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	Perspective (graphical) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In art, the term "foreshortening" is often used synonymously with perspective, even though foreshortening can occur in other types of non-perspective drawing representations (such as oblique parallel projection).
		Foreshortening refers to the visual effect or optical illusion that an object or distance is shorter than it actually is because it is angled toward the viewer.
		Although foreshortening is an important element in art where visual perspective is being depicted, foreshortening occurs in other types of two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional scenes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Foreshortening (2005 words)

	The Artist's Magazine - Article Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Foreshortening is the visual effect that occurs when an object is seen in perspective: As the angle between your eye and the object changes, the shape of the object changes as well.
		When entirely foreshortened, as in Position 3, the near end of the bridge eclipses any exterior view of the structure's sides.
		For example, in the drawing of the woman, the foreshortened thigh is represented by a rounded-off triangular shape, not by the elongated, cylindrical form normally associated with a human thigh.
	www.artistsmagazine.com /article.asp?id=1390 (391 words)

	Isometric Projection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A foreshortened line is a smaller or scaled down version of its true length.
		Hence, we need to generate a scale to establish the length of the foreshortened edges of an object so that it can then be drawn on paper.
		In isometric the three angles between the projection of the axes are equal, so the degree of foreshortening along each of the axes is the same.
	www.ul.ie /~rynnet/keanea/isometri.htm (1628 words)

	Foreshortening of height - Linear Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The "Looking Glass" on the left is done with the foreshortening of the height but with the artist-observer in the same standpoint as in Figure 1.
		That is to say, foreshortening of height means just that the lines of the vertical planes (in the y direction) do this time converge on a vanishing point (in the case of "Looking Glass", below the horizon line).
		The further you plot the vanishing point for the y-axis lines away from the horizon line, the lesser the foreshortening of the height; the closer, the greater the foreshortening.
	www.geocities.com /easternhistory/perspective2A.html (384 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In order to accomplish the objects of the present invention, there is provided a stent having a plurality of cells disposed about the circumference of the stent, with at least one cell having a plurality of struts that are connected together to form the cell.
		Therefore, the first and second apices 48 and 50 of adjacent cells 22 are connected to form a row R of cells 22, while the third and fourth apices 52 and 54 of adjacent cells 22 are connected to form a column C of cells 22.
		A stent comprising: a plurality of cells disposed about the circumference of the stent, with at least one cell having a plurality of struts that are connected together to form the cell, with at least one strut having a compensating portion that compensates for foreshortening of the struts during expansion of the stent.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/26583.010419&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (5292 words)

	Extensible multi-ply tissue paper product - Patent 4469735
		The primary direction is preferably the machine direction, and the MD elongation at rupture of one ply is preferably from about eighty to about one-hundred-twenty percent (80-120%) of the other ply; and, more preferably, from about ninety to about one-hundred-ten percent (90-110%) of the other ply; most preferably when wet.
		Foreshortening as used herein is defined as reducing the length of a web in the macroscopic sense by proportionally reducing the length of each minute incremental length portion of the web.
		Additionally, these papers had their high density zones impregnated with a latex binder material which are applied by a rotogravure apparatus prior to disassociating them from the imprinting/carrier fabric of the papermaking machine.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4469735.html (6708 words)

	Clavius: Photo Analysis - terrain and shadow
		Central to the claims of many conspiracists is the notion that shadows must always appear parallel in sunlit photos, or at best exhibit only a very small amount of foreshortening.
		In the background the shadow is cast on a slope which bends the entire shadow so that it appears to fall more directly away from the viewer.
		In situations where the terrain variations are not apparent, or when the objects casting the shadows are irregular (and so the shadows would have irregular shape even if cast on flat, level ground) it is not possible to determine by this method whether the shadows are "correct".
	www.clavius.org /trrnshdow.html (640 words)

	Remote Sensing with Radar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The matter of whether the radar images of objects have layover or foreshortening depends upon a relationship between slope angle of the object and the angle of the line between the radar emitter and the object.
		Since this latter angle would vary with the point on an extended object being considered it might seem that the condition for determining the nature of the radar image from the angles would be complicated.
		Since the intensities of the points add the image of the object would appear extra bright and because the image of the object would be severly foreshortened the image of the object would be virtually a bright point.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/radar.htm (433 words)

	Compensation for kinematic foreshortening effect in pitch control system for rotary wing aircraft - Patent 5297934
		It is an object of the present invention to overcome problems in the prior art caused by kinematic foreshortening and associated with the adverse effect on the service life of rod end bearings that transmit to the pitch shafts forces that change blade pitch.
		These problems relate to kinematic foreshortening of a flexure resulting from inclination of the rotor pitch shafts with respect to a plane perpendicular to the rotor axis.
		It is another object of this invention to increase the service life of the rod end bearings by preloading the bearings with a force substantially equal and oppositely directed to a bearing force resulting from operation in a centrifugal force field.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5297934.html (4190 words)

	Gynecological instrument - Patent 4224951
		Multiple extension positions of the probe wings necessarily require an actuating mechanism capable of holding a plurality of stable positions; and to accomplish this most expediently, the well known spring-loaded, rotary-cam, push-button mechanism is adapted from the ball-point pen environment and put to use in the present invention.
		Such foreshortening is accomplished by moving the foreshortening rod 46 longitudinally rearwardly relative to the sleeve 44, as indicated by arrows 52, whereupon an enlarged tip 54 formed on the distal end of the rod 46 exerts the necessary foreshortening force on the sleeve 44.
		The position of the pointers 112 which are used in taking the overall depth reading, moreover, is calibrated with reference to the fact that the length of the probe assembly is maximal during the overall depth measurement, because of the fact that the rod 46 is located fully forward.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4224951.html (5189 words)

	PIANO SONATAS MAIN_G
		The last bars of the theme are also controlled by consistent foreshortening in th harmonic structure: the tonic chord in bar 7 is sustained for only a half-bar, whereas the shift from tonic to dominant in the last bar of the theme is compressed in successive beats.
		The gradually subsiding effect of the end of the development is conveyed by the decrescendo to pianissimo at the last cadential echo dissipates, reducing the music to a substratum of softly pulsating Cs in the left hand.
		This too is part of the process of foreshortening in its broadest sense; the lively eight-bar unit of the second subject has undergone a dramatic development so exhaustive that its material literally dissolves.
	raptusassociation.org /son1e.html (2903 words)

	Surface Tab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Foreshortening - With forshortening, the browser will perform the extra calculations to ensure that the textures render properly.
		The foreshorten command is added to the object even if it has no texture.
		This means that the object will have foreshortening in place if you decide to add texture manually later.
	www.tnlc.com /rw/terraformer/surface.html (349 words)

	Method of retreading a tire including tire diameter foreshortening by vacuum grip - Patent 4172868
		1-3, and illustrates the manner in which the diameter of a tire is foreshortened by being mechanically clamped to the bead aligner wheels in lieu of a vacuum clamping to be described hereinafter with respect to the machine of FIGS.
		In the former, the normal diameter of the tire T must be foreshortened in order that the full circle matrices may be closed without closing upon the tire T and/or assuring that the tire will be subsequently expanded from its foreshortened condition to seat properly within the full circle matrices.
		While preferred forms and arrangements of parts have been shown in illustrating the invention, it is to be clearly understood that various changes in details and arrangement of parts may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of this disclosure.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4172868.html (3207 words)

	Appendix 5
		As his judgment was excellent, he felt that all figures which do not stand with their feet flat and foreshortened, but are on the tips of their toes, are destitute of all excellence and style in essentials, and show an utter ignorance of foreshortening.
		he used no perspective or foreshortening or any fixed point of view, devoting his energies rather to adapting the figures to the disposition than the disposition to the figures, contenting himself with the perfection of his nude and draped figures....Men are stupefied by the excellence of the figures, the perfection of the foreshortening.
		We are told that Uccello's next challenge was to represent "some columns foreshortened in perspective, which bend round and break the sharp angle of the vaulting" and that he: "continued to perservere with his vanishing point, doing everything which he saw: fields, arable land, ditches and other details of nature in his sharp, dry style".
	www.sumscorp.com /perspective/Vol3/ap5.htm (8637 words)

	Arts & Activities: Looking into space - Integrating the curriculum - art project
		Foreshortening, developed during the Renaissance, would allow the students to compact their figure drawing while giving the illusion of hands and feet extending or receding into space.
		To create the effect of foreshortening (see diagram 2), as step one, students traced their hands--thumbs pointing inward--on the top corners of the paper.
		Most of the students were familiar with the foreshortening, having seen it used in comic books.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0HTZ/is_4_133/ai_104835405 (1331 words)

	Drawing Lesson #1 - Foreshortening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		When you foreshorten an object, you make one part appear closer to you than the other.
		You distort images to make them appear to be three dimensional even though they are on a flat surface.
		Foreshortening is extremely important to fuel up to your pencil power.
	www.drawsquad.com /lessons/less1.html (183 words)

	foreshortening_explained
		I believe that foreshortening requires that you know your subject matter very well.
		"Foreshortening is squishing a shape to make one part of it look as if it's closer to your eye than the other." Mark Kistler, American TV artist / instructor.
		Foreshortening's success often depends upon a point of view or perspective in which the sizes of near and far parts of a subject contrast greatly.
	www.busywomen.com.au /foreshortening_explained.htm (641 words)

	Foreshortening: Figure Drawing LAB
		Foreshortening is the process of applying linear perspective to the figure.
		This 15th Century work is one of the first good examples of foreshortening.
		This foreshortened figure shows the effects of distance on the figure.
	www2.evansville.edu /drawinglab/foreshortening.html (186 words)

	Robotics Institute: Modeling Foreshortening in Stereo Vision using Local Spatial Frequency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		One of these is perspective foreshortening, an effect that occurs when a surface is viewed at a sharp angle.
		Clearly this condition is violated by perspective foreshortening.
		Shafer, "Modeling Foreshortening in Stereo Vision using Local Spatial Frequency," Proceedings of the 1995 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS '95), Vol.
	www.ri.cmu.edu /pubs/pub_1772.html (323 words)

	Perspective Workshop
		There is notable foreshortening culminating in the right front upper vertex, which appears to be pointing at the viewer.
		Thus, we often do not notice convergence and foreshortening and have to have them pointed out or thrust in our face before we concede that those aspects are indeed distorting what we are seeing.
		Of particular interest is the isometric projection, in which the camera is rotated 45 degrees on the x-axis and y-axis, so that it is looking directly down the diagonal of an object, say a ballbox, located at the origin.
	courses.washington.edu /hypertxt/cgi-bin/12.228.185.206/html/pmontage/perspecdemo.html (1665 words)

	Witold Lutoslawski's Mi-Parti A Musical Essay in Sound Textures
		The structure of the piece as well as the individual phrases in each of the solo lines follows a process of foreshortening which adds to the forward motion towards each of the climaxes.
		The structure of each of the phases utilizes the concept of foreshortening in which the lengths of the phrases in each of the individual solo lines shortens as the approach towards the climax progresses, and the entrances of subsequent instruments or groups of instruments occur sooner, creating a denser texture.
		The foreshortening of the phrases and the instrumental entrances also increases the drama.
	www.usc.edu /dept/polish_music/harley/nancy.html (3240 words)

	How to Make Patent Drawings: A Patent It Yourself Companion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The bottom box is most realistically illustrated with normal foreshortening, that is, a small degree of foreshortening, which represents the object as seen from a normal viewing distance.
		The rule of thumb is that the greater the foreshortening, the closer the vanishing points are positioned, and the lesser the foreshortening, the farther the vanishing points are positioned.
		Foreshortening is a difficult technique to apply with pen and rulers, but as discussed in Chapter 3, Section D3, it is extremely easy to apply with a computer.
	www.nolo.com /product.cfm/ObjectID/F120D099-CFBF-407E-97542543F5FF02F5/sampleChapter/3/310 (659 words)

	Real Live Preacher
		The trick is called foreshortening, which is drawing things wrong so they will look right.
		Good drawing is wrestling the world down into our limited point of view, and then forcing that point of view onto a piece of paper that is one dimension shy of reality.
		You foreshorten; you work your vanishing point; you shade with the side of your pencil and smudge a gradient.
	blogs.salon.com /0001772/2003/07/04.html (733 words)

	Twitch potentiating effects of theophylline on rat diaphragm are enhanced by foreshortening -- Gayan-Ramirez et al. 7 ...
		Twitch potentiating effects of theophylline on rat diaphragm are enhanced by foreshortening -- Gayan-Ramirez et al.
		In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute respiratory failure, acute hyperinflation is likely to induce foreshortening of inspiratory muscles.
		Since no data are available on the effects of inotropic agents at lengths below the optimal length (Lo), we compared the effects of theophylline on forty rat diaphragm bundles placed at Lo and at 70% Lo.
	erj.ersjournals.com /cgi/content/abstract/7/2/292 (189 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Foreshortening is, basically, the process of increasing string MASS rather that string LENGTH to produce lower tones.
		The important thing is that I try to whatever degree possible to maintain the consistant overtone structure and thus through greater sympathetic vibrations in the overtones give the harp greater presence through its entire range.
		On most harps, the foreshortening is random and haphazard.
	www.woldsong.com /curve.htm (185 words)

	Workshop 09 - 8-30-02: Foreshortening - www.ezboard.com
		Your project for the next two weeks is going to contain two elements: foreshortening and a finished piece of work.
		To draw a picture with foreshortening means to shorten the lines of (an object) in a drawing or other representation so as to produce an illusion of projection or extension in space.
		Another thing and I know this is just a sketch, but you have the lines thicker the farther away the forms are and thinner the closer they get, when it should be the opposite.
	p198.ezboard.com /fbellefreefrm14.showMessage?topicID=16.topic (1463 words)

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