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Topic: Force de frappe

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	Charles De Gaulle and the Force de Frappe
		Charles De Gaulle and the Force de Frappe
		Ironically, as important as the perceived decline in the defensibility of France due to the U.S. policy of flexible response was the actual decline in the defensibility of France due to the French withdrawal from NATO in early March 1966.
		De Gaulle and the French military believed that because the two world superpowers were at an impasse, that it made it more important for France to have nuclear weapons in order to still have a voice on the global stage.
	www.acdis.uiuc.edu /Research/OPs/Pederson/html/contents/sect8.html (1676 words)

	Force de frappe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was conceived in the 1960s by the Général de Gaulle, mainly as a means to ensure the safety of France vs. the USSR and its independence from NATO, which was considered to be dominated by the USA to an unacceptable degree.
		Initially, the Force de frappe consisted of gravity bombs; the Dassault Mirage IV strategic bomber was designed so as to carry the bombs over the targets in the former Eastern bloc.
		Since it was deemed that a full-scale Soviet invasion of Europe was unlikely to be stopped by conventional forces, these weapons were meant as a "warning shot" which would tell the enemy that further advance would trigger a full-scale nuclear attack on its main cities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Force_de_frappe (595 words)

	Analysis
		It was de Gaulle’s decision that led France to first begin exploring nuclear power, with his establishment of the French CEA in 1945.
		It was de Gaulle who decided on a course of action that would not only ease the transition of the African countries from colony to independent nation, but also would allow France to keep some influence in these countries.
		De Gaulle had returned to power in 1958 and was the one who ordered the first French nuclear weapon to be detonated.
	www.acdis.uiuc.edu /Research/OPs/Pederson/html/contents/sect11.html (2184 words)

	[No title]
		forces and the troops of katanga's secessionist moise tshombe, a few minor incidents got out of hand, and for the third time since september 1961 the province was in turmoil.
		as de gaulle prepared to stage another of his rare press performances this week, political dopesters were betting he would use the occasion to give a haughty and ringing non to concessions for britain's entry into the common market.
		admittedly the force de frappe is a modest operation and one that could swiftly be knocked out of the air, even when, by 1965, the french hope to have 350 planes capable of carrying atomic weapons.
	www.mpi-sb.mpg.de /~bast/collections/data/time.stream (23137 words)

	HTML PAPER 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		To de Gaulle, the ideas of grandeur and indépendance were the reasons behind the policies he took to rebuild post-World War II France and to return to it the power and prestige it once had.
		De Gaulle's idea of French independence was also rooted in his belief in the primacy of the nation-state and his fear of entangling alliances and federations that would undermine French authority.
		De Gaulle feared that the Americans eventually withdrew from Europe as their fiscal budgets tightened and interests turned inward, and would thus renege on their commitment to defend the Old Continent in case of Soviet attack.
	www.is.rhodes.edu /modus/97/4.html (7242 words)

	wais:france: de gaulle november 2004
		Just knowing De Gaulle's personality thinking of himself as being essentially "France" and not being the shy type, and knowing of his hero status in France,we can be fairly sure that he exerted great influence in or out of government.
		De Gaulle in large measure owed this to the United States and Britain, who endured his arrogance during World War II, though by the same arrogance he would never recognize it.
		De Gaulle was right in concluding that it is better for France to have its own independent force and decisions, but it does not follow that he was then also right in his foreign policy and in fact I think that he was not.
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/France/france_041115_degaulle.htm (787 words)

	French farce of the force de frappe \| France \| Europe \| International News \| News \| Telegraph
		FRANCE'S armed forces are in such a state of disarray that the country could barely defend itself if it were attacked, according to a series of alarming reports by defence experts.
		It is hoped that the 40,000-ton accident-prone vessel, which cost a total of £2 billion to build, should be en route by today and will complete its mission without the embarrassing accidents and hitches that have led its crew to nickname it "le bateau maudit" - the damned ship.
		While enormous sums have been spent on such prestigious and high-profile projects as the carrier Charles de Gaulle, the Leclerc tank and the Rafale fighter plane, the armed forces lack the resources to maintain and repair their equipment.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/12/16/wfran16.xml&sSheet=/news/2001/12/16/ixhome.html (486 words)

	Imaginary letter from the President of the French Republic to American writers
		I imagined that the head of the State explains himself on this point in a letter to the American writers in which he exposes his philosophy of literary creation to them, his vision of history, his comprehension of relationships between literature and politics, literature and the idea of justice.
		Les Croix de bois, Le Feu, Le Voyage au bout de la nuit, these are the titles of the works of our painters of war that made a mausoleum from glory of weapons.
		But we are trapped by forces specific to politics, forces that enables it to baptize power in the baptism water of justice; for the UN admitted that it was fair to condemn only one nation to destroy its weapons for only one end : to allow your army to seize its oil.
	perso.wanadoo.fr /aline.dedieguez/tstmagic/guerre/lettreanglais.htm (3123 words)

	vilakins: Drabble: Force de Frappe
		This is as close as I could get to the chocolate frappe she longed for.
		"Force de frappe is Outer Gallic for strike force.
		I'd say that's because it's a past participle (frappé), but then we pronounce 'filet' as 'fill-it' unless it's followed by 'de mignon' so I doubt there's any actual logic at work.
	vilakins.livejournal.com /85229.html (164 words)

	ICBM Encyclopedia Article, Information, History and Biography @ LaunchBase.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Korolev was given access to captured V2 materials but evolved a distinct design, the R-7, that was declared 'operational' in 1957.
		The US Air Force currently operates just over 500 ICBMs at around 15 missile complexes located primarily in the northern Rocky Mountain states and the Dakotas.
		The Missile Badge is presented to commissioned officers while the Space and Missile Pin is awarded to silo ground and support personnel.
	www.launchbase.org /encyclopedia/ICBM (2052 words)

	France's Nuclear Weapons Program
		This independent deterrent, known as the Force de Frappe, was seen as a means for France to maintain a degree of freedom it required to defend its own interest.
		Charles de Gaulle authorized the first nuclear test to be conducted in Algeria on June 17, 1958 in a Defense Council meeting.
		The bulk of France's nuclear deterrent is the Force Océanique Stratégique (FOST), which consists of a fleet of four operation SSBNs of two classes; three of the new Triomphant Class and one of the L'Inflexible Class (formerly known as the Redoutable Class) SSBN.
	www.atomicforum.org /france/france.html (3280 words)

	French president Chirac threatens nuclear retaliation in the event of terrorist attacks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Since the rule of French President Charles de Gaulle, the so-called force de frappe nuclear strike force has been regarded as a symbol of French strength and independence (also against the US) and has been carefully protected as a prestige project by all French presidents.
		According to France’s doctrine up to now, the force de frappe was exclusively seen as a response to a threat to the territorial integrity, population and sovereignty of France.
		By invoking the force de frappe, the traditional symbol of French power, Chirac is seeking to divert attention from increasing social tensions and appeal to French national pride.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2006/jan2006/chir-j21.shtml (1377 words)

	ICG Spaces - community weblog - Why the French behave the way they do
		The French Force de Frappe was originally aimed at the Soviets and was only recently partially retargeted at rogue and/or Arab states.
		The French knew that they could not win a nuclear exchange with the Soviets, but their aim was not to win (which presumes that you've commenced the fight) but rather to deter a Soviet first use.
		A French nuclear force could do two things; offer a credible deterrence to the Soviets and force an escalating exchange that would almost certainly invite a strike against the US -- and once the US was in, Washington would carry the ball.
	spaces.icgpartners.com /index2.asp?NGuid=E47DA31272C14217B4071262495B854D (693 words)

	Chirac Threatens Nuclear Retaliation In The Event Of Terrorist Attacks By Peter Schwarz
		Since the rule of French president Charles de Gaulle, the so-called force de frappe nuclear strike force has been regarded as a symbol of French strength and independence (also against the US) and has been carefully protected as a prestige project by all French presidents.
		According to France’s doctrine up to now, the force de frappe was exclusively seen as a response to a threat to the territorial integrity, population and sovereignty of France.
		By invoking the force de frappe, the traditional symbol of French power, Chirac is seeking to divert attention from increasing social tensions and appeal to French national pride.
	www.countercurrents.org /fr-shwarz210106.htm (1366 words)

	France's Nuclear Weapons - Origin of the Force de Frappe
		On 30 May 1958 Gen. Charles de Gaulle was charged with forming a new government and became President of the Council of Ministers the next day.
		In June 1962 the Coelacanthe Program was formed to coordinate the development of a nuclear ballistic submarine fleet among the CEA (for warheads and naval reactors), and the Defense Ministry's Directorates of Missiles (Direction des Engins, DEN) for ballistic missiles, and Naval Construction (Direction des Constrouctions Navales, DCN) for submarines.
		The French Strategic Oceanic Force (Force Oceanique Strategique, or FOST) was formed in 1967 to operate the fleet.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /France/FranceOrigin.html (2855 words)

	Current World Nuclear Arsenals
		The French nuclear arsenal, largely a legacy of De Gaulle's insistance on French strategic independence, is the third largest in the world.
		Yet in tandem with this reduction, France is undertaking a modernization of its sea-based deterrent force, with the first of a new SSBN class, the Le Triomphant, along with a new SLBM, the M-45.
		The Minuteman IIIs received an upgrade and overhaul to extend their lifespan, though the force was reduced from 530 to 500 at the end of FY 1998.
	www.cdi.org /nuclear/database/nukestab.html (1174 words)

	Chirac shifts French doctrine for use of nuclear weapons
		He also said France's "force de frappe" (nuclear strike force) could be used against states that were "considering" deploying weapons of mass destruction.
		Some analysts said that it was to answer criticism that the force de frappe, at Eur 3-billion (U.S.$3.6 billion) per year, is consuming funds that could otherwise be used to beef up conventional forces that are more likely to be used.
		Chirac argued at Ile Longue that 10% of defense spending for the nuclear forces (the share was 50% 40 years ago, he noted) "is the right price," and it would be "perfectly irresponsible" to reduce it.
	www.globalresearch.ca /index.php?context=viewArticle&code=MAC20060212&articleId=1956 (1460 words)

	Fighting to the Finish
		It rescued from destruction the 5th Ranger TF at Chlong and Dambe in February and March 1971, the 8th Regimental Combat Team(RCT) of the 5th Infantry Division at Snoul in June 1971, and the 30th Ranger Battalion at Alpha Base, six km east of Krek plantation, in November 1971.
		III Corps ATF was organized into three sub task forces, 315, 318, and 322, based on the 15th and 18th Cavalry and 22d Armor.
		They were force to retreat to the Bien Hoa Highway, adn the city returned to calm.
	www.generalhieu.com /tqkhoi2-2.htm (4307 words)

	Free Will: The Blog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It said there had been no shift in "nuclear doctrine" since President Jacques Chirac warned two years ago that the independent deterrent - the force de frappe - could be turned against "regional powers" that threatened to use weapons of mass destruction.
		The shift may seem strange in the light of France's refusal to approve the US-led invasion of Iraq, which was justified by American and British allegations that Baghdad was developing nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.
		Senior French military officers have questioned the need for the 17bn modernisation of the force de frappe in the next five years.
	www.freewillblog.com /2003/10/le-force-de-frappethe-french-have.html (476 words)

	Maturing Force \| TIME
		France's nuclear force de frappe is the pride of Charles de Gaulle's old age, and he dotes upon it as part of his ultimate legacy to France.
		The force will never approach in destructive capability the weaponry of the big powers—some of its critics still refer to it as the force de farce —but De Gaulle has none the less given the French a nuclear sting capable of destroying major cities and millions of people.
		The theory behind the force is that not even a nuclear power would want to destroy France at the possible cost of the retaliatory death of even a few million of its own people.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,844075,00.html (631 words)

	Pierre Frank: Mr. X Versus de Gaulle (Article 3)
		He understood the role it could play in 1958 in bringing de Gaulle to power; and he seeks to maintain its capacity for the inverse operation, in case of need.
		What they accuse de Gaulle of is not having respected his own constitution, of having made “improper and erroneous interpretations” of it.
		In short, whether Deferre likes it or not, the struggle can force him to take positions on the problems of genuine interest to the masses, and the struggle can have a certain logic which is not necessarily that of a candidate who fears innovation.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/writers/frank/1964/france/3-spcongress.htm (929 words)

	Bulletin 23 - New Nuclear Strategy, New Nuclear Weaponry
		Our nuclear forces must be able to credibly hold at risk a much larger range of targets in order to ensure deterrence under all circumstances.
		The air-based component of the Force de Frappe has two types of aircraft: the Mirage 2000N with a range of 3,000 km (57 jets) and the Super-Etendard with a range of up to 1,500 km (19 jets).
		The Air Force is the visible part of deterrence and is characterized by its mobility and ease of use and flexibility.
	www.inesap.org /bulletin23/art07.htm (2493 words)

	[No title]
		This fundamental reconfiguration of French military forces, plus the declaration that France is prepared to discuss "all" matters, even nuclear deterrence, with NATO partners, indicates that Chirac is, in principle, serious about France's return to integrated commands, including suitably reformed NATO command institutions.
		By 2002 a French battle force of 50-60,000 troops is to be deployable-quickly and at distance.
		With the British and perhaps other smaller, similar EU forces, a rapid reaction post-Cold War European military force of perhaps 250,000 is envisageable in the medium term.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/strforum/SF_94/forum94.html (2163 words)

	"Precious Stones" series of rockets
		His ascent to presidency of the Fifth Republic was backdropped by Soviet victories in the race with the United States to reach the outer space.
		As a result, de Gaulle committed the nation to full technological independence from the United States, including complex and expensive fields of nuclear technology and rocketry.
		To the delight of the Kremlin, de Gaulle also distanced France from military alliance with NATO, which, in turn, led to increased ties with Moscow, including a diverse space cooperation.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /rockets_france_gems.html (521 words)

	News: The Prague Post Online
		Charles de Gaulle, the late French leader and a former general, dreamed ambitiously of a "Force de Frappe," a lightning force that would end France's, and Europe's, reliance on U.S. firepower.
		It never came to pass because economic concerns outweighed military ones and it was soon apparent Washington had little interest in fussing with the French -- especially while facing the Soviet menace.
		What General Ralston struggled to find, however, was the broader justification for such a force, which he supported on paper.
	www.praguepost.cz /opin112900b.html (523 words)

	Old Patriot's Pen: February 2005
		It is up to their people to force the changes necessary to return to rational actions and rational government.
		There are two main driving forces at work in trying to shape society in the United States: one is the destruction of any source of authority of the individual, and the second is the usurpation of personal authority by the government.
		It's time to force the control freaks to prove, beyond a shadow of a doubt, the truth of their words, and to hold them accountable not only for their words, but for their behavior.
	oldpatriot.blogspot.com /2005_02_01_oldpatriot_archive.html (14073 words)

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