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Topic: Formal Operational

Related Topics

Formal Operational stage

Concrete Operational

Preoperational stage

Sensorimotor stage

Jean Piaget

Lev Vygotsky

Lawrence Kohlberg

Developmental psychology

Distributed cognition

Taxonomy of education objectives

Zone of proximal development

Benjamin Bloom

Psychology

Jerome Bruner

Sigmund Freud

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The formal operational stage is the fourth and final stage in Piaget'stheory.
		The formal operational stage is characterized by the ability to formulatehypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem.
		The individual in the formal stage is also able to think abstractly and tounderstand the form or structure of a mathematical problem.
	web.cortland.edu /andersmd/PIAGET/d.HTML (136 words)

	Formal semantics of programming languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The formal semantics of a language is given by a mathematical model that describes the possible computations described by the language.
		Operational semantics loosely corresponds to interpretation, although again the "implementation language" of the interpreter is generally a mathematical formalism.
		Operational semantics may define an abstract machine (such as the SECD machine), and give meaning to phrases by describing the transitions they induce on states of the machine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages (711 words)

	Invention by Children
		Formal operational children search for truths; construct proofs, attempt to build logical systems, use variables, and start to argue formally and universally.
		They are formal operational, they use universals instead of symbols, seeking truths and logical meaning.
		The universal enables formalisms, proofs, logic, abstractions, theories, and, of course, true metaphor where an entire idea is given broader meaning, universality, by being associated with a new word.
	www.artifacts.com /11children.html (1575 words)

	Piaget, Pedagogy, and Evolutionary Psychology by Jeremy E. C. Genovese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This paper argues that Piaget's concept of a formal operational stage has not been empirically verified and that the cognitive skills associated with that stage are in fact "biologically secondary abilities" (Geary and Bjorklund, 2000) culturally determined abilities that are difficult to acquire.
		The name for the formal operations stage comes from the belief that younger children cannot disregard the content of an argument and pay attention to its formal structure.
		Formal operational skills should not be thought of as skills that naturally unfold over the course of development, instead these are skills that are acquired with considerable effort and often require instruction.
	human-nature.com /ep/articles/ep01127137.html (3522 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Variability in performance on formal operational tasks is also attributed to variability in educational level and other kinds of environmental experiences.
		What does seem clear is that formal operations is not a universal attainment; and that its attainment may be content-specific; and dependent on particular tasks and task instructions.
		Formal ops is geared for the solution of "closed-system" problems, in which one determines how a limited number of variables produce specific and reliable outcomes (e.g., the pendulum or chemicals tasks).
	www.bsu.edu /classes/lapsley/EDPSY768/other3.html (814 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The formal operational stage is the fourth and final stage in Piaget'stheory.
		The formal operational stage is characterized by the ability to formulatehypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem.
		The individual in the formal stage is also able to think abstractly and tounderstand the form or structure of a mathematical problem.
	facultyweb.cortland.edu /andersmd/PIAGET/d.HTML (136 words)

	Hypotheses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Operational or operationalized hypotheses deal with variables (concepts that are measured).
		Operational hypotheses are directly linked to data and are directly linked to the formal study design.
		Null Hypothesis A type of formal operational hypothesis stating that two variables are not related in the population.
	uweb.txstate.edu /~ps07/Hypotheses.html (305 words)

	Paper5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		During concrete operations children begin to understand numbers, space, and classification, and they apply logical operations to concrete problems; thinking is bound to the concrete.
		The formal operational stage is characterized by being able to think abstractly, hypothesize, generalize, reason and form different standpoints, and develop ideals.
		They are currently in the end of the concrete operational and moving into the formal operational though and this is probably why there is so much overlap from the concrete to the formal operational stages.
	www2.gvsu.edu /~thomasmr/Paper5.html (572 words)

	Formal Thought in Morocco
		Formal Operations are reflected in increased ability to reason hypothetically independently of concrete situations, and to describe one's own reasoning processes.
		In the samples studied by Inhelder and Piaget, Formal Operations are said to become established between the ages of roughly 11 and 15.
		Piaget also acknowledges that while Formal Operational reasoning is in principle independent of the content to which it is applied, empirical studies have indicated individual and subcultural differences in the contexts in which such reasoning is displayed.
	www.haverford.edu /psych/ddavis/morthoug.html (6955 words)

	Educational Psychology Interactive: Cognitive Development
		Piaget hypothesized that infants are born with schemes operating at birth that he called "reflexes." In other animals, these reflexes control behavior throughout life.
		Data from cross-sectional studies of children in a variety of western cultures seem to support this assertion for the stages of sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operations (Renner, Stafford, Lawson, McKinnon, Friot and Kellogg, 1976).
		For formal operations, it appears that maturation establishes the basis, but a special environment is required for most adolescents and adults to attain this stage.
	chiron.valdosta.edu /whuitt/col/cogsys/piaget.html (1016 words)

	JEAN PIAGET'S STAGE THEORY
		These stages were the sensorimotor period, the preoperational period, the concrete operational period and the formal operational period.
		The stage of concrete operations is observed in children of approximately the ages of seven to eleven.
		It is not till children reach the formal operational stage that they can systematically go about solving this problem and arrive at the correct and logical conclusion.
	evolution.massey.ac.nz /assign2/MH/webpage.htm (2479 words)

	FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		FORMAL OPERATIONS - MENTAL TASKS INVOLVING ABSTRACT THINKING AND COORDINATION OF A NUMBER OF VARIABLES.
		AT THE LEVEL OF FORMAL OPERATIONS, ALL THE EARLIER OPERATIONS AND ABILITIES CONTINUE IN FORCE.
		FORMAL THINKING IS REVERSIBLE, INTERNAL, AND ORGANIZED IN A SYSTEM OF INTERDEPENDENT ELEMENTS.
	www.columbiastate.edu /matlock/formal_operational_stage.htm (147 words)

	Developmental Theory
		He noted that a significant percentage (and, an even higher percentage of education majors) were not at the Formal Operations level.
		He noted that about 10% of students in the General Physics course at the University of Washington (this is the course for students who are seeking a serious course in Physics and who have a strong high school math background) were not at the Formal Operations level.
		The levels of the model, in order, are "visualization," "analysis," "informal deduction," "formal deduction," and "rigor." The van Hiele research asserts that students must move through the levels in order, and they must have understanding at each level before moving on to the next.
	www.uoregon.edu /~moursund/Math/developmental_theory.htm (1140 words)

	Advanced Concept Technology Demonstrations (ACTD)
		The formal acquisition process is the primary mechanism for the procurement of new or upgraded military capabilities.
		Furthermore, since the ACTD involves the developer, the user, and the operational test community working in concert, there is a good understanding not only of the critical operational requirements, but also of the cost, schedule, and risk sensitivities to variations in the operational requirements.
		Operations Manager (OM) - The individual designated by the User Sponsor to be responsible for all planning, coordination, and direction of user activities related to the ACTD; such as mission planning and exercise, after-action reporting and the assessment of military utility.
	www.acq.osd.mil /jctd/transit.htm (7486 words)

	Adolescent egocentrism and cognitive functioning during late adolescence Adolescence - Find Articles
		Elkind suggested that this is due, in part, to emerging formal operational thought, which allows adolescents to think about their own thinking and that of others.
		A post-formal operational assessment (Kramer, Kahlbaugh, & Goldston, 1992) that is not task based, but does discriminate between formistic (early formal to formal operations), mechanistic (formal to late formal operations), relativistic (early post-formal operations), and dialectical (post-formal operations) thinking, was used.
		If there is a relationship between adolescent egocentrism and formal operational thought, then the lower forms of reasoning (formistic and mechanistic) should show greater egocentrism as compared with higher forms of reasoning (relativistic and dialectical).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2248/is_132_33/ai_53870290 (839 words)

	Theory of cognitive development - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The hallmark of the preoperational stage is sparse and logically inadequate mental operations.
		The formal operational stage is the fourth and final of the stages of cognitive development of Piaget's theory.
		Lucidly, biological factors may be traced to this stage as it occurs during puberty and marking the entry to adulthood in Physiology, cognition, moral judgement (Kohlberg), Psychosexual development (Freud), and social development (Erikson).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Formal_Operational_stage (1944 words)

	From Sleep Consciousness to Pure Consciousness
		The concept of post-formal operational functioning is not new among developmental psychologists (Alexander and Langer, in press) but most such theories focus on qualitative advances in adulthood.
		Although most post-formal operational approaches continue to emphasize all of development as a function of the dynamic interaction between biology and environment, Kagan (1984) has recently hinted at the domain of consciousness as a third potentially important domain.
		This psychological and biological enhancement of REM is especially evident with the further de-embedding from lucid dreaming to the sleep consciousness of "witnessing", where the silent, blissful experience of pure consciousness is experienced.
	www.spiritwatch.ca /from.htm (1031 words)

	DoD5000-KO-12-new
		During the Concept Refinement and Technology Development phases (that is prior to the start of a formal acquisition program) analysis of competing concepts and the technologies required to successfully implement a “concept of choice” are early activities that necessitate the involvement of the TandE community.
		TandE activities, whether conducted by the developing contractor, government acquisition team, or the operational community must be structured to maximize test planning and execution such that the system progresses from developmental to operational testing in a seamless manner.
		Tests performed by the service Operational Test Agency (OTA) called an Operational Assessments (OA) may be accomplished during this phase, particularly if the program is required by law to conduct formal operational tests as part of the full production decision for a program.
	www.afit.edu /ls/knowledge/KO-12/DOD5000_KO12.htm (796 words)

	Formal Operational Stage
		The formal operational stage is the fourth and final stage in Piaget'stheory.
		It begins at approximately 11 to 12 years of age, and continuesthroughout adulthood, although Piaget does point out that some people may neverreach this stage of cognitive development.
		The formal operational stage is characterized by the ability to formulatehypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem.
	www.metu.edu.tr /~e118949/project/index_files/Page403.htm (140 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Although Piaget thought that the concrete operational phase ended at age eleven or twelve, as pointed out by Wankat [1], there is considerable evidence that this stage persists for a much longer time for some people.
		However, the inability to rise to formal operational phase is not as much due to insufficient background as it is due to lack of focus and/or motivation.
		In this case, after reaching the formal operational phase as per Piaget's model, the next logical stage is to hone one's analytical and scientific judgment skills and climb the 'Perry ladder'.
	www-personal.engin.umich.edu /~smontgom/Perry-Piaget-1.html (1105 words)

	Yavari.leg
		His preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages of cognitive development help explain why an individual’s self-conception becomes more abstract as they become an adult.
		The formal operational stage is Piaget’s final stage in cognitive development, which occurs from twelve years of age into adulthood.
		The third and fourth responses from sixteen and twenty-year old males clearly illustrate Piaget’s description of the formal operational stage, which is the final stage of cognitive development.
	www.psychology.sbc.edu /yavari.htm (1145 words)

	Ken Wilber Online: Introduction to Volume 6 of the Collected Works
		Having heroically developed beyond a rigid universal formalism, it became suspicious of any universals at all, and thus it tended to fight the emergence of universal integralism with the same ferocity that it deconstructed all previous systems.
		It might be that formal operational is a genuinely higher stage that fewer therefore reach, as I believe.
		It might be that formal operational is a genuine capacity but not a genuine stage, as the authors believe (i.e., only some cultures emphasize formal operational and therefore teach it).
	wilber.shambhala.com /html/books/cowokev6_intro.cfm (5640 words)

	May 06, 2004 posts - iRi
		Children who attain the formal operation stage are capable of thinking logically and abstractly.
		There are multiple valid ways of being in formal operational, and the holistic style is merely one of them.
		Again, without meaning to be insulting, a concrete operational person who makes it into their 20s must simply not see the formal operational "level" of the essay.
	www.jerf.org /iri/2004/05/06.html (1217 words)

	Operational Marketing
		Operational marketing excellence means getting the most done for the least cost in the fastest time frame at the highest level of quality.
		Every element of your marketing initiatives is based on formal operational marketing project management methodologies.
		You've developed operational marketing metrics for measuring team performance, and you work as a team to satisfy those metrics.
	www.markitek.com /operational.htm (195 words)

	Logic for system implementation
		The reason is that industry standard high-level programming languages are too complex to have tractable formal definitions, and thus it is impossible to rigorously prove properties about designs expressed in them.
		JVM or MC68020 instructions, which can be given an accurate formal semantics via a formal model of the machine on which they run.
		formal operational semantics of ML, but I think it is fair to say that these semantics do not provide a practical basis for formal reasoning about programs in the languages.
	www.cl.cam.ac.uk /~mjcg/proposals/CryptVer/Challenge.html (750 words)

	Project Kaleidoscope - The Future of Plant Biology - Keystone - 2000 Summer Institute
		In chemistry, an individual who is performing at the concrete operational level is able to solve problems similar to examples that have been discussed in class or assigned as homework.
		A person who has progressed to the formal operational stage can apply their knowledge to problems they have not encountered before.
		An individual advances from the concrete operational to the formal operational stage by practice.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/pkal/virtual/newton.htm (811 words)

	MetaStage
		The next stage, i.e., formal operations, was not going to be a non-operational stage, it would be an advanced operational stage.
		Likewise, the operational stage was not non-functional, and the functional stage did not lack sensori-motor activity.
		It is advanced because it recognizes a formal operations conflict (the paradoxes), and suggests a plausible solution for them.
	www.mayasite.net /ETNG/MetaStage.htm (2098 words)

	FNF: A MAJORITY OF ALL STUDENTS UNABLE TO FOLLOW FORMAL ARGUMENTS IN LECTURES? 2001-03-14
		The reasoning or cognitive operations of younger children are thought to be
		The study also discovered that many of the nonformal students, 55 percent at the university and 23 percent at the community college, depended many of them presumably successfully on the memory and recitation of technical jargon, such as mass, force, and momentum.
		Concrete operational students "will consistently be unable to follow many lines of argument" in lectures; students in transition to formal operational reasoning "will frequently encounter difficulties" Robbins 1981, p.
	www.hi.is /~joner/eaps/wh_conop.htm (394 words)

	The Programming Languages Laboratory
		Specification diagrams are highly suited to protocol specification because they give a formal specification of the protocol that is also readable by implementers.
		In collaboration with Amy Zwarico we defined a formal language for specifying asynchronous digital circuits that is based on Hoare's CSP, and verified a translation of these circuit specifications to hardware devices (collections of gates).
		The translation was proven correct by defining a formal operational notion of equivalence, and incrementally translating the specification to the circuit in small steps that preserve equivalence.
	www.cs.jhu.edu /~scott/pll/previous.html (715 words)

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