qualities, which are appreciated by consumers.
		Research relating to “improvement of post-harvest fonio technology” is carried out within the framework of a project supervised by FAO/IGG and financed by the CFC (Common Fund for Commodities), autonomous intergovernmental financial institution.
	www.cirad.fr /en/actualite/communique.php?id=97 (140 words)

	Human & Policy aspects for the conservation of PGR
		Also known as findo, findi, acha, or 'hungry rice', fonio was among the first crops domesticated in Africa and is still essential to the food security of millions of African farmers.
		A network of fonio researchers in West Africa studies community uses of the crop, associated indigenous knowledge and distinct ecotypes across microenvironments.
		A group of fonio researchers recently gathered to review the current state of research on this crop and to apply ethnobotanical methods to document the extent and uses of fonio diversity in the region.
	www.ipgri.cgiar.org /themes/human/ethnobotany.htm (1845 words)

	Fonio Seed - Feathered Friends (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		What Fonio does is give our Birds the opportunity to eat a far more Natural Grass Seed, other than Millets etc, I have used search engines to research the properties of Fonio and although this was a time consuming task I am convinced that Fonio is a valuable addition to my Birds diet.
		Fonio apparently does hold Medicinal properties of some kind exactly what I still don't know, but then again Perrilla Seed contains unexplained Medicinal properties too, some Birdkeepers where put off of providing Perrilla for their Birds based upon the high price of this seed also (although it is a lot cheaper than Fonio).
		But the single most important Seed I have seen used by my Birds is the highly priced Fonio Seed, although tiny (slightly smaller than Blue Maw) I have found Seedeating Birds from Africa, Asia and South America etc eat this for themselves as well as feeding it to their youngsters.
	www.feathered-friends.co.uk /vb/showthread.php?t=651 (887 words)

	Transformation du fonio au mali
		transformation du fonio au mali, and a little of further is on hand.
		Surf www.witness-mali.com to get transformation du fonio au mali as well as other interesting information on Mali and transformation du fonio au mali but also dont miss sights from picture of mali, imprim color mali, Mali rural property, and from mali timeline you will probably locate pointers common to transformation du fonio au mali.
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	www.witness-mali.com /Empire-Mali/transformation-du-fonio-au-mali.html (239 words)

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