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Topic: Forced busing

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		During busing, a Seattle school was considered to be desegregated if it was within 10 percent of the district's minority-white ratio, which is now 59 percent minority and 41 percent white.
		Unlike most other school districts across the nation, Seattle implemented forced busing without being ordered to do so by the courts in the wake of the landmark Brown vs. Board of Education ruling that "separate but equal" education was unconstitutional.
		Busing was not popular among the city's residents, who made their positions known at the ballot box and in surveys.
	www.soc.iastate.edu /sapp/schoolbusing.html (1407 words)

	Desegregation busing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Desegregation busing, also known as forced busing, is the concept of achieving racial or economic integration in United States public schools by transporting schoolchildren to schools outside their area of residence.
		As many forced busing programs only required integration of schools within a particular city, forced busing led to a decline in the population of many large cities (especially those with large African-American populations) and helped fuel the rise of suburbs, which were largely immune to forced busing due to their smaller size and ethnic homogeneity.
		The population of most cities affected by forced busing continues to decline and many anchor cities are now one of the poorest cities in their respective metropolitan area.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Forced_busing (1498 words)

	Forced busing -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Forced busing is the concept of achieving racial or economic integration in schools by transportation of schoolchildren by bus to schools outside their neighborhoods.
		Busing and (The action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community) desegregation orders have in some cases led to a form of (additional info and facts about white flight) white flight out of public school systems and into private schooling.
		Today, school buses are still used in most of these districts, but this is much more due to reduced walking zone distances, concern for pupil safety, and a wider choice of programs and locations for many students than requiring a pupil to ride to a school when a closer one was within walking distance.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fo/forced_busing.htm (645 words)

	Hoover Institution - Policy Review - Busing’s Boston Massacre
		One of the ironies of busing in Boston is that it was fought during the 200th anniversary of some the most famous fights of the American Revolution, often on the very same battlefields.
		The aftershocks of busing are not confined to Boston’s tight-knit neighborhoods.
		It would befit the silver anniversary of busing to observe a moment of silence, for all the children, past and present, forced to ride the school bus, and for the people of Boston who have suffered through an urban nightmare from which they are still trying to awake.
	www.hoover.org /publications/policyreview/3563642.html (3487 words)

	busing
		One of the ironies of busing in Boston is that it was fought during the 200th anniversary of some the most famous fights of the American Revolution, often on the very same battlefields.
		Roach bemoans the extent to which busing impedes fl parental involvement in the "often faraway schools their children are bused to every morning." Community support for public schools has also "evaporated since schools are no longer part of their communities.
		It would befit the silver anniversary of busing to observe a moment of silence, for all the children, past and present, forced to ride the school bus, and for the people of Boston who have suffered through an urban nightmare from which they are still trying to awake.
	www.geocities.com /seiabob/busing.html (3854 words)

	Forced Busing
		Forced busing is costly and has a negative impact on society, especially the minorities who are supposed to benefit from busing.
		One explanation for forced busing is known as the “Hostage Theory (Connolly, 1998).” This theory is popular among parents of Boston students who are subjected to forced busing.
		Busing programs caused middle-class families of all races to abandon public schools, especially in downtown Boston, and move to school districts in the suburbs or pay for their children to attend private schools.
	tiger.towson.edu /~mwinak1/paper.htm (2583 words)

	Online NewsHour: Charlotte Busing Forum -- July 14, 1998
		Busing children from one place to another has never been proven to provide that sort of bridge.
		If busing were some sort of "we are the world" answer to racial and ethnic strife that would not happen.
		Busing and good teachers were both good ways to break down barriers that might have kept them from learning to appreciate other kids regardless of their race.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/forum/july98/charlotte5.html (406 words)

	1976 US race war over busing - AlternateHistory.com Discussion Board
		Busing was vehemently opposed by whites in a multitude of cities in both the north and south, on such grounds as fears that such perceived low-achieving minority students would hamper the chances of white students.
		I don't see anything fundamentally wrong with voluntary busing; for example, if some motivated fl kids want to come to a white school to get a better education or some white kids (or at least their parents) want to be exposed to a different environment.
		Forced busing was an attempt to end the FORCED segregation that fls had to put up with in America for over 100 years.
	www.alternatehistory.com /discussion/showthread.php?t=1462 (3583 words)

	JS Online: 3 legislators to seek to cut forced busing
		After years of hand-wringing over forced busing in Milwaukee Public Schools, momentum appears to have swung so far that a move will be made next week to shift spending from busing to more seats in neighborhood schools.
		While some of the money pays for students who choose to ride buses to citywide magnet schools, many students in inner-city neighborhoods are bused simply because there is no room for them in schools near their homes.
		Critics of forced busing have argued for years that the practice decimates city neighborhoods by scattering their children to schools all over the city and that state money earmarked for education should go to schools, not bus companies.
	www.jsonline.com /news/may99/busing52199.asp?format=print (1025 words)

	End to forced busing creates new problems for Seattle's schools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		During busing, a Seattle school was considered to be desegregated if it was within 10 percent of the district's minority-white ratio, which is now 59 percent minority and 41 percent white.
		Unlike most other school districts across the nation, Seattle implemented forced busing without being ordered to do so by the courts in the wake of the landmark Brown vs. Board of Education ruling that "separate but equal" education was unconstitutional.
		Busing was not popular among the city's residents, who made their positions known at the ballot box and in surveys.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /local/race03.shtml (1563 words)

	Encyclopedia: Forced busing
		Forced busing is the concept of achieving racial or economic integration in United States public schools by transporting schoolchildren to schools outside their area of residence.
		In the early 1970s, many state assemblies and appeals courts mandated the racial integration of school districts within individual cities, often requiring the racial composition of each individual school in the district to reflect the composition of the district as a whole.
		A parochial school is a type of private school which engages in religious education in addition to conventional education.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Forced-busing (2249 words)

	Forced Busing -- X-PHILES WORLD-Off Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Forced busing was one of those good intentions ideas but the plan was bad.
		You can't force people and it was often still a case of separate but equal by the kids own chosing or own level of comfort.
		Busing wasn't the answer, improving the schools in the poorer neighborhoods was.
	www.voy.com /3051/4630.html (754 words)

	NewStandard: 6/30/96
		EDITOR'S NOTE -- Court-ordered busing of students to integrated schools was intended as a measure to give all children an equal opportunity to learn.
		In Denver, court-ordered busing for public schools was dismantled in September 1995 after 21 years.
		"Forced busing was never supposed to be a permanent state of affairs, although many lower courts and many civil rights groups have interpreted it as that," said Mr.
	www.southcoasttoday.com /daily/06-96/06-30-96/m02wn188.htm (1291 words)

	Issues & Views: Busing Updates
		He informs us that, because of rules established in the 1970s, when the city's racial composition was different, Cleveland's bureaucratic machinery (which, apparently, can't be turned off) is now busing fl children away from schools in their neighborhoods, to fl schools in other parts of the city.
		When the president of the Yonkers, New York chapter of the NAACP dared publicly to declare his opposition to continued forced busing, he was summarily suspended by the organization's national headquarters.
		Of course, these elites will deny any capitulation to outside forces, as they employ their rhetorical trickery, to make it appear that the retreat from busing was their idea all along.
	www.issues-views.com /index.php/sect/1003/article/1049 (659 words)

	Parents in Parsippany vent anger [forced busing of wealthier kids] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		But even without forced busing, public schools have become one big social experiment, what with all the 'self-esteem' and 'cooperative education' fads taking up classroom time, instead of traditional teaching.
		That's how forced busing "worked" everywhere, and probably why it faded away as an issue: There was nobody left to bus anymore.
		Busing within the borders of a school district that has a history of segregation is still allowed.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/916519/posts (1774 words)

	Forced Busing Unconstitutional, Enstrom - Busing Ch1 page-19
		Along with the confidence of counsel with which this awesome governmental power would be asserted were expressions by busing proponents implying that opposition to forced busing was racist in nature.
		I submit the author is unfair in equating opposition to forced busing as being opposition to integration.
		In other words, the courts are judicially legislating forced busing without the consent of those whose children are being bused, contrary to the division of powers provisions of our U.S. and California Constitutions.
	www.enstrom-foundation.org /Book/Ch1/Ch1-p019.html (315 words)

	School Integration in Boston
		Buses were drawn up in the adjacent alley, ready to receive the minority students.
		In South Boston, however, protestors "stoned buses, shouted racial epithets, [and] hurled eggs and rotten tomatoes." Nine fl South Boston High School students were injured when angry whites shattered the windows on their buses.
		The number of students bused under the Masters' Plan was reduced from 17,000 to 14,900, and the busing between South Boston and Roxbury was eliminated completely.
	www.4littlegirls.com /boston.htm (2102 words)

	Crosswalk.com - 'Forced Busing' at National Parks Decried as 'Anti-People'
		"The Park Service is trying to force visitors out of their cars and into big buses, and drive people away from our national parks," Chuck Cushman, executive director of the American Land Rights Association (ALRA) said in an interview with CNSNews.com Tuesday.
		"Forced busing did not work in Los Angeles or in Boston schools, and it won't work in our national parks," Cushman said.
		Cushman believes environmental groups that have pushed the busing plan are doing so as part of their "divine plan," which seeks to preserve the parks as an environmental Holy Land.
	www.learnathome.com /news/1196585.html (599 words)

	School busing 25 years later.
		Attempting to justify continued busing of children away from their own neighborhood schooks, Yancy was also quoted as saying: "Children should not be restricted geographically to where they go to school.'' You know what, Mr.
		Busing put public schools like Southie High under a sort of martial law, with hundreds of state troopers patrolling the corridors, snipers posted on the roof, and metal detectors at the doors.
		This note had reminded them that their children were faced with "some sort of mandatory busing assignment," arising from a "desegregation" class action filed in 1967 known as the Carlin case.
	www.adversity.net /special/busing.htm (5858 words)

	TCRecord: City-Suburban Desegregation and Forced Choices: A Review Essay of Susan Eaton's The Other Boston Busing Story
		Since the prevalence of "forced choice" themes were not necessarily linked to individual alumni's responses to the question about repeating the busing program, we decided not to follow Eaton's approach (the "I guess I have to" label) and recorded its presence in a separate analysis.
		Third, to the charge that confrontations with racism at such an early age hurt fl youth, she argues that the alternative of segregated schooling is unthinkable, and that alumni perceived these painful experiences as preparation for the real world to come.
		By contrast, the forced choices fall largely to urban families of color, who must decide whether the risks and benefits of busing their children long distances into sometimes hostile white suburban schools outweigh the limited educational opportunities found in overburdened and underfunded urban schools.
	www.trincoll.edu /depts/educ/css/research/BanksDoughertyTCR.htm (4264 words)

	User talk:Directorstratton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thanks for your work on Forced busing, I think your re-write has really helped that page.
		I'm gathering info to add a section on Wilmington, Delaware, since I had first-hand experience with that (they started in 1978, between my kindergarten and 1st grade years).
		It was mostly called "deseg" or "desegregation", although "forced busing" and just "busing" weren't unusual terms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/User_talk:Directorstratton (628 words)

	Amazon.com: Forced Justice: School Desegregation and the Law: Books: David J. Armor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		'Forced Justice' is a thorough and incisive examination of school desegregation.
		As the era of compulsory busing for school desegregation comes to a close, David Armor examines the evidence dispassionately.
		"Forced Justice" offers the legal history of school desegregation, an analysis of the "harm and benefits" theory behind integration, an assessment of the extent to which desegregation yielded the expected benefits, and a snapshot of the status quo as of his writing in 1995, forty some years after Brown vs. Board of Education.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0195111354?v=glance (1269 words)

	Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Students should not have to be bused across the county or city in order to assure a desegregation level.
		The basic argument for forced busing centers around the belief (and reality in many cases) that the minority schools receive less funding than the predominantly white suburban schools.
		One remedy, instead of forced busing, that the court could instrument would be a change in how the schools are funded.
	law.gsu.edu /thedocket/Feb03/point.htm (640 words)

	10 O'Clock News \| [Palladino reacts to Supreme Court decision.]
		Palladino says that she is opposed to metropolitanization; that she is opposed to forced busing in any form; that forced busing is a failed social experiment.
		Palladino says that she has always voted for the Democratic party; that she would switch to the Republican party if they were to come out against forced busing; that a candidate's position on busing is more important than his or her party affiliation.
		Palladino says that she is committed to demonstrating against busing through legal means; that she would urge the anti-busing movement to demonstrate non-violently.
	main.wgbh.org /ton/programs/A194_02.html (613 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Forced Justice: School Desegregation and the Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		School desegregation and "forced" busing brought people to the barricades during the 1960s and 1970s.
		While the busing issue generates less outward displays today, it smoulders in hundreds of public school systems, where court-ordered busing plans have been in place over twenty years.
		He finds that voluntary plans, which let parents decide which school program is best for their children, are just as effective in attaining long-term desegregation as mandatory busing, and that these plans generate far greater community support.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0195090128 (1368 words)

	WRAL.com - News - Can Forced Busing Solve Diversity Problems In Wake County Schools? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		King thinks it is unfair the board forced her son to give up friends, foreign language study and after-school care.
		Are we busing sheerly to change our members, diversity for diversity's sake or are we doing it to benefit the child?" White said.
		Busing helps spread around high-needs students and gives all a change to interact with different children.
	www.wral.com /news/1436321/detail.html (763 words)

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