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Topic: Force spectroscopy

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	Force spectroscopy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Force spectroscopy is a dynamic analytical technique that allows the study of the mechanical properties of polymer molecules and/or chemical bonds.
		Force spectroscopy measures the behaviour of a molecule under stretching or torsional mechanical force.
		Typically, the force curves observed in the force spectroscopy experiments consist of a contact (diagonal) region where the probe contacts the cantilever, and a non-contact region where the probe is off the sample surface.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Force_spectroscopy (1087 words)

	Spectroscopy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spectroscopy is the study of spectra, that is, the dependence of physical quantities on frequency.
		Spectroscopy is often used in physical and analytical chemistry for the identification of substances, through the spectrum emitted or absorbed.
		Raman spectroscopy uses the inelastic scattering of light to analyse vibrational and rotational modes of molecules.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spectroscopy (1736 words)

	Akhremitchev Research - AFM force spectroscopy experiments
		Once the force curves are triggering on the surface, the trigger value is increased to 15 nm to extend the contact region for the sensitivity measurement.
		Force volume is an experiment where force curves are taken at defined intervals across and up a surface forming a grid of equally spaced force curves across a surface.
		The Force Distance, the total displacement the cantilever can move from its start position as it progresses toward the surface when performing a force curve, should be set to a value at least twice as large as the maximum difference in height on the surface.
	www.chem.duke.edu /~boris/research/force_spectroscopy/force_experiments.htm (2391 words)

	Spectroscopy - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The intensity of emitted electromagnetic radiation and the amount of absorbed electromagnetic radiation are studied by electromagnetic spectroscopy.
		Infra-red spectroscopy In Organic chemistry different types of interatomic bond vibrate at different frequencies in the infra-red part of the spectrum.
		Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy NMR spectroscopy analyzes certain atomic nuclei to determine different local environments of hydrogen, carbon, or other atoms in the molecule of an organic compound or other compound.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Spectroscopy (1557 words)

	Jahrbuch-CD der MPG 2003 - Force spectroscopy with a large
		Force spectroscopy with a large dynamic range using small cantilevers and an array detector
		The important characteristics of a detector for force spectroscopy measurements are sensitivity, linearity and dynamic range.
		The commonly used two-segment detector that measures the position of a light beam reflected from the force- sensing cantilever in an atomic force microscope becomes nonlinear when the beam shifts significantly onto one of the segments.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrbuch/2002/17/publZIM66.html (127 words)

	CMS—Modified Atomic Force Spectroscopy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In atomic force microscopy, an extremely sharp tip mounted to a cantilever arm senses the atomic shape of a sample while a computer records the path of the tip and slowly builds up a three-dimensional image.
		When force and displacement data are combined in various algorithms, the resulting calculations reveal information on mechanical properties—hardness, stiffness, or any other reaction to an applied force.
		In the imaging mode, the force applied to the cantilever is about 1 micronewton, a force so small that it does not dislodge a single atom in the sample.
	www-cms.llnl.gov /s-t/mod_afm.html (2833 words)

	Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		By recording force curves we could measure the forces involved in the stretching and breaking process and estimate the tensile strength and Young's modulus.
		Typical force curves and histograms measured on bare silicon and the silicon substrate coated with graphitic aggregates.
		The peak in the distribution of forces is at ~30 nN.
	www.andrew-pelling.com /smfs.htm (740 words)

	Force Spectroscopy between Acetylcholine and Single Acetylcholinesterase Molecules and the Effects of Inhibitors and ...
		Heinz WF and Hoh JH (1999) Spatially resolved force spectroscopy of biological surfaces using the atomic force microscope.
		Jarvis SP and Tokumoto H (1997) Measurement and interpretation of forces in the atomic force microscope.
		Zhang YG, Bai CL, Wang C and Zhao DL (1999a) Force spectroscopy between acetylcholinesterase molecule and its natural substrate to study the effects of inhibitors and reactivators on enzyme activity.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/297/2/798 (4807 words)

	Specific Interaction between GroEL and Denatured Protein Measured by Compression-Free Force Spectroscopy -- Sekiguchi ...
		Force curves in the absence and the presence of free pepsin
		The rupture force that was required to break the adhesion between the probe and the sample was calculated by multiplying the cantilever deflection at point 5 with the force constant of the cantilever.
		FIGURE 3 Histogram of the interaction force and length; Histograms of the interaction force (A) and length (B) in the presence and absence of free pepsin as a reagent competing for the binding.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/85/1/484 (4007 words)

	Molecular Recognition Force Microscopy/Spectroscopy
		In a novel force microscopy method, the Magnetic AC mode (1), an alternating magnetic field is used as the cantilever driving mechanism.
		Due to its enhanced sensitivity, this method is particularly suited for the detection of ultralow forces between the cantilever tip and molecules on the probe surface (4).
		In life sciences, intermolecular forces between receptor-ligand pairs are of general interest since most biological processes represent a cascade of receptor-ligand recognition events.
	www.molec.com /media/appnotes/html/lifescience/antibody (307 words)

	Title page for ETD etd-09162004-192734
		The objectives of this research were to: 1) characterize the binding force between single molecules and the backbone of a single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT), and 2) measure and interpret the mechanical response of carbon-based nano-objects to compressive loads using an atomic force microscope.
		This “multi-parameter force spectroscopy” method is applicable for testing the mechanical and interfacial properties of a wide range of nanoscale objects.
		A new force spectroscopic tool, multi-parameter force spectroscopy, should be extremely helpful in characterizing the mechanical response of a myriad of nanoscale objects and enable nanoscale devices to become a reality.
	etd.gatech.edu /theses/available/etd-09162004-192734 (368 words)

	Publication List Gaub Group
		Single molecule force spectroscopy by AFM indicates helical structure of Poly(ethylene-glycol) in water.
		Lateral forces in AFM imaging and immobilization of cells and organelles.
		Forces and factors that contribute to the structural stability of membrane proteins.
	www.biophysik.physik.uni-muenchen.de /papers.htm (2598 words)

	FEBS Abstract
		The recently developed technique of single molecule force spectroscopy has enabled a detailed analysis of the force-induced conformations of these molecules and the determinants of their mechanical stability.
		The application of mechanical force to biological polymers produces conformations that are different than those that have been investigated by chemical or thermal denaturation, and are inaccessible to conventional methods of measurement such as NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
		Due to the force of gravity and the need of living organisms to perform mechanical work, mechanical stretching is most likely to have played a role in the evolution of proteins.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /febsabstracts2005/abstract.asp?id=41185 (399 words)

	Active Quality Factor Control in Liquids for Force Spectroscopy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		We present a method suitable for application to a conventional atomic force microscope (AFM) that is capable of measuring this complex quantity and use it to study the force-extension response of a single molecule.
		The dynamic force sensitivity of the AFM cantilever was increased with a positive feedback system producing a stable effective quality factor of over 300 in a liquid environment compared to the nominal value of ~1.
		With access to this extra information, not available by conventional static force spectroscopy, it is possible to estimate the effective viscosity of a single dextran molecule to be 6000 Pa s.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/langd5/2000/16/i21/abs/la000766c.html (202 words)

	Stability of Bacteriorhodopsin alpha -Helices and Loops Analyzed by Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy -- Müller ...
		After this, the force pulls the remaining part of helix E and, on the hydrophilic loop, connecting helices E and D located on the opposite, extracellular surface.
		Upon exceeding an average pulling force of 169 ± 21 pN, the remaining part of helix E, the loop ED, helix D, and the cytoplasmic loop CD are unfolded simultaneously (n = 10).
		After this, the force pulls on the hydrophilic loop connecting helices C and B located on the opposite, extracellular surface.Upon exceeding an average pulling force of 105 ± 15 pN, the extracellular loop BC, helix B, and the cytoplasmic loop AB are unfolded simultaneously (n = 8).
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/83/6/3578 (5929 words)

	Molecular Force Modulation Spectroscopy Revealing the Dynamic Response of Single Bacteriorhodopsins -- Janovjak et al. ...
		Additional unfolding events were observed during forced modulation unfolding of BR indicating the presence of novel unfolding intermediates.
		force and thus to the response of the cantilever.
		Force spectroscopy with a small dithering of AFM tip: a method of direct and continuous measurement of the spring constant of single molecules and molecular complexes.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/88/2/1423 (4942 words)

	Homepage von Dr. Udo D. Schwarz: List of Talks and Posters
		Quantitative friction force spectroscopy and the nature of the tip/sample contact in force microscopy.
		Forces and interactions at the atomic scale in scanning force microscopy (German).
		Force spectroscopical measurements of the velocity dependence of lateral forces (German).
	www.eng.yale.edu /nanomechanics/publications/p_talks.html (5555 words)

	Intermolecular Interactions of Polymer Molecules Determined by Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy
		Force spectroscopy on the single-molecule level allows the investigation of intramolecular as well as interdomain and intermolecular interactions of both synthetic and natural polymers.
		Under certain conditions, however, force-extension curves result in force plateaus; an increase in extension is observed under constant force.
		The step height from one force plateau to the next is nonuniform but follows a characteristic spacing.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/mamobx/2005/38/i23/abs/ma051415d.html (286 words)

	Untitled Document
		In contrast, only recently has it been possible to measure the forces that act between the opposing sides of a solid-solid interface.
		Force spectroscopy (force curve data) gives a method of characterising the strength of the attraction between two surfaces, and uses an atomic force microsope in non-scanning mode.
		At present, we are using this technique to explore the forces between dry powder particles as a function of atmospheric humidity, and the role of these forces in the flow of commercially important powders.
	www.lancs.ac.uk /depts/spc/research/condmatt/micro/pages/ForceSpectroscopy.htm (212 words)

	Dynamic force spectroscopy of parallel individual Mucin1-antibody bonds -- Sulchek et al. 102 (46): 16638 -- ...
		Dynamic force spectroscopy of parallel individual Mucin1-antibody bonds -- Sulchek et al.
		by tethering the antibody and MUC1 molecules to the atomic force
		and the load force is redistributed among the surviving bonds.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/102/46/16638 (4116 words)

	Veeco Products - PicoForce Datasheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The MultiMode PicoForce scanning probe microscope (SPM) delivers unprecedented accuracy and flexibility for force spectroscopy experiments in the fields of molecular biology and nanoscale materials research.
		In addition to its specialized capabilities for force spectroscopy, the system can perform a full range of techniques to measure surface characteristics, including topography, elasticity, friction, adhesion, magnetic fields, and electrical fields.
		This delivers force measurements that simply are not possible with open-loop Z-axis scanners, while still allowing nanoscale imaging.
	www.veeco.com /html/datasheet_PicoForce.asp (509 words)

	Akhremitchev Research - Force Spectroscopy
		Force spectroscopy provides information about energy landscape of interacting measures by pulling interacting molecules apart, one by one.
		Due to possible deficiencies in the sample preparation procedure, these might be not the molecules that are intended to study.
		One of the most important aspects in force spectroscopy is to ensure that measured pull forces correspond to proper molecules.
	www.chem.duke.edu /~boris/research/force_spectroscopy/force_spectroscopy.htm (243 words)

	Interface Physics Group - BMBF-Junior Research Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This research group was founded in spring 2003 and focuses on the development of new force spectroscopy methods enabling high resolution force spectroscopy in air and liquids.
		Dynamic Force Spectroscopy: The main research topic is the implementation of a new force spectroscopy method enabling high resolution force spectroscopy in air and liquids.
		Through that it will be possible to use dynamic force spectroscopy - limited to ultra high vacuum conditions up to now - also in other media.
	www.uni-muenster.de /Physik.PI/Fuchs/research/bmbf/bmbf.html (230 words)

	Single Molecular Force Spectroscopy
		Single molecular force spectroscopy offers unprecedented tools to study those properties in single molecular level.
		Properties of individual polysaccharides and bacteriorhodopsins have been studied by single molecular force spectroscopy and the detailed structures of molecular conformations have been determined.
		Force spectroscopy with single bio-molecules, Hauke Clausen-Shaumann, Markus Seitz, Rupert Krautbauer and Herman E Gaub, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 2000, 4, 524.
	www.chem.duke.edu /~bonk/Chem373/Sem1502.html (218 words)

	Jahrbuch-CD der MPG 2003 - Single chain force spectroscopy
		We study the elastic properties of single A/B random copolymer chains, with a specific sequence and use them as theoretical model for so called HP proteins.
		The variational method is used to probe local minima on the path of stretching and releasing for the chain molecules.
		At a given force, we find multiple configurations which are separated by energy barriers.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrbuch/2002/69/publZIM224.html (183 words)

	Fernandez Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The recently developed technique of single molecule force spectroscopy using the atomic force microscope (AFM) has enabled a detailed analysis of the force-induced conformations of these molecules and the determinants of their mechanical stability.
		Recent developments in single molecule force spectroscopy have enabled study of the mechanical properties of single biological polymers.
		The force-measuring mode of the atomic force microscope (AFM) is capable of measuring force-induced domain unfolding in proteins, length transitions caused by conformational changes in the sugar rings or in the secondary structure of polysaccharides, and modifications of the secondary structure of DNA molecules.
	faculty.virginia.edu /biomaterials/FernandezAbstract.htm (377 words)

	Scholarly Interests of the Faculty and Faculty Fellows, Rice University
		Since protein structure and function are governed by their inter- and intra- molecular forces, this research will help in understanding protein macromolecules.
		Dynamic force spectroscopy is used to study the mechanical properties of titin, a giant muscle protein.
		Kiang uses atomic force microscopy to study the protein unfolding force of single biological molecules.
	cohesion.rice.edu /administration/fis/report/FacultyDetail.cfm?DivID=1&DeptID=60&RiceID=276 (435 words)

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