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	Joseph B. Foraker - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Foraker was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1896 and served two terms from 1897 to 1909.
		He sponsored the Organic Act of 1900, also known as the Foraker Act, which established civil government in the newly-acquired island of Puerto Rico.
		Foraker was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1908.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joseph_B._Foraker (173 words)

	Encyclopedia: Foraker Act
		In 1900 the U.S. Congress passed the Foraker Act, which established civil government in Puerto Rico but did not clearly define the colony’s relationship with the United States.
		By 1909 opposition to the Foraker Act was so intense that, as a protest, the Puerto Rican legislature refused to enact any legislation at all.
		The Jones Act was passed by Congress in 1917, creating territorial status for Puerto Rico and making its people citizens of the United States.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Foraker-Act (650 words)

	DE LIMA v (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The effect of the Penal Code of Procedure, as construed by the Supreme Court of Porto Rico, and of the Act of March 10th repealing the jury act as to libel cases, was a statutory denial of the right of jury trial in such cases.
		The act is entitled "An Act To provide a civil government for Porto Rico, and for other purposes." It does not indicate by its title that it has a purpose to incorporate the Island into the Union.
		Again, the second section of the act is called a "Bill of Rights", and included therein is substantially every one of the guaranties of the Federal Constitution, except those relating to indictment by a grand jury in the case of infamous crimes and the right of trial by jury in civil and criminal cases.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~jbrigham/Insular.html (8416 words)

	Foraker Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Foraker Act, also known as the Organic Act of 1900, established civilian government onthe island of Puerto Rico newly acquired by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War.
		President WilliamMcKinley signed the act on April 2, 1900 and became known as the Foraker Act for the sponsor, Ohio statesman Joseph Benson Foraker.
		The first civil governor of theisland under the Foraker Act was Charles H. Allen, inaugurated on May 1, 1900 in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
	www.therfcc.org /foraker-act-55543.html (152 words)

	DOWNES v. BIDWELL, 182 U.S. 244 (1901) -- US Supreme Court Cases from Justia & Oyez
		This subdivision of 629 was not repealed by the jurisdictional act of 1875, or the subsequent act of August 13, 1888, since these acts were 'not intended to interfere with the prior statutes conferring jurisdiction upon the circuit or district courts in special cases and over particular subjects.
		The act of the territorial legislature creating the court in question was held not to be 'inconsistent with the laws and Constitution of the United States,' and the decree of the circuit court was affirmed.
		Humanity, however, acting on public opinion, has established, as a general rule, that the conquered shall not be wantonly oppressed, and that their condition shall remain as eligible as is compatible with the objects of the conquest.
	www.justia.us /us/182/244/case.html (13163 words)

	[No title]
		REFERENDUM Act July 3, 1950, which enacted sections 731b to 731e of this title, was submitted to the qualified voters of Puerto Rico through an island-wide referendum held on June 4, 1951, and approved.
		Section 6 of act Apr. 14, 1910, which was classified to section 15 of Title 45, was repealed and reenacted as section 501(b) of Title 49 by Pub.
		In case of a vacancy in the office of Resident Commissioner by death, resignation, or otherwise, the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint a Resident Commissioner to fill the vacancy, who shall serve until the next general election and until his successor is elected and qualified.
	uscode.house.gov /download/pls/48C4.txt (10922 words)

	Foraker Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Foraker Act (April 12, 1900) The Foraker Act confirms Puerto Rico as an unconsolidated territory of the United States.
		Foraker Act (April 12, 1900), an act establishing a government for the U.S. college.hmco.com
		Foraker Act (Organic Act of 1900) On April 2, 1900, U.S. President McKinley signed a civil law that established a civilian government in Puerto Rico.
	www.sinkingfund.info /info/Foraker-Act (266 words)

	Contents of I. CITIZENSHIP AND POLITICS IN PUERTO RICO: A BRIEF OVERVIEW FROM THE SPANISH KINGDOM TO THE AMERICAN ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Foraker Act provided for a governor to be appointed by the President of the United States, six government departments whose heads were also appointed by the President, and a Legislative Assembly composed of two chambers.
		The Act granted United States citizenship to all “citizens of Puerto Rico,” as defined in the Foraker Act.
		Contrary to the two previous organic acts--the Foraker Act and the Jones Act--the constitution was not the work of Congress, but the work of the people of Puerto Rico.
	www.law.upenn.edu /conlaw/issues/vol4/num1/guzman/node3_ct.html (1231 words)

	United States Laws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves - 1807 - In accordance with Constitution, no new slaves were permitted to be imported into US.
		Emergency Quota Act - 1921 - Congress limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 3 of the number of person from that country who were living in the U.S. in 1910, according to Census figures.
		Immigration Act Basic Law - 1924 - Congress limited the number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of person from that country who were Living in the U.S. in 1890 thus restricting Southern and Eastern Europeans.
	www.faqt.org /Qhoo/United_States_Laws.html (3339 words)

	PUERTO RICO HERALD: Profile: Luis Muñoz Rivera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1900, the U.S. Congress passed the Foraker Act, which returned Puerto Rico to civilian rule but under conditions that were undesirable to Puerto Ricans.
		The Foraker Act instituted none of these three choices, and instead established a government with power concentrated in the hands of a presidentially-appointed Governor and an Executive Council consisting mostly of mainland Americans.
		For the next several years, he would fight strongly for a repeal of the Foraker Act, which at that time continued to be the basis of American rule in Puerto Rico.
	www.puertorico-herald.org /issues/2001/vol5n06/ProfileLMunozRivera-en.shtml (1084 words)

	Luis Muñoz Rivera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the first issue Muñoz Rivera wrote an open letter to President McKinley in which he lambasted the Foraker Act as a disgrace to both the United States and Puerto Rico.
		In 1906 he was elected to the House of Delegates as a Unionist and was twice reelected, serving until 1910, when he was elected Resident Commissioner to the U.S. House of Representatives.
		The Jones Act granted United States citizenship to Puerto Ricans; it also gave the Puerto Rican Government more autonomy by establishing a two-chamber legislative assembly, which included a nineteen-member Senate and a thirty-nine-member House of Delegates, elected by universal male suffrage.
	www.lasculturas.com /aa/bio/bioMunozRivera.htm (738 words)

	History of Puerto Rico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		On April 2, the Foraker Law (Organic Act of 1900) is approved, establishing civil government and free commerce between the island and United States.
		The Official Languages Act (under the Foraker Act) was instituted which declared that in all insular governmental departments, courts, and public offices, English was to be regarded as co-official with Spanish, and when necessary, translations and interpretations from one language to the other would be made so that all parties could understand the proceedings.
		The Olmsted Amendment to the Foraker Act was passed by both houses of Congress, this act placed the supervision of Puerto Rican affairs in the jurisdiction of an executive department to be designated by the president.
	welcome.topuertorico.org /history5.shtml (2489 words)

	Early US rule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In fact, a Senate committee justified the act by reporting that “if a territory should be inhabited by a people of wholly different character, illiterate, and unacquainted with our institutions, and incapable of exercising the rights and privileges guaranteed by the Constitution....
		What the Foraker act essentially did was to effectively place all the power in the United States' hands, and eliminate any possibility of independence.
		Although the system of government established through the Foraker act was not well received by the islanders, it has remained basically intact with some minor changes.
	www.trincoll.edu /~ppabon/paper2.htm (1662 words)

	DeLima v. Bidwell
		On April 12, 1900, an act was passed, commonly called the Foraker act, to provide temporary revenues and a civil government for Porto Rico, which took effect May 1, 1900.
		The practice and rulings of the executive departments with respect to the status of newly acquired territories, prior to such status being settled by acts of Congress, is, with a single exception, strictly in line with the decision of this court in Cross v.
		As the act extending the revenue laws to the Floridas was passed before the surrender of the province to the United States, there was no interval of time upon which the Treasury Department could act, the provinces, immediately upon the surrender, becoming subject to the act of March 3, 1821.
	www.tourolaw.edu /patch/DeLima (5800 words)

	Puerto Rico Local News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1900, the U.S. Congress passed the Foraker Act, which established a civilian government in Puerto Rico, with a governor and an executive council appointed by the President of the United States, a legislature, a judicial system, and a non-voting Resident Commissioner in Congress.
		Under the Foraker Act, all Federal laws were to be enforced on the island.
		Under this Act, Congress set out the process by which the islands eventually would gain independence by authorizing the Philippine government to hold a convention to draft a constitution for an interim Commonwealth under which the Philippines would exercise extensive self-government, with limited United States involvement, pending full independence.
	www.puertoricowow.com /html/fullstory_detail_new.asp?SORT=30 (3198 words)

	Foraker Act - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This law was superseded in 1917 by the Jones-Shafroth Act.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Foraker Act contains research on
		Foraker Act, External links, History of Puerto Rico and Politics of Puerto Rico.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Foraker_Act (244 words)

	Colonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		After two years of military occupation, the Foraker Act established the first civil government in Puerto Rico under United States sovereignty in 1900.
		It was vested upon the President of the United States to appoint a governor and an executive council which acted as an upper house.
		In 1947, the Congress of the United States amended the Act of 1917 and granted the Puerto Ricans the right to vote for their own Governor and provided that the governor appoint all officials except the auditor and the members of the Supreme Court.
	www.puertoro.com /colonia.htm (504 words)

	Foraker Act in from MyUSBusinessFinder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Foraker Act provided for a governor to be appointed by the...
		The Foraker Act, also known as the Organic Act of 1900, established civilian government on the island of Puerto Rico newly acquired by the United States as a result of the Span...
		The Jones-Shafroth Act (1917), better known as the "Jones Act" (after sponsor Congressman Walter Jones), or the "Organic Act for Puerto Rico," replaced the Foraker Act of 1900...
	www.myusbusinessfinder.com /Foraker-Act.html (207 words)

	Arachne @ Rutgers - Volume 2, Number 2 - The Political Side of Bilingual Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Act, however, did not specify the Commissioner's administrative duties and the posts' limitations within the Education Department, which allowed the Commissioner to absorb a greater deal of power than was provided by the strict wording of the law (Negrón de Montilla, 1990:43) [10].
		Under the rubric of the Foraker Act, the Puerto Rican Legislature approved the Act to Establish Public Schools in Puerto Rico on January 31, 1901, which created a centralized school system and placed virtually all powers in the hands of the Commissioner of Education (Solís, 1994:58-59).
		The creation of the Education Department under the Foraker Act, and the 1901 school laws, eliminated most of the institutional mechanisms for school board influence and thus, the main instrument for community involvement in educational policies.
	arachne.rutgers.edu /vol2_2schmidt.htm (19252 words)

	BLPR 243: Puerto Rican Culture
		The U.S. Congress passed the Foraker Act, establishing a civilian government in Puerto Rico under U.S. control.
		The Act provided for an elected House of Representatives on the island, but not for a vote in Washington.
		However, the Foraker Act still determined economic and fiscal aspects of government.
	maxweber.hunter.cuny.edu /eres/docs/eres/BLPR243_PIMENTEL/history.html (1119 words)

	DOOLEY v. U S, 183 U.S. 151 (1901) -- US Supreme Court Cases from Justia & Oyez
		This act requires all merchandise 'coming into Porto Rico from the United States' to be 'entered at the several ports of entry upon payment of fifteen per centum of the duties which are required to be levied, collected, and paid upon like articles of merchandise imported from foreign countries.' [31 Stat.
		Page 183 U.S. Foraker act, so far as it fixes the duties to be paid upon merchandise imported into Porto Rico from the port of New York.
		A duty on exports is not merely a duty on the act of exportation, but is a duty on the article exported, and the article exported remains such until it has reached its final destination.
	www.justia.us /us/183/151/case.html (5386 words)

	Hispanic Americans in Congress -- Larrinaga
		The Organic Act of 1900, also known as the Foraker Act, ended the military occupation.
		Larrinaga's first act in Congress was the introduction of a bill to amend the Foraker Act and grant U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans.
		Larrinaga held the view that anti-American sentiments and attitudes were fabricated to sabotage congressional efforts to amend the Foraker Act.
	www.loc.gov /rr/hispanic/congress/larrinaga.html (604 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		This case involves the question whether merchandise brought into the port of New York from Porto Rico since the passage of the Foraker act is exempt from duty, notwithstanding the 3d section of that act which requires the payment of '15
		[182 U.S. the exterior boundaries of the United States;' and in the acts extending the internal revenue laws to the territories of Alaska and Oklahoma.
		For in the act of Congress of March 30, 1822, 9, we have an enumeration of the acts of Congress which are to be held in force in the territory; and in the 10th section an enumeration, in the nature of a bill
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=182&invol=244 (12632 words)

	APX: The Supreme Court and Legislation
		With the election of Hayes marking the end of Reconstruction, the American society had long ago abandoned Jefferson's dream of an agrarian society and had begun their movement towards the cities.
		Presidential power was also at an acme for this period as the various presidents wielded more influence than in any other time, perhaps leading to the countless numbers of Congress-passed Acts that attempted to check Executive power but were vetoed by the President.
		Overall, this time marked immense progress in human rights and social improvement, as delineated by the many acts related to these issues.
	www.tjhsst.edu /~sgoswami (978 words)

	East Harlem News: Puerto Rican Flag
		On December 10, 1898 under the Treaty of Paris, Puerto Rico along with Guam and the Philippines were given to the United States as “spoils of war” (benefits given to a winner of a war).
		It was not until May 1, 1900 that Puerto Rico was finally granted a civil government (a government that is run by the people) under the Foraker Act after having been under a military government for two years.
		The Foraker Act allowed Puerto Ricans to vote for their local officials but not for their governor.
	www.east-harlem.com /mt/archives/000062.html (2615 words)

	1900
		The United Mine Workers go on strike and the owners refuse to recognize the union; as tensions mount and negotiations fail, Roosevelt calls the two sides to the White House and successfully handles the situation.
		Newlands Reclamation Act authorizes the building of irrigation dams across the West.
		Department of Commerce and Labor created by Act of Congress; George B. Cortelyou is first secretary.
	www.auroraweb.com /america/timeline_files/1900.htm (889 words)

	Puerto Rico history outline
		The Foraker act led to the emergence of the politics of status: political parties side with a position.
		The new political condition led to the emergence of political intolerance: turbas in 1900 and 1902.
		Representatives of the House refuse to pass the next year budget until the US grants them the right to elect local judges, and make changes to the Foraker Act.
	www.csuohio.edu /history/courses/Josehis165/TERMS/PuertoRicohistoryoutline.htm (1545 words)

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