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Topic: Force Publique

	Force Publique - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Force Publique (FP) was the official armed force for what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1885 (when the territory was known as the Congo Free State) until the beginning of the Second Republic in 1965.
		For the remainder of the period of Belgium rule the Force Publique continued its combined military and police role, although a separate Gendarmerie was organised in 1959, shortly before Congolese Independence.
		Tightly disciplined and drilled the Force Publique impressed visitors to the Congo with its smart appearance but a culture of separateness, encouraged by its Belgian officers, led to brutal and unrestrained behavour when the enternal restraints of colonial administration were lifted in 1960.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Force_Publique (1082 words)

	Zaire - EVOLUTION OF THE ARMED FORCES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The organization of the Force Publique remained unchanged throughout the period of the Congo Free State (1885-1908) and the pre-World War I Belgian Congo (as Zaire was called from 1908 to 1960).
		As a result, the force initially assumed a defensive posture against German forces in German East Africa (later Tanganyika) and was virtually incapable of offensive action during the first eighteen months of the war.
		As a result, the composition and organization of the Force Publique remained unchanged (except that the Territorial Service Troops were known as the gendarmerie from 1959) from the end of World War II until independence.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-15140.html (1319 words)

	Zaire - Development of a National Police Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Because of the requirement to act as a police force, members of the colonial army were dispersed throughout the country, where they normally came under the control of local civilian administrators.
		Although the Territorial Service Troops remained an integral part of the Force Publique and could revert to the control of the commander, elements were deployed throughout the country under the operational control of the territorial administrators.
		This new force, with an authorized strength of 25,000, absorbed many personnel from the overgrown provincial forces, while politically unreliable or undesirable elements were largely culled.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-15161.html (801 words)

	Belgium's imperialist rape of Africa: A review of King Leopold's Ghost
		The Force Publique had a combined counter-insurgency role: as a force to suppress the natives and as a "corporate labour force." Their murderous assaults against the native population were described as “pacification”, as it was during the Vietnam War.
		During expeditions, Force Publique soldiers were instructed to bring back a hand or head for each bullet fired, to make sure that none had been wasted or hidden for use in rebellions.
		Force Publique soldiers were slaves who had been press-ganged through hostage taking, or stolen as children and brought up in child colonies founded by the King and the Catholic Church.
	www.wsws.org /articles/1999/sep1999/king-s06.shtml (2322 words)

	Chapter 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the meantime, however, the United Nations acted by deploying a task force to the troubled land on 16 July 1960.
		The U.N. force's presence—supported by USAREUR and other U.S. forces—helped the Republic of the Congo to establish some measure of stability, and many of the evacuated missionaries and businessmen returned.
		force by the end of June were announced, tribal rivalries and the lack of firm central governmental control led to revolts in outlying areas against the duly constituted government.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/documents/glasgow/glas-1.htm (498 words)

	WHKMLA Documents : J.W. Wack, the Story of the Congo Free State, 1905, ch.14
		The principal features of the scheme were, that the force should be divided into two companies corresponding with the administrative districts, and that one hundred and twenty European officers, chiefly Belgians, should be appointed to the command and disciplining of this force.
		The auxiliary force was recruited in a different manner from the rest of the military.
		The dismissal is pronounced, at Boma by the Commander of the Public Force; in the districts by the District Commissioner or by the head of the expedition, after examining the charge, the evidence, and the decision of the Council.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/documents/wack/wackchxiv.html (3226 words)

	Congo, Democratic Republic of the Introduction - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current ...
		The Force Publique, or colonial army, was essentially used to subdue and control the indigenous population, although it served outside the colony during the two world wars.
		The Force Publique supposedly was the most "national" institution of the Belgian Congo, as well as the guarantor of the Pax Belgica.
		Independence was followed immediately by crisis, dramatized by the mutiny of the Force Publique on July 5 and the secession of the country's richest province, Katanga, on July 11, soon followed by a similar move in southeastern Kasai Province (now Kasai-Oriental Region and Kasai-Occidental Region).
	workmall.com /wfb2001/congo_democratic_republic_of_the/congo_democratic_republic_of_the_history_introduction.html (9418 words)

	Violence In The Congo: A Perspective Of United Nation's Peacekeeping
		The Force entered the Congo as peacekeepers, but was forced to endure four years of sporadic, often savage, fighting against forces that its restrictive rules of en- gagement frequently would not allow it to fight.
		A counter arguement can be made that early authorization to implement military force would have shattered the fragile political coalition on which the mandate for action was based.32 The moral and tactical dilemmas which the restrictions on the use of force imposed on UNF commanders became obvious soon after the first con- tingents arrived.
		He stated that the "way of force offers no possibility for an international body operating in a soverign country at the invitation of that country."34 Several incidents which occurred are illustrative of some of the dif- ficulties created by the prohibition on the use of force.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1984/BDR.htm (19181 words)

	Dr. Comerford
		The methods Kurtz uses to force the native people to bring him the ivory elephant tusks is symbolized by his guns and a ring of poles around his house.
		By 1905, the Force Publique had grown to a fearsome but poorly disciplined army of 16,000 African mercenary soldiers led by some 350 European officers.
		Force Publique officers sent their soldiers into the forest to find and kill rebels hiding there.
	myschoolonline.com /page/0,1871,35003-181974-38-92688,00.html (1800 words)

	KING LEOPOLD'S GHOST
		Leopold was well-suited to fulfill Stanley's wish for "some generous and opulent philanthropist" to permit him "to lead a force for the suppression of this stumbling block to commerce with central Africa." Stanley became the first governor of the Congo Free State which proceeded to rob the people of their heritage, humanity and wealth.
		This made it possible to inflict wounds upon one lash and, in many cases, the Force Publique officer in charge added salt to the wounds.
		The Force Publique became the sign of brutality par excellence for it was led by people whose aspiration for power in Belgium would have remained a dream but for their arrival in Congo.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v3/v3i2a12.htm (936 words)

	Dragon operations: hostage rescues in the Congo, 1964-1965
		The airborne assault was planned to coincide with the arrival in Stanleyville of a ground force composed of Belgian and U.S. Army officers, a small CIA element, and a contingent of the Congolese Army.
		Brutality in the farm of the Force Publique- the native military- served as the Belgian tool to enforce their policies.
		Since the operation was a combined operation by a force controlled by two national authorities, the planners had to develop some scheme of command and control palatable to both countries.
	www-cgsc.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/odom/odom.asp (17994 words)

	Central Files Congo State Department UPA LexisNexis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Between the outbreak of the Force Publique mutiny and the overthrow of the Lumumba government on September 14, a situation of near anarchy spread through much of the country, reflecting the total breakdown of authority at the center.
		Adding to the confusion created by the collapse of the security forces and the intervention of the Belgian paratroopers, the constitutional impasse arising from the fundamental opposition between president and prime minister brought the machinery of government to a virtual standstill.
		The new mandate given to the UN forces in Zaire did little more than articulate in legal terms the sense of shock and anger of most Third World nations in the face of the coldblooded murder of the man who best symbolized the struggle of African nationalism against the forces of neocolonialism.
	www.lexisnexis.com /academic/2upa/Issas/sdCentralCongo.asp (4147 words)

	AllRefer.com - Zaire - The Mutiny of the Force Publique \| Zaire Information Resource
		This extraordinary situation was, in large part, caused by Force Publique commander Lieutenant General Janssens, who had persistently refused to Africanize the officer corps, and who, on the very day that the mutiny broke out flatly declared that the Force Publique would continue as before.
		As tension rapidly mounted between Brussels and Léopoldville, Lumumba and Kasavubu agreed for once to send a formal cable to the UN secretary general on July 12 to solicit "urgent UN military assistance" in the face of Belgian aggression and support of the secession of Katanga.
		By July 20, the UN force had several thousand troops under its command, and Lumumba withdrew the threat when Belgium agreed to remove its troops from Léopoldville.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/zaire/zaire31.html (676 words)

	King Léopold II of Belgium killer file (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Léopold soon acts to secure his fiefdom, building a native army (the 'Force Publique' - public force) composed of Congolese conscripts led by European officers, and contracting a corps of European administrators to manage all of the districts, zones and sectors into which the colony is divided.
		Their forced labour will build the colony's infrastructure, transport rubber and ivory from the interior to the river ports, and produce all the territory's food.
		In 1895 and 1897 the Force Publique mutinies.
	www.moreorless.au.com /killers/leopold.html (4506 words)

	Congo, Democratic Republic of the The Congolese National Army - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural ...
		The mutiny quickly spread throughout the country; soon the Force Publique was in full-scale revolt.
		Once the UN force was present, the Congo in effect had several armies competing for power: the UN force, two secessionist forces, and the ANC.
		Since these forces were concerned primarily with maintaining the positions of their patrons, the UN provided the main element of security in the country.
	www.photius.com /countries/congo_democratic_republic_of_the/national_security/congo_democratic_republic_of_the_national_security_the_congolese_nation~12066.html (1143 words)

	Mass crimes against humanity and genocidein the Congo Free State
		Armed with modern weapons and the chicotte — a bull whip made of hippopotamus hide — the Force Publique routinely took and tortured hostages (mostly women), flogged, and raped the natives.
		Force Publique soldiers brought them to the stations in place of rubber; they even went out to harvest them instead of rubber...
		the people who were demanded for the forced labour gangs; and the Force Publique soldiers were paid their bonuses on the basis of how many hands they collected.
	www.religioustolerance.org /genocong.htm (2482 words)

	Second World War Books Review
		In addition to the participation of the 3rd Brigade of the Congo's Force Publique in the campaign in East Africa, several pages also cover the 1st Brigade's move to Nigeria for training and garrison duty, and then its journey to the Near East.
		Even the commander of the Force Publique was so intent on fighting the Germans that he deluded himself into thinking his eager troops could survive against determined Wehrmacht defenders.
		Although the Piron Brigade, the government's main ground force, did not land in Normandy until the beginning of August, the Belgian 349 and 350 Squadrons of the RAF were in the air over the D-Day beaches and the Belgian-manned corvettes were part of the naval escort.
	www.sonic.net /~bstone/archives/030511.shtml (1445 words)

	Embassy of the Republic of Haiti, Washington D.C. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		All members of the police and armed forces shall take an oath of allegiance and respect for the Constitution and the flag at the time of their enlistment.
		The Armed Forces have a monopoly on the manufacture, import, export, use and possession of weapons of war and their munitions, as well as war material.
		The Commander in Chief of the Police Forces is appointed, in accordance with the Constitution, for a three (3) year term, which is renewable.
	www.haiti.org /official_documents/87constitution/doc_constitution_en_title11_prt.dwt (755 words)

	Comparative History of Ideas: CHID PUBLICATIONS
		The article explains that "His first wife excited the hunger of the rest of the tribe, and one day when Ota returned from hunting he learned that she has [sic] passed quietly away just before luncheon and that there was not so much as a sparerib for him" (Bradford and Blume 267).
		Leopold demanded that the Force Publique bring back "either tribute or proof of corporal punishment." When villagers had no rubber or ivory to offer, the Force would cut off body parts, usually hands, to bring back as proof of corporal punishment (Bradford and Blume 47-50).
		However, the Force Publique was not like any cannibal that the New York journalists had imagined.
	depts.washington.edu /chid/intersections.php?article=1994d2 (1752 words)

	AllRefer.com - Zaire - Historical Setting \| Zaire Information Resource
		Between the formal proclamation of the Congo Free State in 1885 and Mobutu's second seizure of power in 1965, a number of events occurred that had a profound and lasting effect on the Zairian polity and on society.
		The crisis of decolonization, dramatized by the mutiny of the Force Publique in July 1960, constituted the third, and by far the most consequential, event.
		The final stage in Zaire's precipitous leap to independence began with the proclamation of the First Republic immediately after independence, extended through the convulsive aftereffects of regional secessions and rural insurgencies, and reached a plateau of sorts after the proclamation of the Second Republic in 1965.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/zaire/zaire14.html (508 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Belgo-Arab War, 1892-1894
		The Congo Free State Force Publique was composed of mercenaries, the first generation of whom had been recruited abroad - in Sierra Leone, on the Gold Coast, in Zanzibar etc., later to be filled up with soldiers recruited in the Congo itself.
		In April and May 1892 he defeated a force commanded by GONGO LUTETE, an ex-slave who had become leader of a band of BATETELAS, native from Manyema country, who themselves were engaged in slave raiding.
		On November Sefu and his ally Munie Moharra, chief of the MANYEMA, with a force of 16,000, were defeated by the State force (Captain Michaux and Gongo Lutete) in the BATTLE AT CHIGE.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/imperialism/belgoarab.html (760 words)

	The Red Shadow Index Page
		This is an early adventure from the life of Colonel Kurtz, a renegade German, formerly of the French Foreign Legion, Force Publique and Mercenary.
		Out of indigo shadows on the Mediterranean, a small force of elite French and German Marines in long boats silently rows into the port of Mogador, pirate capitol of the Moroccan coast.
		The Franco German force are intent on liberating a German diplomat, kidnapped by Ali.
	www.warflag.com /shadow/games.htm (785 words)

	Déclaration des Droits de l (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		La garantie des droits de l'homme et du citoyen nécessite une force publique; cette force est constituée pour l'avantage de tous, et non pour l'utilité particulière de ceux auxquels elle est confiée.
		The guarantee of human rights and of the citizen requires a police force: this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all, and not just for the particular utility of those persons to whom it is entrusted.
		For the maintenance of the police force, and for the expenditure of administration, a common contribution is essential: it must be also distributed between all the citizens, respective of their faculties.
	faculty.cua.edu /pennington/Law111/FrenchDeclarationRightsMan.htm (1357 words)

	humanrights
		La garantie des droits de l'homme et du citoyen nécessite une force publique : cette force est donc instituée pour l'avantage de tous et non pour l'utilité particulière de ceux auxquels elle est confiée.
		The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights entered into force on 3 January 1976, three months after the date of deposit with the Secretary-General of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or accession, as provided in article 27.
		The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights entered into force on 23 March 1976, three months after the date of deposit with the Secretary-General of the thirty-fifth instrument of ratification or accession, as provided in article 49.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Crete/9445/humanrights.html (6964 words)

	United Nations Operations in the Congo Provost
		The Force Publique, a Belgian officered paramilitary police force, had mutinied, the mineral rich province of Katanga had declared independance and Belgian troops had invaded to protect Belgian commercial interests.
		The Commander shall provide for military police for any camps, establishments or other premises which are occupied by the Force in a Host State and for such areas where the Force is deployed in the performance of its functions.
		Elsewhere military police of the Force may be employed, in so far as such employment is necessary to maintain discipline and order among members of the Force, subject to arrangements with the authorities of the Host State concerned, and in liaison with those authorities.
	www.mpmuseum.org /uncongo.html (577 words)

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