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Topic: Form factor (radiative transfer)

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	Form factor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Form factor refers to the linear dimensions and configuration of a device as distinguished from other measures of size, for instance, Gigabytes; a measure of storage size.
		In computing, form factor is used to describe the size and format of PC motherboards, but also of hard drives, power supplies, cases, and add-in cards.
		In engineering, the form factor is the proportion of radiation leaving one surface which is intercepted by another surface.
	www.encyclopedia-1.com /f/fo/form_factor.html (186 words)

	REFERENCES
		Factors in closed form are derived from the exterior of a sphere to the exterior surfaces of a cylinder, from a sphere to a coaxial differential ring, and from a sphere to a coaxial non- intersecting or intersecting disk.
		Factors from a planar element to a sphere, to the interior of a cylinder lying on the normal to the element, to an isosceles triangle, to a ring element, and to a disk segment are presented.
		Factors are given for particular cases of element on the surface of a plane, a sphere, or a cylinder in various orientations to sphere.
	www.me.utexas.edu /~howell/referenc.html (10014 words)

	Form factor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The form factor of a device is its linear dimensions and configuration, as distinguished from other measures of size (for example Gigabytes, a measure of storage size).
		The term can also be used refer to the shape of a housing or package or mechanical connection associated with a device or mechanism within the context of its interface with other devices or mechanisms, also in regards to a human interface.
		This meaning of form factor is used in radiative heat transfer, illumination engineering, and computer graphics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Form_factor (247 words)

	Form factor -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Form factor refers to the linear dimensions and configuration of a device as distinguished from other measures of size (for example (A unit of information equal to one billion (1,073,741,824) bytes or 1024 megabytes) Gigabytes; a measure of storage size):
		in (The discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems) engineering, the form factor is the proportion of radiation leaving one surface which is intercepted by another surface.
		This meaning of form factor is used in radiative heat transfer, illumination engineering, and (The pictorial representation and manipulation of data by a computer) computer graphics.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/f/fo/form_factor.htm (108 words)

	Radiosity: physical bases of this computer graphics method
		Radiosity of patch j multiplied by form factor between patch j and patch i is amount of light leaving a unit area of j patch that reaches all of patch.
		Form factor between patches j and i specifies faction of energy which left patch j and arrived patch i, taking into account all possible components: shape, distance and relative orientation of both patches and presence of any other obstructing patches between j and i as well.
		Form factor between vertex and source can be computed as area weighted average of the form factors between subareas and vertex – hence, radiosities are computed, where they are most needed for shading – at the vertices.
	www.phys.uni.torun.pl /~mzielin/radio_htm.html (2454 words)

	research
		As in thermal heat transfer, the basic radiosity method for computer image generation makes the assumption that surfaces are diffuse emitters and reflector of energy, emitting and reflecting energy uniformly over their entire area.
		The form factor is defined as the fraction of energy leaving one surface that reaches another surfaces.
		Differentiation of the basic form factor equation is difficult even for simple surfaces, as the result a researcher by the name of Nusselt developed a geometric analogy which allows a relatively simple and accurate calculation of the form factor between a surface and a point on a second surface.
	www.geocities.com /yanrach/research.htm (1028 words)

	Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology - Q switching, quantum cascade lasers, quantum dots, quantum noise, ...
		The Q factor (quality factor) of a cavity is a measure for the damping of its modes.
		The Q factor is the ratio of the optical frequency and the cavity bandwidth.
		The mentioned decrease of loss corresponds to an increase of the Q factor of the cavity – this is the origin of the term Q switching.
	www.rp-photonics.com /encyclopedia_q.html (5312 words)

	OCO Home Page
		This flow into the oceans occurs mainly in river mouths and is a substantial factor in the salinity of the oceans, thus affecting ocean density and currents.
		The specific heat of dry land is roughly a factor of 4.5 less than that of seawater (for moist land the factor is probably closer to 2).
		Climate models estimate that there is a current radiative imbalance at the top-ofthe- atmosphere of about 7 W m-2 owing to increases of greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere.
	www.oco.noaa.gov /index.jsp?show_page=page_roc.jsp&nav=universal (3045 words)

	Remote-Sensing Retrieval of Oceanic Inherent Optical Properties by Inversion of the Radiative Transfer Equation - ...
		Abstract: A shape-factor formulation of the radiative transfer equation (RTE) is developed to yield exact expressions for the remote sensing reflectance, R(sub rs), and the equivalent remotely sensed reflectance, RSR(sub alpha).
		Hydrolight radiative transfer calculations are used to derive analytical models for the various shape factors and related quantities for Case 1 waters.
		Using the modeled shape factors, we are able to predict the in-air remotely sensed reflectance RSR(sub alpha) to within 20% of the correct (Hydrolight- computed) values 96% of the time for the synthetic data used to determine the shape factor models, and to predict RSR alpha to within 0,0005/sr 86% of the time.
	www.stormingmedia.us /65/6584/A658404.html (363 words)

	Citebase - Pion Form Factor in QCD at Intermediate Momentum Transfers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The $f^+$ form factors of the $B\to \pi$, $D\to \pi$ and $D\to K$ transitions are calculated from QCD light-cone sum rules (LCSR) and used to predict the widths and differential distributions of the exclusive semileptonic decays $B\to \pi \bar{l}\nu_l$, $D \to\pi \bar{l}\nu_l$ and $D \to K \bar{l...
		The method of light-cone QCD sum rules is applied to the calculation of the form factors of $\gamma^\rho \to \pi$ and $\gamma^\gamma \to \pi^0$ transitions.
		We calculate radiative corrections to the light-cone sum rule for the semileptonic form factor in $B\to\pi e\nu$ decays and thus remove the major uncertainty in determining the CKM mixing angle $V_{ub}$ by this method.
	citebase.eprints.org /cgi-bin/citations?archiveID=oai:arXiv.org:hep-ph/9907495 (1283 words)

	Quantum 1/f Proximity Effect in Nanotechnology
		(4) a factor N was included in the denominator for the case in which the cross section fluctuation is observed with the help of N carriers that define the scattered current.
		This equation is limited to quantum 1/f mobility (or diffusion) fluctuations, and does not include the quantum 1/f effect in the surface and bulk recombination cross sections, in the surface and bulk trapping centers, in tunneling and injection processes, in emission or in transitions between two solids.
		This form clearly displays the proximity effect in the second term of the expression obtained for the s-parameter in the presence of a similar current located at the distance a.
	www.foresight.org /Conferences/MNT8/Papers/Handel/index.html (5070 words)

	Clavius: Environment - heat
		The physics term for this phenomenon is "form factor for radiative heat transfer".
		It is highly unlikely the magazine ever reached either extreme of its temperature band, which is not the 180 F to -180 F range quoted for the lunar rocks and dust.
		An oven uses primarily convective heat transfer: the element heats the air in the oven, and the air then transfers the heat to the material being cooked.
	www.clavius.org /envheat.html (1001 words)

	Radiative Heat Transfer in Crystal Growth Processes
		Due to the inherent complexities associated with radiative transfer calculations, such as the long distance nature of radiation (solid angle integration) and functional dependence of radiative properties, radiative analyses of systems with semi-transparent crystals are very often simplified.
		Since crystal growth is a transient phase-change process with moving, irregularly-shaped boundaries, radiative transfer models should be computationally flexible so as to deal with the fluctuating shape of the crystal/melt interface, formation of meniscii at free-surfaces, and blockage of view by obstructing bodies.
		The first radiative enclosure is comprised of the outer surface of the crystal body, the free-surface of the melt, the exposed portion of the crucible wall, and an enclosing top surface.
	home.manhattan.edu /~mohammad.naraghi/crystal/crystal.html (3002 words)

	The Equation of Radiative Transfer
		The equation of radiative transfer may be obtained from the Boltzmann transport equation for photons where it is assumed that interactions between photons can be ignored.
		The presence of this scattering source term ensures that the radiation field is no longer merely a function of local sources and sinks, but of the entire atmospheric radiation field and of its transport over large distances.
		Upon substitution into equation (2.72), the basic form of the radiative transfer equation in a plane-parallel atmosphere is arrived at,
	www.ess.uci.edu /~cmclinden/link/xx/node23.html (631 words)

	Citations: Modeling the interaction of light between diffuse surfaces - Goral, Torrance, Greenberg, Battaile ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The central tenets of radiative transfer are embodied in the equation of transfer; an integrodifferential equation describing the gross interaction of light with participating media and, given appropriate boundary conditions, its interaction with arbitrary surfaces.
		It is possible to calculate the form factors analytically [1,4,5,6,7] but this is difficult when occlusion is involved, so sampling methods are usually preferred.
		The method is based on the energy radiation between surfaces of objects and accounts for direct illumination and multiple reflexions between the surfaces.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/7321/0 (4507 words)

	Radiative Heat Transfer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The idea is to find a quantity that has units of heat transfer coefficient, so that it's easy to compare to the convective heat transfer coefficient.
		Both natural convection and radiation are at work here in parallel paths, so we will want to look at the radiative "heat transfer coefficient" and compare it to an estimate of the natural convection coefficient.
		This example illustrates that the effect of radiation can be comparable to natural convection, even in cases where you might not think it important because of the modest temperature differences.
	www.coolingzone.com /Guest/News/NL_JULY_2001/Cathy/July_cb_2001.html (657 words)

	[No title]
		While these guidelines emphasize the factors that are likely to be important for husbandry and point to general categories of problems and solutions, information about the ecology and physiology of the species being kept is indispensable.
		Control of the radiant environment of the cage (in both the infrared and visible wavelengths) is especially important, because this is usually the major pathway of heat gain and loss.
		Synthesis of the active form of the vitamin (1,25þdihydroxyvitamin D3) by birds and mammals has been studied, but the process is not well understood for amphibians and reptiles, some of which have as many as six types of provitamin D3 in their skins (Holick, 1989a).
	netvet.wustl.edu /species/amphib/pough.txt (11965 words)

	The Moon Hoax Debate
		Radiative heat can be effectively directed away from an object by wrapping it in a material with a reflective surface, usually simply a white material.
		Another factor to consider is, due to the lack of an atmosphere, distant objects on the Moon appear clearer than they do on Earth, thus the background mountains may be more distant than they appear to be.
		Radiation was a definite concern for NASA before the first space flights, but they invested a great deal of research into it and determined the hazard was minimal.
	www.braeunig.us /space/hoax.htm (15414 words)

	Astron. Astrophys. 359, 780-787 (2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In the diffusion limit of radiation fields this condition is usually fulfilled.
		Thus the motions of the medium enter the transfer equation only in the form of the "velocity gradient" w, and consequently all their effects upon the radiative quantities can be expressed in terms of w.
		We further emphasize that in a moving medium the comoving frame is the relevant "natural" description for the radiative transfer equation since in particular all thermodynamic quantities are defined in this frame.
	aa.springer.de /papers/0359002/2300780/sc3.htm (406 words)

	Princeton Computer Science :: Technical Reports
		Form factors are used in computer graphics and radiative heat transfer to describe the fraction of diffusely refledted light or radiation leaving one surface and arriving at another.
		However, the important case of the form factor between two polygons in three space has had no known closed form solution.
		We give a closed form solution for the case of general (planar, convex, or concave, possibly containing holes) polygons.
	www.cs.princeton.edu /research/techreps/TR-404-93 (96 words)

	MISR: Mission: Publications
		Ground measurements of surface bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) and hemispherical directional reflectance factor (HDRF) using the portable Apparatus for Rapid Acquisition of Bidirectional observation of the land and atmosphere (PARABOLA III).
		Radiative transfer based scaling of LAI retrievals from reflectance data of different resolutions.
		A three dimensional radiative transfer method for optical remote sensing of vegetated land surfaces.
	www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov /mission/pubs/mipubjournal.html (5257 words)

	Charge form factor of pi and K mesons (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Abstract: The charge form factor of ß and K mesons is evaluated adopting a relativistic constituent quark model based on the light-front formalism.
		The relevance of the high-momentum components of the meson wave function, for values of the momentum transfer accessible to CEBAF energies, is illustrated.
		The predictions for the elastic form factor of ß and K mesons are compared with the results of different relativistic approaches, showing that the measurements of the pion and kaon form factors planned at...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /148402.html (289 words)

	Astron. Astrophys. 362, 697-710 (2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The average radiation field can be thought of as the sum of the emission received in cell i from each of the other cells j after propagation through the intervening cells and weighted with the solid angle subtended by each of these cells j as seen from cell i.
		Population inversions require careful treatment in radiative transfer codes, since the associated opacity is negative and the intensity grows exponentially.
		This cell-specific scheme ensures that the radiation field is sufficiently sampled everywhere, and at the same time prevents oversampling of cells which are close to LTE and/or weakly coupled to other regions.
	aa.springer.de /papers/0362002/2300697/sc3.htm (3445 words)

	UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA-LAS VEGAS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		After course completion, the student should be able to identify appropriate modes of heat transfer and estimate their contribution in practical situations.
		Formulate typical l-dimensional heat transfer differential equations with internal sources or for fins; apply boundary conditions; nondimensionalize; and integrate.
		Understand the concept of view (or angle, form, geometrical, configuration) factor in radiative transfer and be able to calculate these quantities for a variety of geometries.
	www.me.unlv.edu /Undergraduate/coursenotes/Boehm/MEG314.html (518 words)

	Clavius: Environment - heat
		Putting something in your oven and turning up the temperature to 250 F (121 C) is a good way of simulating lunar surface conditions.
		The heating element heats the air in the oven which in turn heats objects in the oven.
		The only source of heat would have been conductive heat transfer through the camera body, and only at the points where the film physically touched the body or a connected part.
	www.angelfire.com /home/clavius/envheat.html (439 words)

	Edwards - The World in a Machine (book project) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The top-of-atmosphere radiances satellites measure must be converted into low-altitude readings by means of models relating them to lower-atmosphere chemistry and other variables.
		Climate theorists did not agree on the relative roles of such factors as solar variability, sunspots, and cloud feedbacks in climate change; global cooling, some argued, was also a possibility.
		The group, consisting of experts on climate, ecology, and environmental and social impacts from around the world, was asked to serve as the scientific advisor for international climate negotiations.
	www.si.umich.edu /~pne/models.data.htm (6554 words)

	CMSC 635 Spring 1999 - Radiosity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		illumination model based on principles from radiative heat transfer.
		Form Factor = fraction of unit circle taken up by projection.
		Gathering algorithm requires storage and calculation of form factor matrix
	dynamo.ecn.purdue.edu /~ebertd/635/Sp99/notes/c5_radiosity.html (262 words)

	Imager Theses and Major Essays: Ian Ashdown, M.Sc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Radiative flux transfer between Lambertian surfaces can be described in terms of linear resistive networks with voltage sources.
		This thesis examines how these "radiative transfer networks" provide a physical interpretation for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of form factor matrices.
		This leads to a novel approach to photorealistic image synthesis and radiative flux transfer analysis called eigenvector radiosity.
	www.cs.ubc.ca /labs/imager/th/ashdown.msc.2001.html (74 words)

	Evolutionary Threads
		Intermediate forms of the eye from Dawkins (1996) illustrate evolutionary stages in the formation of a camera eye from a pit or pinhole eye.
		In fact the commonality extends even deeper than the proterstome/deuterostome bifurcation where gut from mouth and gut from anus divided the arthropods and vertebrates for even the lowly coelenterates have been shown to have a good complement of homeotic genes and they have also been found in both fungi and plants.
		The Cambrian Radiation 543-510 m yrs was responsible for a massive diversification into new body plans, many of which are unique to the epoch and others of which are the founders of our major orders.
	www.dhushara.com /book/evol/evol.htm (5136 words)

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