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Topic: Forgetting curve

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	Forgetting curve - Biocrawler
		A typical graph of the forgetting curve shows that humans tend to halve their memory of newly learned knowledge in a matter of days or weeks unless they consciously review the learned material.
		The forgetting curve is steepest for nonsensical material such as that studied by Ebbinghaus.
		The flatness of the curve is not necessarily evidence for the decrease in the forgetting rate, but can be taken as evidence of implicit repetition (e.g.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Forgetting_curve (390 words)

	Underwood, Benton (1915-1994) \| Learning & Memory
		Forgetting of verbal material, for example, was discussed in terms of extinction and spontaneous recovery of associations, a language perfectly in tune with that of the behaviorists.
		In 1932 McGeoch argued that forgetting was due to the intervention of events that occured after the acquisition of information and was not simply a matter of decay or disuse.
		Forgetting caused by a learner's activities in the interval between original learning and a test of retention is called retroactive inhibition.
	www.bookrags.com /research/underwood-benton-1915-1994-lmem-01 (1532 words)

	Algorithm used in SuperMemo 6
		The novelty of Algorithm SM-6 is to approximate the slope of the forgetting curve corresponding to a given entry of the matrix of optimal factors, and compute the new value of the relevant optimal factor directly from the approximated curve.
		forgetting index (items are classified as remembered or forgotten on the basis of grades provided by the student in self-assessment of his or her progress).
		If forgetting mechanisms developed by evolution are indeed optimal with respect to optimizing the memory storage, and consequently survival, then the length of the optimum inter-repetition interval should correspond with the probability of encountering or reusing the learned association in a real-life situation.
	www.supermemo.com /english/ol/sm6.htm (2005 words)

	Curve - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Curve, in common usage, line that bends continuously and smoothly, that is, without angles, as distinguished from straight or broken lines.
		Bézier Curve, in computer graphics, a curve that is calculated mathematically to connect separate points in smooth, free-form curves and surfaces of...
		Bell-Shaped Curve, name for the average distribution of characteristics, which when plotted on a graph is shaped like a bell.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Curve.html (162 words)

	Forgetting
		Forgetting is caused by interference between information being tested and other information that has been learned.
		Forgetting is caused by the inability to access information that is represented in memory.
		The Curve of Forgetting describes how we retain or get rid of information that we take in.
	www.uky.edu /~bdabra2/Forgetting.htm (617 words)

	FORGETTING CURVE : Encyclopedia Entry
		In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus discovered the exponential nature of forgetting.
		The basal forgetting rate differs little between individuals.
		Each repetition in learning increases the optimum interval before the next repetition is needed (for near-perfect retention, initially repetitions may need to be made within days, but later they can be made after years)
	www.bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Forgetting_curve (411 words)

	Why We Forget and How to Improve Memory
		This is often referred to as active forgetting.
		Motor learning seems to be better retained than verbal learning because a motor act as to be completely done to be done at all and so requires a higher degree of organization and competency which involves over learning.
		Intellectual interference or mental overcrowding can be minimized if we reflect on our reading and experiences, understand them, clarify them, associate, synthesize and organize them so they will not interfere with each other.
	www.dvc.edu /english/Learning_Resources/WhyWeForgetAndHowToImproveMemory.htm (831 words)

	SuperMemo: Learning statistics dialog
		The red curve corresponds with the best-fit forgetting curve obtained by exponential regression (note that for ill-structured material the forgetting curve is crooked, i.e.
		The horizontal green line corresponds with the requested forgetting index, while the vertical green line shows the moment in time in which the approximated forgetting curve intersects with the requested forgetting index line.
		You can imagine that the forgetting curve graph might use the average grade instead of the retention on its vertical axis.
	www.supermemo.com /help/analysis.htm (2069 words)

	Forgetting - Psychology Wiki
		Forgetting (retention loss) is a spontaneous or gradual process in which old memories are deleted from the memory storage.
		As we are examining this part of mind, this function of mind, we shouldn't forget that this is still not an exactly explained property of mind.
		Forgetting can mean access problems, availability problems, or can have other reasons such as amnesia caused by accident.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Forgetting (506 words)

	SparkNotes: Memory: Forgetting
		The rate at which people forget or retain information also depends on what method is used to measure forgetting and retention.
		A forgetting curve is a graph that shows how quickly learned information is forgotten over time.
		Forgetting may also result from failure to retrieve information in memory, such as if the wrong sort of retrieval cue is used.
	www.sparknotes.com /psychology/psych101/memory/section3.rhtml (722 words)

	Ebbinghaus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Forgetting turned out to occur most rapidly soon after the end of practice, but the rate of forgetting slowed as time went on and fewer items could be recalled.
		For example, the forgetting curve for overlearned material is shallower, requiring more time to forget a given amount of the material.
		The normal serial position curve shows that items in the middle of a list are the most difficult to commit to memory.
	users.ipfw.edu /abbott/120/Ebbinghaus.html (754 words)

	AKRI : Cognition : Learning : Forgetting
		Forgetting could simply occur through gradual fading of memory or memories could be displaced by new learning.
		The forgetting curve (Book 2 page 108) showed that most forgetting occurred after 5 years and that there was hardly any more forgetting until about 30 years when a steady but shallow decline in memory occurred.
		However, for open loop skills such as typing, forgetting does occur and regular re-training may be required if the skill is not employed on a frequent basis.
	www.akri.org /cognition/learfor.htm (1066 words)

	How Things Are Remembered
		The speed of forgetting is influenced by the difficulty of the material to be remembered, its representation such as mnemonics, and many physiological factors such as stress and attentiveness.
		Other psychologists have since confirmed that the general shape of the forgetting curve holds true for many different types of material.
		Another possible cause of forgetting resides in the concept of repression, which refers to forgetting an unpleasant event or piece of information due to its threatening quality.
	academic.udayton.edu /legaled/online/exams/memory05.htm (1546 words)

	Okno prvku
		Forgetting index equal 0% would mean that the intervals between repetitions should equal 0.
		Depending on the forgetting index, the length of the first interval may range from 1 to 20 days, and is not set arbitrarily.
		By reducing the forgetting index to less than 5%, the length of the first interval is likely to drop to 1-2 days in most cases.
	www.supermemo.cz /help/fi.htm (2145 words)

	ON THE INTEGRATION OF LEARNING AND FORGEMNG CURVES (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The particular focus of this paper will be the analysis of integrated learning and forgetting curve models that are based on training time and/or task repetition for tasks that are infrequently performed or non-repetitive in nature.
		The paper provides an overview of the literature on the integration of learning and forgetting models and presents two alternatives for the integration of learning and forgetting models that can be used to control training and retraining regimes using an Advanced Cardiac Life Support management task as an example.
		Significance: The use of learning and forgetting curves is accepted in industry; however, their integration has received little attention in the literature.
	www.ijienet.org /Abstracts/Volume1/v1n3p6.htm (274 words)

	MEMORY FOR FACTS
		Generally the curve is not quite as steep as originally suggested--perhaps an artifact of the stimulus materials Ebbinghaus used, and perhaps an artifact of mechanism of forgetting that Ebbinghaus did not consider: interference.
		One of the early experimental studies to ascribe forgetting to interference was by Jenkins and Dallenbach (1924).
		There is on-going and unresolved controversy as to whether forgetting reflects the unavailability of a memory--that is, it just does not exist--or whether it reflects the inaccessibility of a memory--it just cannot be accessed.
	home.sandiego.edu /~taylor/facts.htm (5780 words)

	Memory curves
		And the dips in coverage of global warming in the 2001 -2003 period may perhaps be explained by war coverage, in that environmental coverage tends to greatly decrease in times of war.
		However, by the early years of the 21st century there was a decided decay in the Michaels public visibility curve, while the Hansen curve accelerated, indicating perhaps that the problem of over-coverage of climate change contrarians was a thing of the past.
		Because social memories are constructed by people with individual memories, it would be interesting to learn whether a basal "forgetting curve" for public figures would be measurable with a standard coefficient such as the one used in individual psychological memory tests for exponential memory decay.
	www.runet.edu /~wkovarik/misc/blog/26.decaycurves.html (1016 words)

	Develop Keyword Flashcards
		This can be exemplified by so-called "forgetting curves", like the ones you can see in the picture.
		But if you review the same material one day later, your memory trace will deepen, and hence the new forgetting curve will be less steep (green curve, first from the left).
		Of course, the slope of a forgetting curve depends on many variables, but if you want to beat it, it is clear that you will have to
	academic.udayton.edu /legaled/barpass/General/advice03a.htm (591 words)

	Autobiographical Memory: A Dynamic Lifespan Model (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Contrary to this is the puzzling ‘bump’ phenomenon of disproportionally higher recall of memories for the period of 10 to 30 years, as observed in middle-aged and older adults.
		Estimates of plausible parameter values as presented in Figure 2 (middle panel) are partly based on trial and error, partly on the results of a meta-study on biological aging, which concluded that the average rate of decline from age 30 to 70 years is circa 0.5 % per year (Sehl and Yates, 2001).
		In this model the retention curves of PE and FE follow a limited growth and decline curve, respectively, with a concomitant bell-shaped curve for E, but the sougth-after bump in the distribution of PE – and consequently a bimodal distribution of E - cannot be produced yet.
	www.goertzel.org /dynapsyc/2004/autobio.htm (2848 words)

	All About Learning and Forgetting
		The most important main idea in learning and forgetting is to understand that both processes are activity dependent.
		Similarly, once learned, the less it is used, the greater the forgetting.
		The Curve of Forgetting describes how we retain or forget information that we learn/memorize.
	frank.itlab.us /forgetting (1253 words)

	Curve of Forgetting \| Counselling Services
		This nicely coincides with midterm exams, and may account for feeling as if you've never seen this before in your life when you're studying for exams - you may need to actually re-learn it from scratch.
		Depending on the course load, the general recommendation is to spend half an hour or so every weekday, and 1.5 to 2 hours every weekend in review activity.
		Perhaps you only have time to review 4 or 5 days of the week, and the curve stays at about the mid range.
	www.adm.uwaterloo.ca /infocs/study/curve.html (517 words)

	Forgetting
		b) When arousal leads to forgetting, the memories are poorly integrated, lack details, and may be little more than a record of the emotional response to the trauma (e.g., Metcalfís, 1998, work on hot/cold cognition).
		Repression and theories of forgetting (Loftus and Polage, 1998)
		These “memories” may help one to understand their anxiety, and for this reason are found to be quite compelling.
	www.mtsu.edu /~sschmidt/Cognitive/forgetting/forgetting.html (867 words)

	Flashcard Software: Rating Criteria for flashcard & vocabulary programs
		There is a lot of evidence supporting the notion that repetition is necessary to prevent the effects of forgetting.
		Additional repetitions may be spaced more and more, since the forgetting curve gets flatter with every session.
		The drawback of this approach is, the process is not too transparent to the user, who is deprived of the power to choose what to learn when time is scarce.
	www.quingle.com /softarea/flash-cr.htm (2918 words)

	PCBE: Transcripts (October 17, 2002)
		And the answer was yeah, and it turns out to be the same brain regions again. What I'm showing here is that left frontal, a few different views of the activation in the left frontal lobe, the same slice I showed you before, and this is looking in from the back of the brain.
		It's not just that on the trials where they forget the subject falls asleep and they close their eyes and there's no signal in the brain. Other brain regions show equal signal for words you'd later remember and forget.
		Fortunately for him, this episode of forgetting was nullified. The New York City police got right on the case, and later that day here he's shown reunited with his $2.5 million cello.
	www.bioethics.gov /transcripts/oct02/session4.html (7652 words)

	interview with Heinz von foerster
		At that time the problem was: "Can we construct curves which cannot be differentiated?" That means curves where you can't find the tangent because every point has infinite directions.
		This was Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve, a very famous result in the history of psychology.
		I started to look at some other papers, and the fascinating thing was that most of the forgetting follows a decay which is exactly the same as radioactive decay -- perhaps half a day or something like that -- and one remembers only by actively regurgitating what one still knows.
	www.stanford.edu /group/SHR/4-2/text/interviewvonf.html (9075 words)

	Prominent Educationalists...Eduhistory.com
		Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850 - 1909) was a German psychologist who pioneered experimental study of memory, and discovered the forgetting curve.
		In 1885, he published his ground-breaking On Memory in which he described experiments he conducted on himself to describe the process of forgetting.
		He was professor of philosophy at the University of Berlin, and later in Breslau (now Polish Wroclaw).
	www.eduhistory.com /prominenteducationalists.html (1090 words)

	The spacing effect, and organized revision is integral part of the good study technique that RecallPlus Study Software ...
		If you have 1000 things to learn, leave it to the computer to keep track of when each of the 1000 items needs revision, so that you can decrease your total revisions by a factor of 10.
		Forgetting is something which starts to occur immediately after we learn something and most of what we have learned is forgotten within hours.
		RecallPlus ALSO keeps track of your personal forgetting curves, and in the Expert Edition, uses them to predict your study outcomes!
	www.recallplus.com /SpacingEffect.asp (685 words)

	FORGETTING (Site not responding. Last check: )
		But Bahrick was struck by how level the forgetting curve was after a few years, called this the "permastore" – the portion of material that seemed to be retained forever (?).
		Her forgetting curves did not look so much like Ebbinghaus – her forgetting rates were much flatter over time.
		Note flatter forgetting curves for memories that were frequently retrieved and "re-encoded".
	www.u.arizona.edu /~folstein/psy326/FORGET.HTM (1060 words)

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