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Topic: Foramen magnum

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	Foramen magnum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In anatomy, the foramen magum is the large hole through the occipital bone in the base of the skull, through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) exits the skull vault.
		In humans the foramen magum is farther underneath the head than in great apes.
		Comparisons of the position of the foramen magum in early hominid species are useful to determine how comfortable a particular species was when walking on two limbs (bipedality) rather than four.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Foramen_magnum (123 words)

	II. Osteology. 5a. The Cranial Bones. 1. The Occipital Bone. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The curved, expanded plate behind the foramen magnum is named the squama; the thick, somewhat quadrilateral piece in front of the foramen is called the basilar part, whilst on either side of the foramen is the lateral portion.
		From the external occipital protuberance a ridge or crest, the median nuchal line, often faintly marked, descends to the foramen magnum, and affords attachment to the ligamentum nuchæ; running from the middle of this line across either half of the nuchal plane is the inferior nuchal line.
		The lower division of the cruciate eminence is prominent, and is named the internal occipital crest; it bifurcates near the foramen magnum and gives attachment to the falx cerebelli; in the attached margin of this falx is the occipital sinus, which is sometimes duplicated.
	www.bartleby.com /107/31.html (1850 words)

	AANS.org \| Education and Meetings \| AANS Scientific Journals \| Neurosurgical Focus
		Meningiomas of the foramen magnum arise at the dura of the craniocervical junction.
		They occur in 68 to 98% of all meningiomas of the foramen magnum[10,15,17,26,30,31,35] and should be clearly distinguished from meningiomas of the dorsal (posterior) foramen magnum because of the remarkable differences in presenting symptoms, neurological findings, operative approach, postoperative results, complications, and mortality rate.
		Meyer FB, Ebersold MJ, Reese DF: Benign tumors of the foramen magnum.
	aans.org /education/journal/neurosurgical/june99/6-6-5.asp?... (6313 words)

	Peak Systolic and Diastolic CSF Velocity in the Foramen Magnum in Adult Patients with Chiari I Malformations and in ...
		the foramen magnum are increased in patients with Chiari I malformations.
		MR imaging in the axial plane at the foramen magnum.
		elevations of peak systolic velocity in the CSF in the foramen
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/24/2/169 (4071 words)

	Foramen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		the apical foramen is the hole at the tip of the root of a tooth.
		the foramen magnum is the opening at the bottom of the skull.
		the patent foramen ovale is a hole between the venous and arterial sides of the heart.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Foramen (69 words)

	Heffez Neurosurgical Associates - Papers
		We have evaluated 28 patients with symptoms consistent with compression of the neuraxis at the foramen magnum and in whom the MRI scan was either reported as normal or showed a degree of tonsillar ectopia insufficient to meet the diagnostic criteria for the Chiari type1 malformation.
		For the purpose of determining the position of the cerebellar tonsils the lower lip of the foramen magnum was defined as extending from the lowest cortical bone of the clivus anteriorly (basion) to the lowest cortical bone at the opistion posteriorly on the mid-sagittal MRI image(3,6).
		The rim of the foramen magnum was resected laterally as far as the atlanto-occipital joint bilaterally.
	www.heffezneurosurgical.com /chiaripaperweb.jsp (4484 words)

	Figures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The large tumor occupies slightly more than half of the transverse diameter of the foramen magnum and affords an adequate surgical corridor of approximately 1 cm.
		Tumor (asterisk) is noted through intact arachnoid to the left of the rostral spinal cord and is draped with various nerve rootlets (arrows) and blood vessels.
		CH = cerebellar hemisphere; CT = cerebellar tonsil; FM = rim of foramen magnum; C1 = C-1 segmental nerve root.
	www.medscape.com /content/2003/00/45/77/457749/457749_fig.html (325 words)

	Paksitan Journal of Medical Sciences
		This foramen is present in the squamous part of the occipital bone at the occipital protuberance and it transmits a vein that connects the confluence of the sinuses with the veins of the suboccipital plexus and receiving also the occipital diploic vein.
		We have examined 150 dry adult human skulls to identify the positions of the emissary foramen in the squamous part of the occipital bone either left or right side of the median plane, in the median plane from the posterior margin of the foramen magnum to the occipital protuberance.
		In each case the patency of the foramen was confirmed with a probe and measurements in relation to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum and from the median plane were measured by millimeter scale.
	www.pjms.com.pk /issues/julsep01/article5.html (879 words)

	FORAMEN - Definition
		{Foramen of Monro} (Anat.), the opening from each lateral into the third ventricle of the brain.
		{Foramen of Winslow} (Anat.), the opening connecting the sac of the omentum with the general cavity of the peritoneum.
		A foramen is an opening or communication between two cavities.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/foramen (81 words)

	Brain Herniation Radiology, Pathology, and Neurology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In general if the tonsils are located at the level of the dens on the axial images, this generally is an indicator of foramen magnum herniation.
		Excessive cerebellar tissue can be seen at the foramen magnum but it may be best to visualize the dens and cerebellum together since the CT gantry angle can yield different appearances at the foramen magnum.
		A sagittal MRI is a much easier method of determining if foramen magnum herniation is present as in this patient with a tentorial subdural and shift through the foramen magnum.
	rad.usuhs.mil /rad/herniation (2507 words)

	The pathogenesis of syringomyelia associated with lesions at the foramen magnum: a critical review of existing theories ...
		Syringomyelia is frequently accompanied by an extramedullary lesion at the foramen magnum, particularly a Chiari I malformation.
		Currently prevalent hydrodynamical theories assert that obstruction of the subarachnoid space at the foramen magnum interferes with flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the spinal and the intracranial subarachnoid compartments.
		It explains the poorly understood presentation of foramen magnum meningiomas with symptoms of a mid- to low-cervical myelopathy.
	perso.wanadoo.fr /chirurgie/text/syringomyelie.html (545 words)

	The Potential Effects of Mechanical Faults of the Spine on Cerebrospinal and Interstitial Fluid Flow in the Brain
		In the other mammals, the foramen magnum is located more at the posterior inferior corner of the skull, the basicranium is relatively flat, and the weight of the brain is more above the basicranium and less over the foramen magnum.
		As an added protection against compression of the brainstem against the foramen magnum, there are several large expansions in the subarachnoid space, called cisterns, which are stratigically located around the brainstem and cerebellum.
		The sigmoid sinuses, which pass through the jugular foramen and empty into the jugular veins, are the primary routes for venous drainage of the brain.
	www.chiroweb.com /hg/08/19/21.html (1569 words)

	Peak Systolic and Diastolic CSF Velocity in the Foramen Magnum in Adult Patients with Chiari I Malformations and in ...
		Image of the foramen magnum in a normal volunteer shows the placement of three regions of interest (left) and maximal velocities displayed graphically over time (right) for each of the regions of interest.
		Systolic flow is evident from trigger delays of approximately 160 ms to approximately 860 ms in each of the regions of interest.
		Phase-contrast image (left) of the foramen magnum shows the placement of a region of interest.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/figsonly/24/2/169 (828 words)

	Articles - Occipital bone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		From this protuberance the upper division of the cruciate eminence runs to the superior angle of the bone, and on one side of it (generally the right) is a deep groove, the sagittal sulcus, which lodges the hinder part of the superior sagittal sinus; to the margins of this sulcus the falx cerebri is attached.
		The lateral parts (pars lateralis) are situated at the sides of the foramen magnum; on their under surfaces are the condyles for articulation with the superior facets of the atlas.
		The occipital, like the other cranial the outer and inner tables, between which is the cancellous tissue or diploë; the bone is especially thick at the ridges, protuberances, condyles, and anterior part of the basilar part; in the inferior fossæ it is thin, semitransparent, and destitute of diploë.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Occipital_bone (1894 words)

	Radiology, University of Rochester Medical Center
		This narrowing is most significant between the transverse ligament and the posterior foramen magnum.
		Deformation of shape of upper cervical cord between the transverse ligament and posterior foramen magnum.
		The foramen magnum may be further compromised by the anterior extension of a squama of occiput or by thickening of posterior rim of the foramen magnum.
	www.urmc.rochester.edu /smd/Rad/neurocases/Neurocase129.htm (351 words)

	Part 03: Removal of Brain Stem Via Foramen Magnum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This procedure is relatively easy in elk compared to deer having a smaller foramen magnum.
		The second instrument from the left is a sharp-pointed, serrated grapefruit knife with the tip bent in an upward direction.
		The foramen magnum with spinal cord protruding out should be seen when done properly.
	www.michigan.gov /mda/0,1607,7-125-1566_2310_13284-65650--,00.html (607 words)

	Foramen magnum -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Foramen magnum -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		In (Any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae) humans the foramen magnum is farther underneath the head than in great apes.
		Comparisons of the position of the foramen magnum in early hominid species are useful to determine how comfortable a particular species was when walking on two limbs (bipedality) rather than four.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/F/Fo/Foramen_magnum.htm (80 words)

	MRI Scan Criteria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The goal of the MRI scan should be to demonstrate adequacy of the foramen magnum region and cervical canal.
		2) Coronal cuts done perpendicular to the plane of the foramen magnum to demonstrate cerebellar tonsils within the foramen, but not necessarily extending below it and portion on the brain stem.
		The transaxial scans in the plane of the foramen magnum are best accomplished with a turbo spin echo or a long T2 image.
	home.att.net /~potsweb/mricriteria.html (158 words)

	The foramen magnum: the underutilized acoustic window to the posterior fossa -- Sudakoff et al. 12 (4): 205 -- Journal ...
		The foramen magnum: the underutilized acoustic window to the posterior fossa -- Sudakoff et al.
		visualization of the posterior fossa, the foramen magnum was used as an
		The use of the foramen magnum in addition to
	www.jultrasoundmed.org /cgi/content/abstract/12/4/205 (229 words)

	Neuroradiology Teaching Files (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The cerebellar tonsils are approximately 14 mm below the foramen magnum.
		A now hyperintense area is surrounded by normal intensity spinal cord just below the level of the foramen magnum.
		It is a congenital malformation characterized by elongated cerebellar tonsils that are caudally pointed and displaced inferiorly through the foramen magnum.
	www.uchsc.edu /sm/neuroimaging/T893B/T893B.htm (374 words)

	[No title]
		The brain is connected to the spinal cord through a large hole, the foramen magnum.
		The foramen magnum is flanked by two large knobs or occipital condyles that form a joint with the first cervical vertebra of the neck.
		Plan of the pelvis in a hanging beef carcass showing:1, lesser sciatic notch; 2, ischiatic spine; 3, greater sciatic notch; 4, psoas tubercle; 5, obturator foramen; 6, symphysis pubis;7, ischium; and 8, ilium.
	www.aps.uoguelph.ca /~swatland/ch2_1.htm (3448 words)

	foramen magnum
		what is foramen magnum, but my notes do not reflect that.
		question definitely referred to the "Foramen Magnum", which is the
		the foramen magnum articulates the skull with the first cervical vertebrae.
	www.medhelp.org /perl6/neuro/archive/9266.html (252 words)

	Management of Meningiomas (File 19): FORAMEN MAGNUM MENINGIOMA
		A joint program of the Departments of Otolaryngology, Neurosurgery, and Radiation Oncology dedicated to the evaluation and treatment of patients with cranial base lesions.
		These meningiomas usually arise from the anterior-lateral dura at the foramen magnum but can occur directly anteriorly, posteriorly, or posterior-laterally.
		MRI clearly defines the relationship of the tumor to the surrounding structures (Fig.
	neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu /CranialBaseCenter/MENING19.HTM (728 words)

	Calcified Foramen Magnum Meningioma:view (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A calcified foramen magnum meningioma in an elderly woman.
		This tumor successfully removed using a lateral approach.
		The dura was coagulated after the tumor was removed (B).
	www.neuro.utmem.edu /view/6201.html (51 words)

	Virtual Hospital: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus V: Skeletal Systems: Anomalies of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Virtual Hospital: Illustrated Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation: Opus V: Skeletal Systems: Anomalies of Occipital Bone at Foramen Magnum (Occipital Condyles).
		Anomalies of Occipital Bone at Foramen Magnum (Occipital Condyles)
		The usual appearance of occipital bone at the foramen magnum
	www.vh.org /Providers/Textbooks/AnatomicVariants/SkeletalSystem/Images/30.html (81 words)

	Stock Illustration of Superior view of structures of the vertebral canal seen through the foramen magnum. - Search ...
		Stock Illustration of Superior view of structures of the vertebral canal seen through the foramen magnum.
		Superior view of structures of the vertebral canal seen through the foramen magnum.
		accessory, anatomy, artery, atlas, axis, branch, canal, dens, denticulate, dissector, foramen, glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal, jugular, ligament, magnum, nerve, seen, structures, superior, tubercle, ventral, vertebral, illustration, illustrations, clip art, clipart, picture, pictures, graphic, graphics, drawing, drawings, artwork, royalty free
	www.fotosearch.com /LIF136/ga214019 (222 words)

	Pneumatic drill through the foramen magnum -- MCEVOY and MENDOZA 65 (4): 511 -- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pneumatic drill through the foramen magnum -- MCEVOY and MENDOZA 65 (4): 511 -- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
		the foramen magnum, crossing the medulla and lower pons, terminating
		He is able to communicate via a series of blinking
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/65/4/511 (216 words)

	AllRefer Health - Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP, Intracranial Pressure - Increased)
		The pressure itself can be responsible for further damage to the central nervous system by decreasing blood flow to the brain or by causing the brain to herniate (push through) the opening in the back of the skull where the spinal cord is attached.
		Sudden herniation through the foramen magnum (back of the skull) is fatal.
		Many conditions can cause increases in the intracranial pressure including metabolic, toxic, traumatic, infectious, neoplastic and idiopathic.
	health.allrefer.com /health/increased-intracranial-pressure-info.html (366 words)

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