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Topic: Forced conscription

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	Forced conscription roils Russians \| csmonitor.com
		They blame Russia's system of universal male conscription for devastating their family and say it's time Kremlin leaders made good on pledges to create an all-volunteer armed force.
		In recent years the number of available conscripts has plunged due to demographic pressures and widespread draft evasion, leading military recruiters to resort to rough measures.
		But critics say the law is too harsh, setting nearly impossible criteria for applicants to "prove" their pacifist credentials and then forcing them to serve three years, often as menial laborers on military bases.
	www.csmonitor.com /2004/0512/p06s01-woeu.htm (963 words)

	War and Resistance - Janine Rauch
		Conscription by ballot for white men was introduced by the National Party government in 1957, during the process of 'nationalisation' that transformed the Union Defence Force into the Afrikaner-dominated South African Defence Force.
		In the 1960s and the decades that followed, increases in the scope and duration of conscription, and the more frequent use of military force to secure white minority rule, were a measure of the increasing level of resistance to the imposition of apartheid.
		By 1986, the security forces had not managed to bring resistance under control, so the government declared a nation-wide State of Emergency, which was to last until mid-1990, It included severe restrictions on reporting on the activities of the security forces, and made SADF activities in the townships invisible to outside observers.
	www.csvr.org.za /papers/papwarjr.htm (8762 words)

	About compulsory military service -- in a committed voice
		The decline of conscription is present even in those states where the conversion to a voluntary military force has not yet been declared as an official aim.
		Conscription made some powerful enemies by drafting and humiliating people who are proud of their personality and instinctively revolt against the uniform.
		Nearly all citizens and families contact the conscripted army, the whole society is militarised to a certain extent, while in the case of a voluntary military force, military service would affect the life of only one part of society.
	www.scsp.hu /eng/archives/2000apr/hadk.htm (4461 words)

	Anti-Conscription Radical Initiative
		As conscription, general military duty, compulsory military as well as civilian service and also universal labour duty, for example imposed under a state of emergency, are considered.
		The elimination of all forms of forced services - military, civilian and other - is recognized by this initiative as one of unquestionable fundamental rights and freedoms of a citizen.
		And when one regime was replaced by another, it kept on maintaining the conscription, often on basis of the same laws and methods of the previous one.
	www.ecn.cz /tandit/uic/in-en.htm (1750 words)

	Burma, Other Asian Nations Cited for Human Rights Failures - US Department of State
		Burmese security forces are responsible for numerous extrajudicial killings and rape, the forcible relocation of people, forced labor, and the conscription of child soldiers, the report says.
		Security forces continued to commit extrajudicial killings and rape, forcibly relocate persons, use forced labor, conscript child soldiers, and reestablished forced conscription of the civilian population into militia units.
		The forced use of citizens as porters by SPDC troops--with the attendant mistreatment, illness, and sometimes death--remained a common practice, as did Government forced recruitment of child soldiers.
	usinfo.state.gov /eap/Archive/2004/Jun/29-273905.html (3748 words)

	Angola: Information on forcible military recruitment by the Angolan government (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Government forces are said to have forcibly recruited young men, particularly in the poorer areas of Luanda.
		The most specific information regarding forced recruitment of college students comes from a report from Kwacha UNITA which states that "Young students at the Lobito Education Institute aged between 18 and 25 were recently summoned for a meeting with the municipal committee of the MPLA youth wing.
		It is believed that they were conscripted by force into the armed forces in light of the wave of military recruitment which the Angolan army is currently carrying out.
	uscis.gov /graphics/services/asylum/ric/documentation/AGO01001.htm (952 words)

	Fact Sheet: Taliban Actions Imperil Afghan Civilians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		And the Taliban have engaged in forced conscription of young boys.
		Some refugees name forced conscription as their reason for fleeing.
		In addition, there are reports that Taliban forced conscription is also taking place in a refugee camp inside the Afghan border.
	bangkok.usembassy.gov /news/press/2001/nrot120.htm (880 words)

	Forced Marriage Pursued As Crime In Sierra Leone Tribunal Cases
		David Crane told UN Wire that prosecutors decided to pursue forced marriage as a crime against humanity, because of combatants' widespread practice during the war of abducting women as ‘wives,’ forcing them to have sex and bear children.
		Crane said a common tactic for the RUF was to surround a town and force all the children to kill their own parents, then take the children away, making them dependent on the rebels and eventually desensitized to killing.
		According to the UN more than 10,000 children were abducted and forced into conscription during the war.
	www.peacewomen.org /news/SierraLeone/April04/forced.html (399 words)

	[No title]
		Forced conscription in IDP camps by local militias loyal to the government (February- April 2003)
		His warning had followed reports of conscriptions in Monrovia in response to the upsurge in fighting between loyalists forces and LURD, which began in early February in western Liberia.
		There are also reports of forced conscriptions of young men and women under the age of 18 from various camps.
	www.idpproject.org /Sites/idpSurvey.nsf/wViewCountries/9C383F7486418FA8C1256D34004C8974 (911 words)

	The Facts About Human Trafficking for Forced Labor
		The common denominator of trafficking scenarios is the use of force, fraud, or coercion to exploit a person for commercial sex or for the purpose of subjecting a victim to involuntary servitude, debt bondage, or forced labor.
		The sale and trafficking of children and their entrapment in bonded and forced labor are particularly hazardous types of child labor.
		Forced conscription into armed conflict is another brutal practice affecting children, as armed militias recruit some children by kidnapping, threat, and promise of survival in war-ravaged areas.
	www.state.gov /g/tip/rls/fs/2005/50861.htm (1180 words)

	Special Report No. 13 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		There was widespread anger in the Tamil electorate at continuing child conscription by the LTTE. The Tamil voters elected TNA candidates overwhelmingly in hope that the LTTE would return their children and end preparations for an offensive in the North.
		One of the group's earlier notable performances was in the Killinochchi area in the wake of the forced exodus from Jaffna in late 1995.
		The conscription was pursued with vigour even as the Southern polity ran into crisis last year and the tragedy in New York created an environment unfavourable to the LTTE.
	www.uthr.org /SpecialReports/spreport13.htm (18915 words)

	friendly printed version:State Department Required to Report on the Use of Child Soldiers
		The reports contain a description of the "nature and extent of the compulsory recruitment and conscription of individuals under the age of 18" by all armed groups in the country, and what steps have been taken by the government of the country to eliminate such practices.
		The government has not brought any significant numbers of children into the armed forces since the 1996-97 demobilization campaign; however, some children reportedly continued to be recruited as a result of the absence of civil registration and the inability to prove dates of birth.
		In addition to being beaten, raped, and forced to march until exhausted, abducted children were forced to participate in the killing of other children who attempted to escape.
	www.cdi.org /friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=898 (5140 words)

	MYANMAR. Absence de sécurité dans les zones de lutte contre l'insurrection - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Avant le début des années 1990, le travail forcé consistait essentiellement dans du portage pour l’armée, qui utilisait les porteurs dans ses actions de lutte contre l’insurrection quand les militaires patrouillaient la campagne et les villages ou engageaient des combats contre les groupes d’opposition armée.
		Il a expliqué un système relativement nouveau de travail forcé par lequel les villageois devaient fournir sept chevaux de trait pour les militaires et aller en patrouille avec les chevaux.
		Tous les secteurs des forces de sécurité et d’agents d’application de la loi en Thaïlande devraient aussi être formés aux normes internationales concernant les droits humains, afin de protéger correctement les droits des migrants et autres groupes vulnérables.
	web.amnesty.org /library/index/fraASA160072002?Open&of=fra-MMR (19626 words)

	Mosul - Refugees tell of forced conscription to defend city (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The reported forced conscription in Mosul echoed reports from refugees fleeing the government-controlled oil city of Kirkuk this week that Iraqi security forces had begun raiding homes in Kurdish districts and taking away men of fighting age.
		At Takia, 15 km from the frontline with Iraqi forces, nearly all residents have now left the town to seek refuge in the mountains to the north.
		At Chamchamal, Kurdish forces moved back their final checkpoint on Thursday afternoon after intermittent fire from the first line of Iraqi positions on a ridge 2 km away.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/870541/posts (585 words)

	Narinjara news
		In recent days there has been increased forced conscription into the armed services, resulting obviously from an alarming rise in desertion from the armed services said a source in the army.
		Previously a large number of Rakhine nationals joined the army finding no job opportunity in the state and because of rampant use of forced labour and forced relocation, resulting from wholesale militarization across the state, he added.
		It is hoped that the conscription drive will continue till the last village in the state is covered.
	www.ibiblio.org /obl/docs/NN2003-02-20.htm (419 words)

	Oromo Liberation Front claims forced conscription and mass detentions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In a similar statement, issued 8 June, the OLF claimed many wounded and disabled soldiers were being hidden from public view in remote camps, including Eda'ar in the Afar region, as well as in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit.
		Resistance to conscription drives in Oromia had led to a clash in Annanno Mite, Haraghe, where one boy was killed and six others imprisoned, alleged the statement.
		It also claimed traditional leaders and elders had been imprisoned for "opposing the conscription of their children to be used as cannon fodder".
	www.oromia.org /News/NewsArchive/news325.htm (363 words)

	Narinjara news
		July 03 and forced the village chairman to collect villagers for conscription to the army.
		Maung Tun Yein said that people are now most reluctant to join the army because most of the people extremely dislike the life of a soldier unlike in the past.
		Meanwhile the villagers have been forced to offer food and drink to the members of the Burmese army who came for conducting the conscription as well as to those who have been newly and forcefully recruited, he said.
	www.ibiblio.org /obl/docs/NN2003-07-17.htm (260 words)

	"we'll kill you if you cry"
		Thus, it is likely that the pro-government forces did not actually commit sexual violence on a widespread and systematic basis; however, the low number of identified cases may also be partially due to Human Rights Watch's human resource constraints, faced with the overwhelming number of abuses committed by the rebel forces.
		One case involved a female rebel forcing a male civilian to have sex during the January 1999 invasion of Freetown, and the second involved a RUF female training commander and male conscripts in Kono.
		Forcibly conscripted female combatants were in many ways as vulnerable as civilian abductees, and may have decided to stay with their rebel "husbands" for the same reasons as their civilian counterparts i.e.
	hrw.org /reports/2003/sierraleone/sierleon0103-06.htm (17250 words)

	Editorial: Wicked draft / Forced conscription is a bad remedy to bad policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		U.S. forces are in scores of places around the world, including South Korea, Haiti and Bosnia-Herzegovina.
		Over the long run, it would be bad for the military as well, weakening the highly motivated and professional volunteer force by larding the ranks with many conscripts who didn't want to be there.
		The problem is that President Bush has staked America's national prestige on carrying on in the face of growing turmoil in Iraq, which brings the administration on a collision course with reality.
	www.pittsburgpost-gazette.com /pg/04123/309273.stm (692 words)

	SBO News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Meles regime is forcefully conscripting Oromo youth into training camps for yet another senseless war with its neighboring Eritrea.
		Aliyyi Kurraza, Husen Mattani and Huseen Bakaree are the forerunner lackeys facilitating the conscription of the youth of Oromia for the war the Oromos deplore and do not believe is a just war, which above all does not concern them.
		It is to be noted that the Ethiopian government is reluctant to accept the decision of the UN body that states the border town of Badme will be in the territory of Eritrea.
	www.oromoliberationfront.org /SBONews/SN-040703-1.htm (129 words)

	Moving Here \| Stories \| The Association of Jewish Ex-Servicemen and Women (AJEX)
		The desire to avoid conscription was one of the principal motivations behind the mass emigration of Jews towards the end of the century.
		In the event, some 60,000 Jews served in the armed forces in the Second World War, and AJEX maintains records on nearly all of them in a card index laboriously put together by the Jewish Military Chaplains after many of the original documents were destroyed by bombing.
		In appreciation of the wartime dispensation that allowed Jews in the forces to take leave for the High Holy Days, in the 1960s AJEX initiated Operation Goodwill, under which Jewish volunteers relieve hospital staff on Christmas Day so that they can spend the day with their families.
	www.movinghere.org.uk /stories/story124/story124.htm (821 words)

	GB.273/MYANMAR - Governing Body
		Indeed, it is clear that the practice of forced labour is becoming more widespread and that the authorities in Myanmar are directly responsible for its increasing use, and actively involved in its exploitation.
		The ICFTU representation presented under article 24 of the Constitution in January 1993 addressed the particular case of the forced recruitment and abuse of porters by the military which was, at that time, the primary cause of concern.
		Since then, however, forced labour is being used systematically, on an ever larger scale, and in an increasing number of areas of activity.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb273/myanmar.htm (2379 words)

	UNHCR - Number of unaccompanied children seeking asylum steady despite wars and forced conscription (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees said that in the 17 European countries where data was available for both 1999 and 2000, the number of unaccompanied or separated children who submitted asylum applications remained steady both in their number (between 15,000 and 16,000) and in the percentage (four) of total asylum seekers.
		Whatever the figures, they represent a tiny portion of the number of children forced to leave their countries because of violence.
		Experts say that fully half of the world's refugees and displaced persons are children, and that more than two million of them have been killed in conflicts around the world during the past decade.
	www.unhcr.ch /cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendoc.htm?tbl=NEWS&id=3bf0dd74a&page=home (567 words)

	Local Gov’t officials seek to delete wartime issues - JapanUpdate.com - Okinawa News, Classifieds, Events, Culture, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Established in 1995, the AWF is a private organization funded by the Japanese government, and seeks to compensate Korean women forced into prostitution during Japan’s occupation of Korea from 1910-1945.
		The forced conscription of people from neighboring East Asian countries is another issue, in particular the many thousands of male South Koreans forced to work as laborers for the Japanese Imperial Army.
		The Miyazaki proposal argues the study of history “should be based on academic background,” and due to a “lack of established historical facts” the mention of both “comfort women” and forced conscription is “inappropriate” and should be removed, the report added.
	www.japanupdate.com /en?id=4860 (1180 words)

	LTTE terrorists continue with its forced conscription - InfoLanka Forum
		posted March 28, 2002 09:29 AM LTTE continued with its forced conscription campaign in the east forcing families to surrender children to the organisation or vacate their homes.
		A Tamil woman married to a Sinhalese has been asked to hand over her 26-year-old son Piyasena Ranawaka or vacate their home, a senior security forces officer said while adding "the family fled the area".
		The military said that Korakallimadu incident was the latest in a series of such incidents in the east since the LTTE reached a MoU with the government.
	www.infolanka.com /ubb/Forum1/HTML/007259.html (222 words)

	Walta Information Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Although the Issaias regime has always relied on a draft to field soldiers for its military, the Eritrean authorities have recently intensified their forced conscription campaign by conducting house-to-house searches for draft-dodgers and deserters.
		Moreover, recruitment for the eleventh round of Sawa military training is scheduled to being in the next few weeks, demonstrating the Eritrean government's intent to pursue the military option despite its supposed acceptance of the OAU Framework Agreement for peace and the Technical Arrangements for its implementation.
		Strengthening its fighting force is hardly the action of a government intent on pursuing peace.
	www.telecom.net.et /~walta/conflict/articles/article861.html (394 words)

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