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Topic: Foreign relations of Venezuela

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	Venezuela - FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Venezuela shipped half of its exports to the United States in 1988, with another 6 percent destined for West Germany, 4 percent to Japan, 4 percent to Cuba, and nearly another 4 percent to Canada.
		Venezuela exported oil to a large number of other countries, quantities of which were often controlled under OPEC quotas or other agreements, such as the San José Accord (see Petroleum; Natural Gas and Petrochemicals, this ch.).
		Venezuela did, however, accept Ancom's provisions to lower the profile of foreign investment by reducing the level of such investment to 50 or 20 percent depending on the sector.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-14562.html (1217 words)

	Venezuela (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Venezuela was the site of the first Spanish settlement in South America in 1522 and most of the territory eventually part of the viceroyalty of New Granada.
		Venezuela along with what are now Colombia Panama and Ecuador was part of the Republic of Greater Colombia (Gran Colombia) until 1830 when Venezuela separated and became a republic.
		Venezuela is home to a wide variety landscapes such as the northeasternmost extensions of Andes mountains in the northwest and along northern Caribbean coast of which the highest point the Pico Bolivar at 5 007 m.
	www.freeglossary.com /Venezuela (1875 words)

	Venezuela (11/06)
		Venezuela was a relatively neglected colony in the 1500s and 1600s as the Spaniards focused on extracting gold and silver from other areas of the Americas.
		Venezuela is currently advocating regional integration through its PetroCaribe and PetroSur petroleum initiatives, the creation of a South American Community of Nations, and the establishment of the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (a social integration project proposed by President Chavez as an alternative to the Free Trade Area of the Americas).
		Relations with Guyana are complicated by Venezuela's claim to roughly three-quarters of Guyana's territory.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/35766.htm (4936 words)

	Foreign relations of Venezuela - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since Hugo Chávez was elected President of Venezuela, the long-standing close diplomatic relationship between Venezuela and the United States have progressively worsened.
		During Venezuela's presidency of OPEC in 2000, Chávez made a ten-day tour of OPEC countries, in the process becoming the first head of state to meet Saddam Hussein since the Gulf War.
		Venezuela is a small-scale producer of opium for the international drug trade.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Venezuela (1039 words)

	The EU's relations with Venezuela - Overview
		Relations between the EU and Venezuela are mainly carried out on a regional basis with the Andean Community.
		Political relations were strengthened and institutionalised through the signing of a Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement between the EU and the Andean Community on 15 December 2003.
		Venezuela’s foreign trade policy mainly revolves around a desire to diversify exports and gain access to new markets in order to ensure that economic benefits are shared out in a more balanced fashion in society.
	ec.europa.eu /comm/external_relations/venezuela/intro/index.htm (1678 words)

	Venezuela - FOREIGN RELATIONS
		One auspicious indication of this was the talks between the foreign ministers, held both in Venezuela and Guyana, in early 1990.
		Venezuela had suspended its oil trade with Nicaragua in 1982 as a result of that nation's default in paying its oil import bill; the cutoff was also intended to signal Venezuela's disappointment with the lack of progress toward democratic government in Nicaragua at the time.
		Venezuela's domestic breakthrough in 1958 to a functioning democratic system was soon reflected in the conduct of its foreign policy.
	countrystudies.us /venezuela/50.htm (1573 words)

	Venezuela and Iran, diplomatic relations, trade deals and revolutionary foreign policy
		Above all, the revolution in Venezuela derives its strength from the revolutionary movement of millions of ordinary working people, who are organising to change their lives and are participating directly in deciding over their own future.
		Venezuela is also trying to widen its scope of alternative markets, particularly in Asia, to reduce the impact of any future problems with the Americans, and reduce its historical dependency on the United States.
		Diplomacy and trade relations are a necessary part of the foreign policy of any country, even one where there is a revolution taking place.
	www.marxist.com /venezuela-iran-revolutionary-policy210706.htm (1606 words)

	History of Venezuela (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The which constitute today's Venezuela were relatively neglected under the central authority of the Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru situated in the places where the American Empires (mainly Aztecs and Incas) had had their capital Those were the centers of interest for Spaniards in the 1500s and 1600s because the gold and silver mines.
		After several years of war that half of Venezuela's white population the country independence from Spain in 1821 under the leadership of its most son Simón Bolívar.
		Venezuela along with what are now Colombia Panama and Ecuador was part of the Republic of Gran Colombia until 1830 when Venezuela separated and became a country.
	www.freeglossary.com /History_of_Venezuela (792 words)

	Financial Sense "Venezuela Under Chavez: Insiders Comment..." World Energy Monthly Review 05/12/2006
		Venezuela’s government is using oil and the generous income it generates as a geopolitical weapon against the interests of its own people.
		Due to Venezuela’s role as one of the main energy producers in the Western Hemisphere, it is imperative that the oil industry regain the importance it had decades ago.
		Venezuela is the biggest reserve holder of oil and gas in the Western Hemisphere, with 316 billion barrels of crude oil reserves and 150 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves, which by any form of calculation is the cornerstone to guarantee the energy security of the hemisphere.
	www.financialsense.com /editorials/worldenergy/2006/0512.html (3203 words)

	Venezuela: The Recall That Matters \| www.vcrisis.com
		The Chavez regime's continuing manipulation of Venezuela's political institutions, manipulation intended to limit the political participation of dissenting citizens, is exactly the situation that the citizen-centric definition of the threat to democracy was intended to counter.
		Jose Vicente Rangel, vice-President of Venezuela, and Cesar Gaviria, OAS Secretary General, concurred (in separate and unrelated statements) that the request was invalid because it did not originate with a "government".
		The ministry stated that its foreign relations with Venezuela are "managed having the principles consecrated in the Charter of the United Nations as frame and guide".
	www.vcrisis.com /?content=letters/200405071419 (1844 words)

	Venezuela (02/05)
		Venezuela’s prevailing political calm came to an end in 1989, when Venezuela experienced riots in which more than 200 people were killed.
		Venezuela’s Gaseous Hydrocarbons Law provides significantly more liberal terms and two large natural gas projects are in different stages of development.
		Venezuela has longstanding border disputes with Colombia -- most recently over the capture of a Colombian insurgent leader inside Venezuela -- and Guyana, but seeks in general to resolve them peacefully.
	www.state.gov /outofdate/bgn/v/47586.htm (3970 words)

	Guyana - Relations with Venezuela (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Relations between Guyana and Venezuela have been driven by a persistent border dispute.
		Venezuela's claim to a mineral-rich five-eighths of Guyana's total land mass dates back to the early nineteenth century.
		Pressure on Venezuela to resolve the dispute led to the Protocol of Port-of- Spain, whereby in 1970 Guyana and Venezuela agreed to a twelve-year moratorium on the dispute.
	countrystudies.us /guyana/87.htm (483 words)

	Winne.com - Report on Venezuela, Learns to diversify after turbulent political times
		Relations with Guyana are complicated by Venezuela's claim to more than half of Guyana's territory.
		U.S. relations with Venezuela are close and we share a strong mutual commitment to democracy.
		Venezuela is the number-one supplier of foreign oil to the U.S. market, and U.S.-Venezuelan commercial ties are close.
	www.winne.com /venezuela2/bf04.html (781 words)

	US investigates risk of losing oil supplies from Venezuela \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		Venezuela accounts for about 15 per cent of US crude oil supplies and also has the largest proved reserves in the western hemisphere.
		Ali Rodriguez, Venezuela's foreign minister, said recently that his country was not seeking to deny oil to the US, but was diversifying its markets.
		Venezuela is studying how it can ship oil to China, either through the Panama Canal or via a pipeline across the Panamanian isthmus.
	www.energybulletin.net /4011/html (593 words)

	FRONTLINE/WORLD . Venezuela - A Nation On Edge . Hugo Chavez's Neighborhood \| PBS
		Venezuela is the fourth-largest supplier of oil to the United States, providing nearly 15 percent of all U.S. imports.
		None of the other newly elected presidents is nearly as pugnacious as Chavez in public comments about relations with the United States.
		Chavez has been highly critical of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), but Kirchner has said that good relations with the IMF are crucial in managing his country's swelling debt.
	www.pbs.org /frontlineworld/stories/venezuela/neighborhoodb.html (1267 words)

	Foreign aid to Venezuela - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Venezuela currently is not receiving any major foreign aid from the United States.
		Instead, Venezuela's bilateral economic relations were characterized by technical cooperation agreements, student exchange programs, or commercial accords similar to those signed by the major industrial nations.
		Venezuela used this oil wealth to enlarge its profile in regional and international affairs, a prestige it aggressively sought.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Venezuela (789 words)

	Venezuela
		However, Venezuela was a relatively neglected colony in the 1500s and 1600s as the Spaniards focused on extracting gold from other areas of their empire in the Americas.
		Foreign participation in commercial companies in Venezuela can undertake two forms: first, under the foreign investment system, whereby foreign capital is invested in Venezuela to create a new company or investor acquire an existing one; and second, through the system of operation in the country by companies incorporated abroad.
		Foreign banks may now enter the Venezuelan market in one of three ways: acquisition of shares of existing commercial banks or other financial institutions; creation of a new bank or other financial institution wholly owned by foreign banks or investors; or establishment of a branch of a foreign bank or financial institution.
	www.onlinelearning.net /instructors/smurr/LatAm/sam/venz.html (15814 words)

	Crisis in Venezuela is a threat to US interests -DAWN - International; December 19, 2002
		CARACAS: Venezuela’s political crisis, marked by a 16-day-old general strike, has become a threat to US interests, particularly the security of its petroleum supplies, just when Washington is preparing for a war in the Persian Gulf region, home to 65 per cent of the world’s oil reserves.
		Venezuela holds an estimated seven percent of the world’s petroleum reserves and has the capacity to extract three million 159-litre barrels of oil a day.
		Humberto Caldersn, a former Energy minister of Venezuela, noted that “it is unlikely that the actions planned against Baghdad could be moved up in circumstances that imply the absence of five million barrels of oil a day from the world market,” in other words, the combined output of Iraq and Venezuela.
	www.dawn.com /2002/12/19/int13.htm (948 words)

	A Venezuela Primer - Local News
		Venezuela was a relatively neglected colony in the 1500s and 1600s as the Spaniards focused on extracting gold from other areas of their empire in the Americas.
		Venezuela, along with what are now Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador, was part of the Republic of Gran Colombia until 1830, when Venezuela separated and became a sovereign country.
		Venezuela's history of free and open elections since 1958 and its prohibition of military involvement in national politics earned it a reputation as one of the more stable democracies in Latin America.
	www.nbc6.net /News/1395671/detail.html (1166 words)

	Venezuela's Foreign Policy: Defiance South of the Border - Steve Ellner
		Nationalist sentiment underpins their arguments: With the foreign take-over of strategic industries through privatization, widespread corruption and total government incompetence, what is at stake is not only national security but the broader issue of national sovereignty.
		Venezuela's representative in the OAS, Virginia Contreras, claims that in so many words Barre McCaffrey told Chávez what should come as no surprise to anyone: the U.S. would never allow a foreign country to do what it is requesting of Venezuela.
		Foreign Minister Rangel and other top Venezuelan government spokesmen addressed the conference and stressed Chávez's commitment to participatory democracy which, according to them, replaced the nation's previous system of representative democracy based on a coterie of corrupt leaders belonging to the traditional parties.
	www.neravt.com /left/contributors/ellner7.htm (3115 words)

	US Senate Foreign Relations Chair and Venezuela's Chavez Meet [Voltaire]
		"Venezuela intends to have increased capacity and to be a long-term supplier of oil to the United States." Venezuela currently supplies the United States with over 15% of its oil, making the South American nation its 4th largest supplier, after Saudi Arabia, Canada and Mexico.
		Relations between the United States and Venezuela have taken a turn for the worse in recent months, with barrage of accusations from both parties made on an almost daily basis.
		Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia are important countries in South America, as well as important trading partners and strategic partners with the United States.
	www.voltairenet.org /article124500.html (531 words)

	Venezuela Referendum: Interviews Available -- Institute for Public Accuracy (IPA)
		Lander is professor of social sciences at the Central University of Venezuela in Caracas.
		In all likelihood it will ratify a president who has been said to be an unpopular 'dictator in the making.' The reason observers who said this got Venezuela so wrong is that they ignored that Chavez actually is a democrat who pays attention to the poor, as this unprecedented referendum and Chavez's policies prove.
		Executive director of the Venezuela Information Office, a D.C.-based organization contracted by the Venezuelan Embassy, James said today: "The anticipated victory by President Chavez in the referendum should lead to a fundamental rethinking of U.S. policy towards Venezuela.
	www.accuracy.org /newsrelease.php?articleId=85 (430 words)

	Emerging Markets Country Risk Report of Venezuela (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Despite Washington’s best efforts to isolate Venezuela, the country has greatly strengthened its foreign commercial and diplomatic ties over the past two years — the culmination of which will be a seat on the U.N. Security Council for Caracas.
		Venezuela’s strong foreign relations with many countries far outweighs its deteriorating relations with the U.S. Venezuela’s December 3 presidential elections will return Hugo Chavez to office for another six-year term.
		Venezuela’s economy has benefited enormously from rising international oil prices over the past three years.
	www.condoradvisers.com /ViewReport.php?ReportID=181 (227 words)

	Venezuela Hopes for Better U.S. Relations, Rejects Comments by Noriega and Nelson
		Jun 30 (Venezuelanalysis.com).- According to Venezuela Foreign Relations Vice Minister, Arevalo Mendez, Venezuela is very interested in strengthening its relations with the United States.
		Venezuela's Foreign Minister denounces at OAS the frequent negative statements by U.S. officials against President Chavez
		Speech by Foreign Relations Minister Roy Chaderton at the 58th session of the General Assembly of the United Nations
	www.venezuelanalysis.com /news.php?newsno=1302 (1267 words)

	JFK airport guards frisk Venezuelan minister (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Venezuela Foreign Relations Minister Nicolas Maduro advised the UN General Secretary Kofi Annan on his 90-minute arrest at the John F. Kennedy (JFK) airport in New York [recently].
		However, in his condition of Foreign Relations Minister Maduro is protected by the Geneva Convention and does not need any corporal search.
		Maduro insisted that his government remains in contact with the UN and that is seeking a group of attorneys to investigate the incident violating of international laws.
	www.trumpetamerica.org /060924ta1923.html (278 words)

	Mario Profaca: Americas and Caribbean: Venezuela
		Venezuela's Defense Minister General Garcia Carneiro said, "A reserve battalion was activated in order to comply with security functions in all oil zones.
		Venezuela is arming its common citizens with arms and techniques to fight a covert war.
		Venezuela on Thursday rebuffed the latest US charges of its arms deal, saying Washington is applying double standards to the issue.
	mprofaca.cro.net /venezuela.html (3009 words)

	Security Watchtower
		Cesar Alvarez has an interesting backgrounder at the Council on Foreign Relations on Venezuela, and Chavez's attempts to leverage its oil wealth.
		Venezuela and Iran made agreements in August 2006 to build joint oil refineries in Indonesia, Syria, and Venezuela.
		Venezuela is currently undergoing a process of industrialisation to make it less dependent on US imports.
	www.securitywatchtower.com /archives/004290venezuela_and_oil.html (321 words)

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