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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Foot binding
		Foot binding was a custom practiced in some parts of medieval China on young females for many centuries and finally discontinued in the early 20th century.
		Foot binding (纏足, 包腳, 裹小腳, or 紮腳) is a now obsolete Chinese custom, considered for centuries to be aesthetic, of producing very small feet in adult women through the application of tight bandage wrappings on the feet of young girls.
		Foot binding ceased in the 20th century with the end of imperial dynasties and increasing influence of western fashion.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Foot-binding (2516 words)

	Foot binding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Foot binding was a custom practiced in some parts of medieval China on young females for many centuries and finally discontinued in the early 20th century.
		The practice of foot binding began during the Tang Dynasty (618–907).
		Foot binding was a status symbol, since only the wealthy could afford to keep women unproductive.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Foot_binding (988 words)

	CHINESE FOOT BINDING
		Foot binding began late in the T'ang Dynasty (618-906) and it gradually spread through the upper class during the Song Dynasty (960-1297).
		Foot binding began as a luxury among the rich; it made the women more dependant on others and less useful around the house.
		The main point of the anti-foot binding society was that the pain a woman went through in the foot binding process and through her life was an obstacle to her education.
	www.angelfire.com /ca/beekeeper/foot.html (1699 words)

	Chinese Foot Binding
		Foot binding is a bizarre and terrible custom, yet it is hard to understand exactly what foot binding was like with the modern outlook we have today.
		After she received a foot massage, the four smallest toes on each foot were broken (Chinese Foot Binding 2) This was not even the worst of the pain.
		Foot binding was more than a fashion statement, it was a way of life for about one billion women as well as the men around them.
	www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us /History/China/04/hutchins/hutchins.htm (1653 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Chinese Foot Binding
		It wasn't until 1895 that the first anti-foot binding society was formed in Shanghai, whose members emphasised the point that the ordeal a woman went through in the painful process was an obstacle to her education.
		Foot binding has various meanings and manifestations, from the wearing of tight socks for a slender look, to the more drastic contortion of the foot to make it physically smaller.
		Today foot binding is but a lingering memory of ancient tradition, a story to be found in a dusty book or museum display, and a romantic half-myth that both fascinates and horrifies modern society.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A1155872 (3350 words)

	Foot-Binding
		Foot binding is a symbol of the inferior status traditional Chinese women.
		Foot binding lasted for a thousand years and about one billion women had been bound their feet (Crites).
		Fortunately, with the increase of women’s education level and spread of western open-minded idea, anti-foot binding speeches and activities emerged and foot binding was outlawed eventually in 1911.
	www.indiana.edu /~ealc100/Group3/Foot-Binding.html (1673 words)

	Chinese culture: foot binding
		The actual foot binding process began when a girl was between the ages of three and eleven years old.
		The purpose of foot binding was to identify women of high-class, and to keep a woman from "wandering".
		The practice of foot binding lasted far over one thousand years until the Manchu Dynasty was toppled in 1911 and the New Republic was formed.
	ksks.essortment.com /chineseculture_rdpp.htm (561 words)

	1,000 years of Footbinding
		This custom of binding a young girl’s feet, some as young as five years old, was adhered to by many Chinese and the smallness of the feet became a source of pride for the woman and she was considered unmarriageable without them.
		Whenever the foot infections caused her to have to sweep the floors on her knees, (as a type of soothing ointment) I placed bean curd peelings or vegetable leaves on her foot bindings.
		Binding the feet of girls of affluent families was started at the earliest possible age, whereas the bindings of the feet of the girls in farming families, for instance, began around puberty and their feet were often unbound after marriage.
	www.conniewrite.com /footbinding.html (4839 words)

	The Straight Dope: What's the story on the ancient Chinese custom of binding women's feet?
		Foot binding was a cruel, painful process that began when a girl was around five years old.
		The "natural foot" campaign succeeded in part because of the improving status of women in Chinese society, but a big factor was the recognition among educated Chinese that the West considered the practice barbaric.
		In your column on Chinese foot binding, you mentioned that small feet have been prized in many cultures, using as an example "Cinderella's tiny glass slipper." While your point is well taken, you missed a chance to mention the story behind Cinderella's unusual footwear.
	www.straightdope.com /classics/a981023.html (1329 words)

	Morbid Outlook - Lotus Foot
		The natural foot, often referred to as “lotus boat” or “duckfoot” was a social stigma and an obstacle to marriage.
		For a poor family to bind the feet of their young daughter or daughters would be a major sacrifice, but it improved the chances of marrying them into a higher social class.
		Foot binding was outlawed by the government in the 20th century, although it remote parts of China, they may have continued binding girls’ feet up until the late 1940’s.
	www.morbidoutlook.com /fashion/historical/2001_06_lotusfoot.html (524 words)

	Foot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The foot is a biological structure found in many animals that is used for locomotion.
		In Arab countries and in Thailand, it is considered extremely offensive to show someone the sole of your foot, although the practice of not wearing shoes is common, due to various reasons including poverty and religion.
		The foot provides a convenient way to measure short distances on the ground, by placing one foot directly in front of the other; this led to the adoption of the foot as a unit of length.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Foot (479 words)

	DAYBREAK - Foot-Binding Custom Has Caused Disabilities in Chinese Women
		The ancient Chinese custom of foot binding has caused severe life-long disability for many millions of elderly women, even in today's China, according to a UCSF study in the October issue of the American Journal of Public Health published yesterday.
		The practice of foot binding began in the Sung dynasty (960-976 BC), reportedly to imitate an imperial concubine who was required to dance with her feet bound.
		Foot binding ceased in the 20th century with the end of imperial dynasties and increasing influence of western fashion, according to the UCSF study.
	www.ucsf.edu /daybreak/1997/11/1104_foot.htm (654 words)

	Foot Binding
		The practice of foot binding is said to have begun in the tenth century, with an emperor who became enamoured of his concubine's tiny feet.
		Because men considered women with small feet to be highly desirable, foot binding came to be seen as the key to winning a good husband.
		To her, foot binding is a custom “in which beauty, eroticism and marriage have all become instruments of male domination.”
	www.visiontv.ca /Media/Releases/Footbinding.html (700 words)

	Old Chinese Tradition - Foot Binding
		The practice of foot binding began in the Sung dynasty (960-976 BC), reportedly to imitate an imperial concubine who was required to dance with her feet bound.
		Foot binding ceased in the 20th century with the end of imperial dynasties and increasing influence of western fashion, according to the UCSF study.
		Illustration shows the foot-binding process: foot bones were fractured and the foot bound tightly for several years, foreshortening the foot and exaggerating the arch.
	www.thefunnypage.com /tradition (553 words)

	Chinese Foot Binding \| Golden Lotus \| Beauty Tactics \| Southern Tang Dynasty \| China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The ancient tradition of foot binding in China, however, takes the "beauty is pain" concept to a whole new level.
		At first, foot binding was something practiced only by those within the royal court but soon women of all social classes were eager to have dainty, "beautiful" and desirable feet.
		Foot binding was seen as a sign of beauty and attractiveness.
	www.kidzworld.com /site/p2142.htm (366 words)

	Foot binding: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Foot binding was a status symbol[Follow this hyperlink for a summary of this subject], EHandler: no quick summary.
		Foot binding is rarely, EHandler: no quick summary.
		Foot fetishism is a pronounced fetishistic sexual interest in human feet....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fo/foot_binding.htm (1310 words)

	Chinese Foot Binding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The front of the foot was pulled down and back, while the heel was pulled down under the ankle and forward toward the toes.
		Binding created a deep cleft -- essentially it folded the sole of the foot in half by bringing the heel and the front of the foot together.
		This cleft was considered a deeply private, sensual, erotic part of the body, and the ritual of unbinding and performing hygiene to the foot and cleft, was very intimate, done in private with a trusted maidservant.
	www.geocities.com /legcaliper/4lotus.htm (857 words)

	Foot binding Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Foot binding (纏足, 包腳, 裹小腳, or 紮腳) is the no longer practiced Chinese custom, formerly considered aesthetic, of reducing the size of women's feet by use of tight bandage wrappings.
		This practice lasted from the 10th century to 1911, when it was banned by the new Republic of China government.
		According to a UCSF study, "As the practice waned, some girls' feet were released after initial binding, leaving less severe deformities." However, the deformities of foot binding linger on as a common cause of disability in very elderly Chinese women.
	wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/f/fo/foot_binding.html (304 words)

	Untitled
		The tiny foot became the mark of a wealthy and well-born woman.
		The new Republic banned foot binding in 1912, and the custom finally died out in the 1930's.
		Foot binding began between the ages of four and seven.
	library.thinkquest.org /J0111742/footbinding.htm (252 words)

	Foot-binding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In further retrospection, historians say that the reason foot-binding persisted was that it provided the affluent males a way of preventing their wives or concubines from leaving the house, for females with bound feet found the simple act of walking an extremely painful feat.
		Customarily, parents began binding the feet of their daughters at the age of three.
		All toes except the hallux (the first innermost digit of each foot) were broken; the feet were then bound tightly with cloth strips to keep them from growing larger than ten centimeters.
	www.other.skootle.com /Foot-binding.html (592 words)

	Aviva Trivia Blog » Fascinating Facts about Chinese Foot Binding
		Foot binding has been dated to the middle of the tenth century when it was confined to the royal and upper most classes. By the seventeenth century the practice spread to millions of Chinese women from many social and economic classes.
		Not all the tribes of China practiced foot binding. The Manchu, Hakka and women of the Tanka settlement of Guangdong did not. However, the vast majority of Chinese are of the Han ethnic group who believed that a Chinese girl without bound feet could not get a decent husband.
		Binding the feet called for bandages approximately ten feet long. Often the bindings would be soaked so that they would shrink as they dried to actually bind the feet tighter.
	www.avivadirectory.com /trivia/267-fascinating-facts-about-chinese-foot-binding (479 words)

	Women in China
		This is the reason foot binding originated in aristocratic society as many lower class families couldn’t afford to have a disabled daughter.
		After only a short period of foot binding, the girls feet were probably permanently crippled due to the breaking of several bones from the binding.
		This would suggest the binding had an effect on balance, which is logical given the extreme difference in proportion from what a foot would naturally be and the size it was bound to be.
	www.indiana.edu /~ealc100/Group1/Lauren/Lauren.htm (1681 words)

	Foot Binding
		While foot binding was finally outlawed in 1911, it was not until the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the 1940s and '50s that it was genuinely obliterated.
		Considering that foot binding had its earliest beginnings some 800 to 1,000 years ago in the T’ang Dynasty, becoming widespread between 1368-1644, it is astonishing that a practice so obviously cruel could continue for so long -- especially considering that it made its victims less able to contribute economically.
		For the ancient Chinese, a woman’s tolerance of foot binding demonstrated her obedience to her parents and to her future husband and his family (a value which Confucians believed built a stronger, healthier society).
	www.rotten.com /library/sex/foot-binding (731 words)

	Chinese Foot Binding - Lotus Shoes
		In November 1997, UC San Francisco released details of the first study on the consequences of foot binding.
		The ancient Chinese custom of foot binding has caused severe life-long disability for many millions of elderly women, even in today’s China, according to a UC San Francisco study published in the October issue of the American Journal of Public Health published this week.
		The study shows that women in the 80 years or older group with bound feet were more likely to have fallen during the previous year than women with normal feet (38 percent vs. 19 percent) and were less able to rise from a chair without assistance (43 percent vs. 26 percent).
	www.sfmuseum.org /chin/foot.html (925 words)

	Chinese Foot Binding
		We have all heard of the practice of foot binding prevalent in ancient China but not many of us are probably aware of how severe and painful this practice was.
		Presumably, this was also one of the reasons that foot binding became so popular, it insured that the woman would remain mainly confined to the home and depend solely on her husband also ensuring that this way she would remain chaste.
		Manchu Dynasty was toppled in 1911 and the New Republic banned foot binding.
	www.asianartmall.com /chinesefootbinding.htm (711 words)

	Bound feet of Chinese Women (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The many bones in the top of the foot would be broken and the ball of the foot buckled in, then wrapped to the heel.
		Foot binding was designed to literally keep women in their place.
		The practice of foot binding wasn't made illegal until the formation of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
	www.anomalies-unlimited.com /OddPics/Bound.html (633 words)

	Foot binding - Chinese Women - Chinese Culture
		The practice of foot binding began during the Song Dynasty (960-1279)Song Dynasty, around 960.
		University of California at San Francisco, "As the practice waned, some girls' feet were released after initial binding, leaving less severe deformities." However, some effects of foot binding are permanent: some elderly Chinese women today suffer from disabilities related to bound feet.
		Communist rebellions of the 20th century, victims of foot binding were, in some cases, further abused.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Foot_binding (667 words)

	China (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Shoes and sandals made of wood, textile, and vegetable fibres were generally worn by the labouring classes, while simple cloth shoes with layered soles were donned by the average citizen.
		In contrast, the foot coverings of the upper classes were made with sumptuous silks, delicately embroidered with auspicious symbols.
		Manchurian women did not bind their feet, but often wore shoes with a single, column-like pedestal which gave them an elegant gait and high stature.
	www.batashoemuseum.ca /shoesections/china.html (189 words)

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