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	Fifty Years of U.S. Food Aid and Its Role in Reducing World Hunger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Food aid, on average, provided less than 4 percent of food consumption (grain equivalent) for the 70 countries in the last decade, but the share varied greatly by country and tended to be more significant during emergencies.
		In practice, however, food aid followed a declining trend while consumption shortfalls varied annually: in 5 of the 19 years, aggregate food aid exceeded the consumption shortfalls; in 12 of the years, it was less than the shortfalls; and in only 2 years (1986 and 1992) did the quantities match.
		Food aid effectiveness is measured on a scale of 0 to 100 percent, with 0 percent reflecting food aid given to a country with no needs and 100 percent reflecting food aid that reduces a country’s food gap by its full amount.
	www.ers.usda.gov /Amberwaves/September04/Features/usfoodaid.htm (3164 words)

	USAID: Food Aid and Food Security
		One of the obvious strengths of food aid is its immediate application in feeding people--either as part of a humanitarian relief effort, as part of a recovery strategy or as part of a broader development effort.
		Food aid also has several distinct characteristics which must be carefully considered when USAID missions and PVOs decide to use food as a development tool--and as humanitarian relief assistance.
		Food aid may prove counterproductive if the commodity is unacceptable to local preferences and, in extreme cases, can also distort local consumption patterns, with long-term consequences for local agricultural markets.
	www.usaid.gov /policy/ads/200/foodsec/fs_foodaid.html (1465 words)

	Food Aid News
		Food aid procurement within the recipient country or a neighbouring country has a significant development impact for that country's economy, but this impact and its policy implications are not well understood.
		NRI's food aid specialists were therefore commissioned by a DFID-funded programme EC-PREP to prepare a position paper on local and regional food aid procurement for use by the European Commission team at the WTO Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong on 12-18 December 2005.
		Food aid is provided, either by inter-continental transfer from developed countries, or by purchase in the recipient country or a nearby developing country (if there is a local or regional marketable surplus).
	www.nri.org /news/foodaid/foodaid.htm (612 words)

	Food Aid as Dumping Introduction - Global Issues
		Exporting food may be profitable for the exporting country, but when their land is capable of producing adequate food, it is a disaster to the importing countries.
		The way trade agreements and so called aid and economic policies such as the structural adjustment policies have been formulated with respect to agriculture is such that the diversity of crops and species is to be sacrificed for monocultures for their hard cash that exporting would earn.
		In that context, as well as food aid being a foreign policy tool, famines and food aid is now also seen as a commercial opportunity.
	www.globalissues.org /TradeRelated/Poverty/FoodDumping/Intro.asp (6488 words)

	FANTA Focus Areas: Food Aid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Tajikistan Food Aid Review identifies the underlying causes of high reported rates of chronic and acute malnutrition; key factors that support and constrain food availability and access; whether current food aid programming is responding appropriately to the current situation and is still recommended; and key constraints in implementing food security and food aid programs.
		The Potential Role of Food Aid for AIDS Mitigation in East Africa: Stakeholder Views (1999): The report explores the circumstances and conditions under which external food aid might enhance the coping strategies developed by households and communities in Kenya and Uganda in response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
		Food Security Indicators and Framework for Use in Monitoring and Evaluation of Food Aid Programs (1999): The purpose of this handbook is to assist in the identification of food security indicators to be used in the monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of US Title II food aid programs.
	www.fantaproject.org /focus/foodaid.shtml (2068 words)

	Oxfam - Trade - Food aid or hidden dumping? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Food aid should not be linked, either explicitly or implicitly, to commercial transactions or services of the donor country.
		The use of in-kind food aid should be limited to situations of acute local food shortage and/or non-functioning local food markets, where regional purchase is not possible.
		Food aid should only be provided in response to calls from national governments, specialized United Nations agencies, other relevant regional or inter-governmental agencies, non-governmental humanitarian organizations, and private charitable bodies.
	www.oxfam.org.uk /what_we_do/issues/trade/bp71_foodaid.htm (974 words)

	Global Development: Views from the Center: Food Aid Archives
		We have discussed food aid before on this blog, and reported the prediction that food aid reform would be included in the 2007 budget.
		Food aid shipments from the United States are less than one tenth of one percent of the value of US food sales.
		Globally, food aid is less than five percent of ODA and less than two percent of commercial trade internationally in food.
	blogs.cgdev.org /globaldevelopment/aid_effectiveness/food_aid (1480 words)

	FAM Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Food Aid Management (FAM) was created in 1989 by five U.S. private voluntary organizations (PVOs) to "promote the efficient and effective use of food aid resources to help alleviate hunger and contribute to food security".
		FAM was involved with PVOs in the development of a wide range of food aid and food security management standards in the areas of monetization, monitoring and evaluation, and local capacity building.
		FAM produced food aid reference materials (many of which can be downloaded from this website), including guidebooks, briefing books, surveys, reports, and a lexicon of food aid and food security related terms.
	www.foodaid.org (350 words)

	FOOD AID CONVENTION, 1999 (London, 13 April 1999)
		(b) In planning food aid operations, due account shall be taken of potential difficulties which may affect transport, processing or storage of food aid, and the effects that the delivery of the aid may have on marketing of local harvests in the recipient country.
		This Convention shall replace the Food Aid Convention, 1995, as extended, and shall be one of the constituent instruments of the International Grains Agreement, 1995.
		Eligible food aid recipients under Article VII of this Convention refer to Developing Countries and Territories listed as aid recipients by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD, effective as of 1 January 1997, and to countries included in the WTO list of Net Food-Importing Developing Countries, effective as of 1 March 1999.
	www.fao.org /Legal/rtf/fac99-e.htm (5269 words)

	Food - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Food is any substance, usually comprised primarily of carbohydrates, fats, water and/or proteins, that can be eaten or drunk by animals (including humans) for nutrition and/or pleasure.
		Food for livestock is fodder and traditionally comprises hay or grain.
		Food deprivation is regarded as a deficit need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs and is measured using famine scales.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Food (2037 words)

	Red Cross Red Crescent - Food aid policy
		Food security programmes span the relief to development continuum by reducing the risk of, mitigating against and where necessary, providing relief and recovery from disasters to the most vulnerable households.
		Food security programming can also be a key component of programmes in support of chronically ill people including people living with HIV/AIDS, TB and other communicable diseases.
		Food aid should be culturally acceptable, free from undesirable long-term consequences and adhere to recipient country specifications for quality and international standards.
	www.ifrc.org /who/policy/foodaid.asp (1000 words)

	Friends of the Earth - Campaigns
		Food aid distributed by USAID recently tested positive for carrying StarLink, a genetically-modified variety of corn not authorised for human consumption anywhere in the world dueto its potential to affects human health.
		- Genetically modified food aid may have negative effects for human health and livelihoods, and therefore it is counterproductive to its declared objectives.
		Oxfam stresses the need to guarantee human health and biodiversity, and respect the social and cultural context of food aid recipient countries, and urges governments and FAO to develop and implement food aid standards that prevent the distribution of GMO’s in food aid.
	www.foe.org /foodaid/oxfampr.html (302 words)

	Reuters AlertNet - TALKING POINT: The global food aid controversy
		While no one disputes that food aid can save lives, the global system is in fact extremely controversial and the source of a serious rift between Europeans and the United States that rears its head during agricultural trade talks.
		Many food experts say the only circumstances when food aid is appropriate are when it’s an absolute emergency, the food arrives at the right time, comes from nearby, is the kind of food that local people eat and goes to the people who need it most.
		Aid agencies and the WFP were directly involved in the controversy because it was cheaper to supply GM yellow maize from the United States than white maize from South Africa.
	www.alertnet.org /thefacts/reliefresources/112686556137.htm (1518 words)

	Towards a Better Food Aid System: An Interview with Sophia Murphy
		And then there's "project" food aid which is either given to assist long-term food programs, or else it's allowed to be monetized—meaning that the aid can be sold in order to raise funds for operations or other development projects.
		Cash aid, which is far more efficient, accounts for under 10 percent of the food aid budget.
		Food aid purchases are such a small percentage of total U.S. agricultural output that they don't make any appreciable difference in prices.
	www.motherjones.com /news/qa/2005/08/food_aid.html (1877 words)

	Global Development: Views from the Center: The Politics of Food Aid
		Andrew Natsios, the Administrator of USAID, put the politics of US food aid back on the agenda when he proposed converting a quarter of the food aid budget to cash instead of directly procuring commodities in the US.
		Supplementary foods aimed at preventing widespread nutritional deterioration and/or recuperation among children, pregnant women and other at-risk demographics, are also value-added blended, vitamin and mineral fortified foods (up-dated variants of the 'corn-soya blend' so widely used in Title II programming).
		If however food aid is actually damaging to the recipient countries, at least some of the time, then we need a more robust response.
	blogs.cgdev.org /globaldevelopment/2005/11/the_politics_of_food_aid.php (2066 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Africa \| Can aid do more harm than good?
		The UN World Food Programme point out that it would be wrong to conclude that Zambia was better off left alone: the country did receive non-GM food aid from Europe, which helped alleviate local shortages.
		Aid agencies also need to work with local government and agencies and each other and listen to all before acting.
		It seems in the last decade that aid is conditional on the recipient country remaining underdeveloped and poor.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/4185550.stm (2411 words)

	Food Aid
		Many supporters came to Food Aid Day at the Canada Agriculture Museum for a free BBQ lunch, fun activities, and great entertainment.
		Food Aid is an Ottawa Food Bank program to purchase beef in order to feed the hungry.
		Every dollar donated to Food Aid is used to buy and process beef from Ottawa-area farmers – the program boosts the local market for cattle while adding nutritious protein to the diets of needy families.
	www.theottawafoodbank.ca /EN/aboutfoodaid.htm (280 words)

	Food Dumping [Aid] Maintains Poverty - Global Issues
		In the industrialized northern countries, we instinctively believe that food aid is a very worthy cause and many do their utmost to genuinely help in this field.
		The way the food aid programmes of various rich countries is structured may be of concern.
		In fact, food “aid”, (when not for emergency relief) can actually be very destructive on the economy of the recipient nation.
	www.globalissues.org /TradeRelated/Poverty/FoodDumping.asp (502 words)

	World Food Programme - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The World Food Programme (WFP), the world's largest humanitarian agency, is the food aid branch of the United Nations.
		WFP food aid is also directed to fight micronutrient deficiencies, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, and combat disease, including HIV and AIDS.
		In 2005, WFP distributed 4.2 million metric tons of food to 96.7 million people in 82 countries; 35 million beneficiares were aided in emergency operations, including victims of conflict, natural disasters and economic failure in countries like Afghanistan, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Pakistan and Niger.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Food_aid (659 words)

	USATODAY.com - WFP reaches agreement with North Korea to resume food aid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		BEIJING (AP) — The World Food Program has reached agreement with North Korea to resume food aid to the hunger-stricken country, but the operation will be smaller than it was before its suspension in December, the U.N. agency said Thursday.
		But he said the agency would supply food aid only in areas where it could monitor distribution in order to assure foreign donors that the aid was reaching its intended beneficiaries.
		The WFP suspended aid in December after the North's government asked the agency to shift its focus to economic development aid.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2006-05-10-korea-food-aid_x.htm?csp=15 (377 words)

	Bombs Not Butter: Bush Cuts Overseas Food Aid by $100 Million (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		aid, but said there was no way he could say whether more programs would
		Development, warned that her budget for food aid was smaller than in
		food aid advocates to convince the administration that food aid should
	www.organicconsumers.org /corp/foodaid122204.cfm (950 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Asia-Pacific \| North Korea rejects UN food aid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Even at the height of a famine in the mid-1990s, which may have killed two million people, they were tightly restricted and refused entry to large parts of the country.
		He said that the North wanted all foreign NGOs out by the end of the year, and added that the UN was to stop delivering food aid and to focus on long-term development instead.
		Another problem which analysts believe may have led to the North's decision to ask foreign organisations to leave is the extensive surveying these groups are required to do, to ensure their money is being well-spent.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/asia-pacific/4273844.stm (753 words)

	Campaign on "No GM Food Aid" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		All minutes of meetings of all government agencies related to GM foods should be made public in the interest of transparency and prevention of corruption, and the guarantee the right to information of the people.
		We as The National Alliance of Women’s Food Rights, an alliance of women’s organizations of the country working to defend the food rights of women and children, are outraged that your agency, CARE-India is putting pressure on our government to import GM corn soya blend for Food Aid.
		We seek your cooperation in working towards guaranteeing the fundamental right to good safe and adequate food for all people on the basis of ethical principles of food aid, which we are enclosing for you We hope you will join us in our movement for food rights.
	www.navdanya.org /dwd/campaign-gm-food-aid.htm (1974 words)

	Truth About Trade & Technology - Food aid program in jeopardy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Oddly enough, just as the United States is marking the 50th anniversary of the Food for Peace (P.L. 480) program that has reached a billion people in 140 countries, the World Trade Organization has proposed in its latest Doha Development Round negotiating proposal that all "in-kind" food aid be eliminated.
		Food aid advocates and U.S. senators and House members are up in arms over the proposal, but so far, U.S. Trade Representative Bob Zoellick has made no comment on the idea and other administration officials such as Agriculture Secretary Ann Veneman have been muted in their objections.
		These countries have said that countries should provide money so that food for food aid could be purchased, ideally from countries near the ones in need.
	www.truthabouttrade.org /article.asp?id=2221 (1314 words)

	Food aid sold in North Korea - The Washington Times: World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In February, Washington announced a donation of 40,000 metric tons of food and said that it would contribute as much as 60,000 metric tons of additional aid before the end of the year if Washington's distribution concerns were addressed.
		He noted, however, that it is not uncommon for some people in North Korea to trade in part of their food for soap, cooking oil or other daily necessities.
		It was not clear if the food on sale contained any donations from the United States, which has contributed more food to North Korea than any other country — more than $600 million since 1995.
	www.washtimes.com /world/20031002-120312-4707r.htm (636 words)

	News: DPR Korea, WFP head to go to North Korea to negotiate food aid
		The aid, the largest-ever WFP program, has been sustaining the reclusive country since successive years of famine brought it to its knees 10 years ago as the economy collapsed when support from the former Soviet Union dried up.
		North Korea is seeking to downgrade WFP assistance from humanitarian aid to developmental assistance, and Morris' trip is aimed at working out the details of a potential new operation.
		A new program would mean the WFP would most likely offer "slightly less" than the 500,000 tons of food aid that it has been supplying annually mainly to women and children, the organisation said in October.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/VBOL-6JZHRE?OpenDocument (436 words)

	World Food Day to highlight declining food aid
		Foreign aid to the sector has fallen dramatically, from a total of over US$9 billion per year in the early 1980s, to less than US$5 billion in the late 1990s.
		Every year, World Food Day is celebrated on 16 October to mark the anniversary of the founding of FAO in 1945.
		This year's World Food Day will include a musical presentation by an FAO Goodwill Ambassador; a keynote address by a high-level guest speaker, a papal message and a presentation of the World Food Day and FAO Goodwill Ambassadors video messages.
	www.foodnavigator.com /news/ng.asp?n=70688-fao-hunger-agriculture (596 words)

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