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Topic: Foreign relations of Western Sahara

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	Morocco (10/07)
		Foreign exchange reserves are strong, with over $16 billion in reserves, the equivalent of 11 months of imports at the end of 2005.
		Morocco's claim to sovereignty over the Western Sahara is based largely on a historical argument of traditional loyalty of the Sahrawi tribal leaders to the Moroccan sultan as spiritual leader and ruler.
		With the establishment of a Moroccan and Mauritanian presence throughout the territory, however, Spain's role in the administration of the Western Sahara ceased.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/5431.htm (4326 words)

	Foreign relations of Morocco - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The territory—an area of wasteland and desert bordering the Atlantic Ocean between Mauritania and Morocco—is contested by Morocco and the Polisario (an independence movement based in the region of Tindouf, Algeria).
		Morocco’s claim to sovereignty over the Sahara is based largely on an historical argument of traditional loyalty of the Sahrawi tribal leaders to the Moroccan sultan as spiritual leader and ruler.
		With the establishment of a Moroccan and Mauritanian presence throughout the territory, however, Spain’s role in the administration of the Western Sahara ceased altogether.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Morocco (1130 words)

	Western Sahara - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Western Sahara (EH in ISO 3166-1) is a region of northwestern Africa, bordering Morocco on the north, Algeria on the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic ocean on the west.
		Western Sahara is located in Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Mauritania and Morocco.
		Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and lacking sufficient rainfall, depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing, and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for the population.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /w/we/western_sahara.html (302 words)

	WSO \| Peace plan for self-determination of the people of Western Sahara
		The present peace plan for self-determination of the people of Western Sahara is an agreement by and between the Kingdom of Morocco and the Frente POLISARIO (which are the interested parties), joined by the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria and the Islamic Republic of Mauritania (which are the neighbouring countries) and the United Nations.
		The final status of Western Sahara shall be determined by a referendum conducted in accordance with part II of the plan.
		Neither Morocco nor the Western Sahara Authority may unilaterally change or abolish the status of Western Sahara, except for the adoption of such laws as may be necessary to conform to the results of the referendum on final status.
	www.wsahara.net /03/bakerplan.html (1432 words)

	Foreign Policy In Focus \| Morocco and Western Sahara
		Morocco has occupied Western Sahara since 1975 in violation of resolutions by the UN Security Council and a decision by the International Court of Justice.
		Despite recommendations by the 1992 Senate Foreign Relations Committee report urging Washington to pressure Morocco to comply with the terms of the accord, the shift in U.S. policy back toward the strong pro-Moroccan position of the Reagan administration was strengthened still further when President Clinton assumed office.
		The Western Sahara standoff also constitutes the major obstacle to greater cooperation between the countries of northwestern Africa—known as the Maghreb—and has nearly triggered open warfare between Morocco and the neighboring states of Algeria and Mauritania.
	www.fpif.org /fpiftxt/203 (2374 words)

	Western Sahara: Background Brief (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Foreign Policy In Focus is a joint project of the Interhemipsheric Resource Center (IRC) and the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS).
		Despite recommendations by the 1992 Senate Foreign Relations Committee report urging Washington to pressure Morocco to comply with the terms of the accord, the shift in U.S. policy back toward the strong pro-Moroccan position of the Reagan administration was strengthened still further when President Clinton assumed office.
		The Western Sahara standoff also constitutes the major obstacle to greater cooperation between the countries of northwestern Africa-known as the Maghreb-and has nearly triggered open warfare between Morocco and the neighboring states of Algeria and Mauritania.
	www.africaaction.org /docs99/wsah9901.htm (2533 words)

	Western Sahara Briefing
		The Western Sahara Campaign was particularly concerned by the role which the UK played during this period, as it appeared that action was being taken to favour the Moroccan position.
		Gharekhan's mission was undertaken against the backdrop of deteriorating relations between Morocco and Algeria, the former accusing the latter of interfering in the Western Sahara conflict.
		The Western Sahara Campaign was created to campaign for a just settlement to the Western Sahara conflict based on the inalienable right of the Saharawi people to exercise a free and fair vote on their future.
	www.btinternet.com /~donald.macdonald/wsc1.htm (2882 words)

	CorpWatch : Mixing Occuption and Oil in Western Sahara
		Western Sahara is a disputed territory sandwiched between Mauritania and Morocco, on the north African coast of the Atlantic ocean.
		From the middle of the Sahara to all along the coast, West Africa is fast becoming an importance source of oil and gas for the United States.
		Western Sahara is far more visible at the United Nations where its fate is under the management of the Security Council.
	www.corpwatch.org /article.php?id=12506 (2303 words)

	999 Western Sahara
		Western Sahara (EH in ISO 3166-1) is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands.
		On November 6, 1975 the Green March into Western Sahara began when 300,000 unarmed Moroccans converged on the city of Tarfaya in southern Morocco and waited for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross into Western Sahara.
		Western Sahara is located in Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Mauritania and Morocco.
	www.999westernsahara.com (2274 words)

	WSO\| Latest News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Victorian Branch of the Australia Western Sahara Association (AWSA) was established at a meeting in Melbourne, Thursday, 9 June 2005..
		South Africa, a traditional backer of independence for the Western Sahara from Morocco, said its decision was in line with "the principles and objectives enshrined in the African Union and United Nations Charters".
		The SADR rules Western Sahara in exile because the country is currently occupied by the Kingdom of Morocco.
	www.wsahara.net /news.html (2483 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The other exception, relating to the use of arms by the local authority in law enforcement, would have to be carefully defined in order to avoid any misuse endangering the security of the country.
		Indeed, the representatives of a local authority may participate in such delegations, and consultations with the local authority may be envisaged when the latter is directly concerned by a particular area of the country's foreign relations.
		Nevertheless, the Kingdom retains exclusive responsibility for those foreign relations and, accordingly, the expression "foreign relations of Western Sahara" appearing in the document, does not seem appropriate.
	www.kaapeli.fi /~pulut/lansisahara/asiakirjat/16_kofi_a3_1.html (2999 words)

	Foreign Policy In Focus \| 60-Second Expert: Western Sahara
		Rabat has said it is willing to consider an autonomous, locally elected government in Western Sahara, which would have powers independent of the central government, albeit circumscribed by Morocco's ultimate sovereignty.
		As the diplomatic stalemate worsens, conditions on the ground in Western Sahara are pointing toward renewed armed conflict.
		He is a contributor to Foreign Policy In Focus (www.fpif.org).
	www.fpif.org /fpiftxt/4176 (542 words)

	Mauritania - FOREIGN RELATIONS
		As a result, Mauritania's foreign policy, like that of other developing states, represents at once an extension of the president's personality and the embodiment of an otherwise fragile state.
		Close relations with France, on whom Mauritania continued to rely for much of its development aid, remained the cornerstone of Mauritanian foreign policy through the late 1980s.
		Spain's withdrawal from the Spanish Sahara and the latter's partition and annexation by Mauritania and Morocco in 1976 inaugurated an eight-year period of conflict and fighting against Polisario guerrillas of the SADR, resulting in military setbacks and stagnating diplomacy for Mauritania.
	countrystudies.us /mauritania/62.htm (1044 words)

	Western Sahara: UN Plan and Critique (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is high time to settle the dispute over Western Sahara, so that the Maghreb region may finally focus on cooperation and development and enable all its people to look to a better future.
		The population of Western Sahara, through their executive, legislative and judicial bodies shall have exclusive competence over local governmental administration, territorial budget and taxation, law enforcement, internal security, social welfare, culture, education, commerce, transportation, agriculture, mining, fisheries and industry, environmental policy, housing and urban development, water and electricity, roads and other basic infrastructure.
		The status of Western Sahara will be submitted to a referendum of qualified voters on such date as the parties hereto shall agree, within the five year period following the initial actions to implement this agreement.
	www.africaaction.org /docs01/wsah0106.htm (1760 words)

	The Christian Science Monitor \| csmonitor.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A similar chain of events connects the Saharawi people of Western Sahara with Algeria, which has helped them, and Morocco, which occupies their territory.
		Western Sahara, about the size of Nevada, lies south of Morocco on the Atlantic coast.
		In Western Sahara, after nearly 25 years, the promised referendum still has not been held.
	www.csmonitor.com /durable/1999/11/12/fp11s3-csm.shtml (764 words)

	GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Morocco - Foreign Relations
		As a result of Algeria's continued support for the Polisario Front in the dispute over Western Sahara, relations between Morocco and Algeria have remained strained over the past several decades, although there continues to be high-level contact between the two countries.
		Morocco's claim to sovereignty over the Western Sahara is based largely on an historical argument of traditional loyalty of the Sahrawi tribal leaders to the Moroccan sultan as spiritual leader and ruler.
		In 1984, the OAU seated a delegation of the Sahara Democratic Arab Republic (SDAR), the shadow government of the Polisario; Morocco, consequently, withdrew from the OAU.
	www.geographyiq.com /countries/mo/Morocco_relations_summary.htm (1026 words)

	Foreign Relations for Madagascar
		New directions in foreign policy were equally pronounced in Madagascar's relationships with other developing countries and its positions in a variety of international forums.
		Relations were fully restored with Washington in November 1980 when United States Ambassador Fernando E. Rondon assumed his post for the first time since his predecessor had been recalled during the summer of 1975.
		The cornerstone of Madagascar's foreign policy in the post- Cold War era is the continued diversification of ties, with an emphasis on promoting economic exchanges.
	www.wildmadagascar.org /overview/loc/43-foreign_relations.html (2874 words)

	Western Sahara - Global Policy Forum UN Security Council
		In 1975, after a century of colonial rule in Western Sahara, Spain ceded to Moroccan pressure and agreed to partition the colony between Morocco and Mauritania.
		Eyeing Western Sahara's rich phosphate mines, fishing resources and potential oil reserves, Morocco insisted that some of its nationals be allowed to vote in the referendum and it delayed talks aimed at resolving the issues.
		Expressing optimism about the peace plan in Western Sahara, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan urged the Security Council to extend the UN peacekeeping mandate in the country, giving the conflicting parties more time to work with each other.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/wsahara/wsindex.htm (1572 words)

	Western Sahara rebels release last Moroccan prisoners: ICRC (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Polisario rebels of Western Sahara freed the last Moroccan prisoners they were still holding, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) said after monitoring the release.
		Lugar, a Republican who chairs the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, was asked by President George W. Bush to travel to the region to supervise the handover, said Lugar's spokesman, Andy Fisher.
		Efforts to resolve the Western Sahara problem are deadlocked, with Morocco rejecting the last United Nations plan for a five-year period of autonomy followed by a self-determination referendum.
	archive.turkishpress.com /news.asp?id=66028 (615 words)

	Foreign Affairs - Book Review - Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War - Tony Hodges
		Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War.
		Against this backdrop, he describes the political and military development of the current war over the Sahara, in which Morocco is pitted against the Saharan liberation movement and its Algerian and Libyan allies.
		The author clearly sympathizes with the Polisario insurgents (whom he characterizes as the most effective African liberation movement to date) and his very careful sorting of the issues balances full-fledged Saharan nationalism against the rather desperate Moroccan appropriation of a unifying political issue as well as a disputed territory.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19840601fabook11922/tony-hodges/western-sahara-the-roots-of-a-desert-war.html (258 words)

	Madagascar - Foreign Relations
		In a series of diplomatic moves that three years later were embraced by the Ratsiraka regime as the cornerstones of the Second Republic, the Ramanantsoa regime pronounced Madagascar's commitment to nonalignment, anti-imperialism, anticolonialism, and antiracism in international affairs.
		The Ratsiraka regime had gained little in the form of economic assistance from its friendly relations with the Soviet Union and other communist countries--aid from these sources constituted less than 1 percent of all bilateral assistance from 1977 to 1980--and was confronted with the harsh realities of economic decline.
		Indeed, relations with the West appeared to be on the upswing at the beginning of the 1980s, whereas those with the communist countries were more or less static--despite the similarity of views on a wide range of international issues routinely reaffirmed by the spokespersons of Madagascar and of communist countries.
	countrystudies.us /madagascar/29.htm (2358 words)

	Nigeria - Foreign Relations
		Since independence, Nigerian foreign policy has been characterized by a focus on Africa and by attachment to several fundamental principles: African unity and independence; peaceful settlement of disputes; non-alignment and nonintervention in the internal affairs of other nations; and regional economic cooperation and development.
		Former foreign minister of Cote d'Ivoire, Amara Essy, was elected the first Secretary-General of the African Union.
		We are here for the fls, not for the whites." With Louis Farrakhan, leader of the U.S.-based Nation of Islam movement, standing behind him, this statement was taken as an affront to increased western relations as opposed to the Union's goal of increasing economic ties with wealthier countries.
	www.nigeriadailynews.com /Nigeria/news_item.asp?NewsID=11 (1539 words)

	Western Sahara
		The Western Sahara dispute broke out in 1975 when Morocco annexed the territory after Spain relinquished its colonial grip on the arid, but phosphate-rich parcel of land.
		The plan also proposed that, in the run-up to the referendum, an autonomous Western Sahara Authority be made responsible for running key parts of the administration, taking control of local government, taxation, economic development, internal security and other dossiers.
		But Morocco would retain control over foreign relations, national security, external defence and all matters relating to the production, sale, ownership and use of weapons during the interim period.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/western-sahara.htm (413 words)

	Foreign relations (from Algeria) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Algeria is bordered by Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Western...
		Although the Legion has often been represented in books and movies as a last choice for derelicts, criminals, unhappy lovers, and fallen noblemen, it is actually one of the best trained and most effective military units in the world.
		The children born of foreign workers in Volkswagen plants all died during German occupation.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-220557 (900 words)

	Western Sahara
		Fadel said Polisario had been trying to get governments around the world to recognise the status of Western Sahara as an independent country and expose what is happening in the territory to the wider community.
		The UN established the UN Mission for a Referendum on the Western Sahara (MINURSO) in the disputed territory, and for the past 12 years, according to Fadel, has spent more than $US500 MM ($840 MM) trying to organise a referendum to let the people decide their fate.
		The mandate for the UN mission in Western Sahara is due to expire on March 31st, 2003, and the Security Council is expected to decide its next course of action.
	www.pesa.com.au /publications/pesa_news/april_03/sahara.htm (2988 words)

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