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Topic: Forced molting

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - molting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		MOLTING [molting] periodical shedding and renewal of the outer skin, exoskeleton, fur, or feathers of an animal.
		Arthropods (e.g., insects and crustaceans) must molt their exoskeletons periodically in order to grow; in this process the inner layers of the old cuticle are digested by a molting fluid secreted by the epidermal cells, the animal emerges from the old covering, and the new cuticle hardens.
		Characterization of limb autotomy factor-proecdysis ([LAF.sub.pro]), isolated from limb regenerates, that suspends molting in the land crab Gecarcinus lateralis.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/m1/molting.asp (371 words)

	Forced Molting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Forced molting is the infliction of a "trauma" (Holt et al., 1994:1268).
		In the Salmonella-infested forced- molting environment, the spread of the disease to and among the hens appears to be increased by contaminated-feather consumption caused by being starved (Holt, 1995:248).
		Forced molted hens do not stop eating because they lose their appetite or don't want to eat, but because their food is taken away from them.
	www.poultry.org /molting.htm (3681 words)

	Farm Sanctuary - Campaigns Index Page
		Forced molting programs typically deprive hens of feed for 14 days or more and cause body weight losses of 25 to 35% (1).
		In arguing that forced molting should be prohibited, animal protection advocates cite cruelty to laying hens and the association between the practice and SE infection and transmission.
		Laboratory evidence has shown that forced molting results in increased SE infection among hens, and that hens with SE infections are capable of producing contaminated eggs.
	www.farmsanctuary.org /campaign/battery_campaignFDA_FS.htm (1771 words)

	The Animal Welfare and Food Safety Issues Associated With the Forced Molting of Laying Birds
		The three main methods of forced molting are (1) elimination or limitation of food and/or water; (2) feeding the birds low nutrient rations deficient in protein, calcium or sodium; (3) and administration of drugs, hormones, and metals including methalibure, chlormadinone, and progesterone, high levels of iodine, dietary aluminum, and zinc (Bell and Kuney, 1992:201).
		Forced molting is the infliction of a "trauma" that encourages disease (Holt et al., 1994:1268).
		Forced molting subjects an already overstressed bird, characterized as "having a complex nervous system designed to form a multitude of memories and to make complex decisions," to significantly more stress than she is already being forced to cope with (p.
	www.upc-online.org /molting/52703.htm (3905 words)

	[No title]
		Forced molting programs typically deprive hens of feed for up to 14 days and cause body weight losses of 25 to 35% (1).
		In arguing that forced molting should be prohibited, animal protection advocates cite cruelty to laying hens and the link between the practice and SE infection and transmission.
		Forced Molting Causes Tremendous Stress in Poultry which in turn Negatively Effects Human Health The FDA repeatedly argues that the issue of animal cruelty is outside the scope of the proposed rule.
	www.fda.gov /ohrms/dockets/dockets/00n0504/00N-0504_emc-001779.txt (915 words)

	"Information resources on induced molting in chickens 1902-2002"
		Molt was induced at the 431, 501, or 571 d, in Lohmann (L) and Hy-Line W-77 (H) hens, by 8 or 14 d, respectively, of feed withdrawal followed by a rest period of 16 d.
		The importance of the length of the rest period and of photoperiod as components of the forced molt procedure was evaluated in 650- and 560-d-old Lohman hens.
		Forced molting increased both thickness of egg shell and Haugh unit of the eggs, though the difference in Haugh units before and after the second forced molting was not significant.
	www.nal.usda.gov /awic/pubs/molting/nutr.htm (10816 words)

	Satya Aug 04: Vegetarian Advocate by Jack Rosenberger
		Forced molting simply doesn’t pass the Straight Face test: an adult can’t, with a straight face, make a statement such as, “It’s okay for egg producers to intentionally starve hens.” One’s face betrays the fact that most adults, even ones who adore sausage omelets or Egg McMuffins, are uncomfortable with forced molting.
		Forced molting is one of several ethically odious practices condoned by the AVMA.
		In its statement on forced molting, the AVMA asserts, “The AVMA sees molt induction as a necessary practice to reduce the number of hens required to meet the nation’s demand for eggs.” As for the fact that other nations have banned forced molting due to its obvious cruelty, the AVMA is silent.
	www.satyamag.com /aug04/rosenberger.html (837 words)

	Salmonella Control And Molting Of Egg-Laying Flocks--Are They Compatible
		Molted birds shed significantly higher numbers of SE during a forced molt as compared to unmolted birds.
		Molting increases a hen's susceptibility to SE infection and molting could conceivably alter the SE situation in a flock from that of a minor problem involving only a few birds to one where a large number of birds are affected.
		Since molted hens have an increased susceptibility to infection by SE from the environment, rodent control is essential, especially if molting is being considered as a management practice.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /BODY_VM017 (1197 words)

	Judaism and Vegetarianism
		Forced molting, commonly used by egg farmers to increase egg production, involves intentionally starving laying hens for up to 14 days, a process that forces the birds into a molt (to drop their feathers).
		The forced molt shocks the birds' systems into a new egg-laying cycle, and the result is that the surviving hens produce more and larger eggs.
		After a forced molt, hens, in their weakened condition, are far more likely to pass on salmonella, a potentially fatal disease that is particularly dangerous to children.
	www.jewishveg.com /alert.html (339 words)

	Get The Facts - Facts About the Poultry Industry
		Laying hens are also forced to live in a polluted environment due to toxic feed ingredients, accumulated feces, and excretory ammonia fumes.
		Molting is the natural process of shedding old feathers and the growth of new feathers.
		Forced molting methods include food and water deprivation, medications, and simulated light and dark cycles.
	www.api4animals.org /facts?p=374&more=1 (1026 words)

	New England Anti-vivisection Society (NEAVS)
		Induced molting is commonly used by the layer industry in the United States to stimulate multiple egg-laying cycles in hens.
		Here are three of the forced molting studies conducted by USDA immunologist Peter Holt and his associates at the Agricultural Research Service laboratory in Athens, Georgia.
		The results indicated that “molting hens using a feed removal method was superior to the no-salt continuous fed method, although excellent results did occur on one farm with the no-salt method” (Bell 2001 reported in Koelkebeck et al.
	www.neavs.org /programs/papers/birdsreasearch_5_agricultural_kdavis.htm (4657 words)

	Forced Molting
		Molting literally refers to the replacement of old feathers by new ones.
		Forced molting is not confined to battery hens.
		Forced Molting Ad run in the September, 1998 issue of DVM, asking Veterinarians to join us in urging the AVMA to oppose the forced molting of laying hens.
	www.upc-online.org /molting (978 words)

	NYSHA - "Forced Molting" -- A Cruel Farming Practice
		The practice of "forced molting" became popular in the '60's and rapidly became the prevalent management system, now practiced in 75% of egg producing facilities.
		Veterinarians who support this practice claim that forced molting is no different than the natural brooding (nesting) cycle in which hens eat much less as they incubate their eggs.
		However, forced molting is not initiated by the complicated hormonal cascade seen in natural brooding, in which the hen voluntarily reduces her food intake but still gets off the nest to eat every 2 to 3 days.
	www.nyshumane.org /Articles/molting.htm (471 words)

	Forced Molting of Chickens Used for Egg Production (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Forced molting is a starvation practice employed by the U.S. egg industry to manipulate egg laying and the economics of production.
		Forced molting is designed to force the birds to lose 25 to 35 percent of their body weight, particularly the abnormal fat that clogs the birds' oviducts from lack of exercise in confinement.
		Forced molting is a root cause of Se.
	www.avar.org /forced_molting.html (833 words)

	Differentdawn Forums - Contact the FDA to Ban Forced Molting in the Poultry Industry!
		Please contact the FDA, and urge them to ban forced molting, a practice in which hens may be starved for up to 14 days to induce a new egg laying cycle.
		Not only is forced molting extremely cruel, it is associated with salmonella infection and transmission among laying hens.
		Forced molting is very stressful to the hens, and the increased anxiety has been shown to depress immunity, leaving the hens much more vulnerable to transmissible diseases like salmonella.
	www.differentdawn.com /board/printthread.php?t=717 (292 words)

	AnimalLaw.com
		"Forced Molting" means the deliberate withholding of food or water from a laying hen in order to induce a loss and re-growth of feathers for the purpose of increasing or extending egg production.
		Over 300 million egg laying hens are confined in battery cages in the U.S. and most are subject to forced molting in order to extend and increase their egg production.
		Forced molting is a procedure designed to extend egg production.
	www.animallaw.com /safegg.cfm (1202 words)

	Starving Hens
		To trigger the physiological shock of the forced molt, a University of California poultry researcher (Donald Bell) recommends the removal of all food for no less than five days and as long as fourteen days.
		Forced molting should be banned in this country as was done in Great Britain in 1987.
		Readers wishing to receive more information, including a copy of the petition to stop the forced molting of laying hens, are encouraged to write to United Poultry Concerns, P.O. Box 59367, Potomac, Maryland 20859; and the Association of Veterinarians for Animal Rights, P.O. Box 208, Davis, CA 95617.
	www.parkc.org /starvinghens.htm (685 words)

	Newhouse A1
		While bigger cages have been a primary concern among animal rights activists, the guidelines, created by an independent panel, also cover other problem areas: beak trimming; forced molting, which involves cutting off food to a hen to force it to stop laying eggs temporarily; and transportation and handling of the birds.
		Forced molting, which also has drawn protests from animal-rights activists, also is allowed.
		The BBB had called the logo misleading because it didn't indicate the size of the cages and continuation of beak trimming and forced molting.
	www.newhousenews.com /archive/yeske082604.html (800 words)

	Meat Stinks: McCruelty to go.
		Every year, forced molting causes intense and unjustifiable misery for millions of egg-laying hens as they are starved and kept in pitch dark for up to two weeks in order to shock and trick their bodies into one more laying cycle.
		There is nothing natural about this process; during a natural molt, hens still consume vast amounts of food and do not die by the thousands in crowded cages amidst the feces-covered corpses of their cagemates.
		The serious risks to human health and animal welfare caused by forced molting can no longer be ignored; the occurrence of fatal Se poisonings and severe animal suffering caused by the practice are all too real.
	www.mccruelty.com /82kpeta.html (596 words)

	"Information resources on induced molting in chickens 1902-2002"
		By a number of characteristics, including economic ones, 2 schemes of forcing molting in poultry appeared to be most efficient: fasting for 9 days under intermittent lighting and fasting for 6 days followed by alternation of three days of fasting with days of limited feeding hens under regime of non-intermittent lighting.
		Forced laying hen molt resulted in higher net profit for 2 different molt regimens than for the no-molt alternative.
		The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether forced molting is used to slow egg production during periods of falling or low egg prices or periods of high or rising feed costs.
	www.nal.usda.gov /awic/pubs/molting/econ.htm (2471 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Reduction of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis Colonization and Invasion by An Alfalfa ...
		Chickens and other avian species undergo a natural process called molting, where feathers are lost, the reproductive tract shrinks, and the hens quit laying eggs; basically, the hens have a period of rest.
		This is important because the results of this study suggest that an alfalfa diet has the potential to be used as an alternative method for forced molting, thus allowing the producers to benefit economically from a second productive egg-laying cycle without increasing the risk of producing SE contaminated eggs that may be consumed by humans.
		Therefore, the results of this study suggest that an alfalfa diet has the potential to be used as an alternative method for forced molting, without increasing the incidence of SE in eggs and internal organs.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=171357 (681 words)

	Induced molting resolution fails, but delegate support for alternatives grows - September 1, 2001
		As written, the resolution would prevent alternative methods to a practice that is of some benefit to the birds, she said.
		Clubb acknowledged that the AAV believes that methods to induce molting can be improved, and she encouraged the AVMA to pressure the industry to increase research and review of the practice.
		She added that the AAV and the American Association of Avian Pathologists are working together on a resolution about this issue that might be submitted next year.
	www.avma.org /onlnews/javma/sep01/s090101i.asp (452 words)

	Go Vegan Texas! - Kinship Circle
		The forced starvation of chickens in 10 to 14 day cycles is clearly inhumane.
		While it may boost egg output, forced molting is only "necessary" because the birds are so distressed in the first place.
		In fact, forced molting is implicated in the epidemic of foodborne illnesses.
	www.govegantexas.org /letters/kinship.php?id=70 (415 words)

	Factory Farming - Needs Title
		While the European Union has already banned practices such as the "forced molting" of hens and has required a phasing out of all chicken caging by 2012, U.S. authorities have moved more slowly and have relied more on industry recommendations.
		The practice of forced molting--which involves the withholding of food for five to 14 days--has been used by producers for decades to increase the egg-laying capacity of hens.
		But some scientists have concluded that the stress of forced molting can increase the levels of disease-causing salmonella, and animal rights activists have called it inhumane.
	www.factoryfarming.com /wp_mcd.htm (1008 words)

	Research: Background — Compassionate Action for Animals
		While cannibalism does not in fact occur, hens in factory farms do display a distorted behavior of defense that is caused by abnormal levels of stress, crowding, and the restriction of normal activities, which is what they experience during life in a cage.
		Forced molting is one of the most gruesome practices in animal agriculture.
		The forced molt is a final way to exploit hens before they become "worthless" as egg-laying machines, at which point they're slaughtered for low-grade meat.
	www.exploreveg.org /feat/bbc/research/background.html (1316 words)

	Humane Society criticizes new egg industry guidelines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Humane Society believes that forced molting should be eliminated altogether and that beak trimming is unnecessary for caged hens.
		Egg producers in the European Union do not force molt birds, and they must eliminate the use of battery cages by 2012.
		Forced molting involves restricting light, food and water to force chickens into a molt cycle, which increases subsequent egg production but also has been shown to lead to increased levels of salmonella contamination.
	www.applegatefarms.com /A556B4/News.nsf/1b5d6e116166eb1485256a12005f1dfc/c2c27f58272e1e8185256bf00045b510!OpenDocument (492 words)

	AVMA Poultry Position Statement: Forced Molting of Egg-Laying Hens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		I am sure I don’t need to tell you how cruel and inhumane the practice of forced molting is, or that (unfortunately) is not an illegal practice.
		Knowing that you and your association also stand for the humane and proper treatment of animals by their human caregivers, I would like to encourage you to recommend the approval of a proposed resolution to revise the AVMA’s poultry position statement to include an indictment of this brutal practice.
		Standing in opposition to this practice is standing up for the health and well-being of not only the creatures currently experiencing forced molting procedures, but for those who consume their eggs.
	www.animaladvocacy.net /letters/avma_hens.html (289 words)

	Satya May 00: Changing the Legal Status of Chickens by Karen Davis
		Molting literally refers to the replacement of old feathers by new ones in birds over the course of a year to maintain good plumage at all times.
		The egg industry exploits this natural process by forcing flocks to molt simultaneously in order to pump a few hundred more eggs out of exhausted hens.
		Conversations with California Assembly Members and staffers convinced the AVAR that the best and probably only way of getting a bill to ban forced molting, let alone getting one passed into law, was to emphasize the health (Salmonella) issue.
	www.satyamag.com /may00/davis.html (1069 words)

	Petfinder Library
		After a year of producing eggs, 60 percent of hens in the United States endure the process of forced molting—a starvation practice in which food is withheld for four to 21 days—in order to shock the birds’ systems into an additional cycle of egg laying.
		Ironically, although activist efforts to ban forced molting increase public awareness of cruel industry practices, experts worry about the ramifications should such mandates be instituted.
		“Instead of taking hens through a molt, we’ll double or triple the numbers of hens brought into the system.” Duncan points out that forced molting is not practiced in Canada, and after a year, a new set of birds replaces the spent hens.
	www.petfinder.org /journalindex.cgi?path=/public/animalissuesawareness/animalcrueltyissues/1.37.14.txt (1827 words)

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