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Topic: Formal Operational stage

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Formal Operational

Concrete Operational stage

Preoperational stage

Sensorimotor stage

Jean Piaget

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Concrete Operational stage

Concrete Operational

	JEAN PIAGET'S STAGE THEORY
		These stages were the sensorimotor period, the preoperational period, the concrete operational period and the formal operational period.
		In the preconceptual stage of thinking, children have a certain understanding of class membership, and can divide their internal representations into classes, however, they cannot differentiate between members of the class, so if they see two different members of a class at different times, they believe them to be the same object.
		The stage of concrete operations is observed in children of approximately the ages of seven to eleven.
	evolution.massey.ac.nz /assign2/MH/webpage.htm (2479 words)

	Piaget, Pedagogy, and Evolutionary Psychology by Jeremy E. C. Genovese
		Because Piaget depicted the emergence of formal reasoning skills in adolescence as part of the normal developmental pattern, many constructivists have assumed that intrinsic motivation is possible for all academic tasks.
		This paper argues that Piaget's concept of a formal operational stage has not been empirically verified and that the cognitive skills associated with that stage are in fact "biologically secondary abilities" (Geary and Bjorklund, 2000) culturally determined abilities that are difficult to acquire.
		Formal operational skills should not be thought of as skills that naturally unfold over the course of development, instead these are skills that are acquired with considerable effort and often require instruction.
	human-nature.com /ep/articles/ep01127137.html (3522 words)

	Paths to Enlightenment, 2
		Keep in mind that the concrete operational stage is age-appropriate for a preteen, yet it was also the norm for the “mythic-membership” communities of the Middle Ages.
		Mythic is then discarded with the advancement to formal operational and replaced by a rational worldview, which is discarded at the next level, and so on.
		With formal operational thinking, this ability expands to include many “others” simultaneously, and to consider the ramifications (relationships) of what might happen “if.” As we mature into this kind of thinking, we necessarily need to abandon ego-centricism in most of its forms and adopt a more world-centric view.
	www.alaskawellness.com /EnlightenmentArchives2.htm (1787 words)

	Theory of cognitive development - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The hallmark of the preoperational stage is sparse and logically inadequate mental operations.
		This stage, which follows the Preoperational stage occurs from the ages of 6 to 11, and is characterized by the appropriate use of logic.
		The formal operational stage is the fourth and final of the stages of cognitive development of Piaget's theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Formal_operational_stage (1945 words)

	Jean Piaget Society - Genetic Epistemologist - V29(3)
		If it must be admitted that at the beginning of formal operations such co-ordination is seen to be difficult, it is legitimate to suppose that at the consolidated level (level B) of formal operations this co-ordination is accomplished, is generalized, and is applied in an increasingly greater number of possible instances.
		Consequently, it is not clear or empirically confirmed that formal operations are insufficient for co-ordinating the different references, nor that the eventual co-ordination of various types of reference represents a structural development beyond formal operations.
		The reorganization of formal operations into higher structural levels presupposes the reconstruction of the operations of the previous structure (and not just of one operation, evaluated by means of one task, and presented with various levels of complexity, such as is proposed by Commons et al.
	www.piaget.org /GE/2001/GE-29-3.html (6106 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The formal operational stage is the fourth and final stage in Piaget'stheory.
		The formal operational stage is characterized by the ability to formulatehypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem.
		The individual in the formal stage is also able to think abstractly and tounderstand the form or structure of a mathematical problem.
	facultyweb.cortland.edu /~ANDERSMD/PIAGET/d.HTML (136 words)

	[No title]
		The concrete-operational stage, according to Piaget, occurrs from the ages of approximately 7-11 and is used by Piaget to describe a stage of \ldblquote hands-on\rdblquote thinking.
		This stage is characterized by mastery of all the temporal cognitive skills of the aforementioned stages, and the utilization of these stages to form abstract thoughts and hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
		The students are in the concrete-operational stage, exhibiting mastery of the concepts of conservation, compensation, identity, and reversibility.
	briss.tripod.com /sunyspr05/EPSY200-1.doc (1679 words)

	Educational Psychology Interactive: Cognitive Development
		There are two major aspects to his theory: the process of coming to know and the stages we move through as we gradually acquire this ability.
		In this stage (characterized by 7 types of conservation: number, length, liquid, mass, weight, area, volume), intelligence is demonstarted through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects.
		In this stage, intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts.
	chiron.valdosta.edu /whuitt/col/cogsys/piaget.html (1016 words)

	Some Background on the Propositional Logic Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In Piaget's theory, at the pre-operational stage (ages 2-7), thinking is limited because of the child's reliance on perception and intuition as well as egocentric tendencies.
		At the formal operational stage, which Piaget's findings showed to begin at about age 12, the child is able to deal with hypothetical situations and can apply a formal set of logic rules or operations.
		She pointed out that, while logic is concerned with formalizing internally consistent systems, psychology deals with mental structures independent of any formal training or use of symbols and "regardless of consistency or inconsistency, truth or falsehood" (p.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/almstrum/PLT/background.html (1098 words)

	Paper5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During concrete operations children begin to understand numbers, space, and classification, and they apply logical operations to concrete problems; thinking is bound to the concrete.
		The formal operational stage is characterized by being able to think abstractly, hypothesize, generalize, reason and form different standpoints, and develop ideals.
		They are currently in the end of the concrete operational and moving into the formal operational though and this is probably why there is so much overlap from the concrete to the formal operational stages.
	www2.gvsu.edu /~thomasmr/Paper5.html (572 words)

	Development, Child - MSN Encarta
		Based on his studies and observations, Piaget theorized that children proceed through four distinct stages of cognitive development: the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete-operational stage, and the formal-operational stage.
		During the sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to about age 2, understanding is based on immediate sensory experience and actions.
		Another significant achievement of the germinal stage is implantation of the cell mass, now called the blastocyst, into the inner wall of the mother’s uterus, where it will remain for the duration of prenatal development.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761557692_3____13/Development_Child.html (1811 words)

	Developmental stages, theories of Encyclopedia of Psychology - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He theorized that people pass from one stage to another not just as a matter of course, but only when they are confronted with the correct type of stimulation to initiate a change.
		In this stage, children begin to use language and other representational systems to conceive of, and even discuss, things or people who are not physically present.
		During the formal operational stage, from age 12 to adulthood, people develop the ability to think logically and systematically and to understand abstractions and the concepts of causality and choice.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0000/ai_2699000096 (1004 words)

	Yavari.leg
		During this stage, children are very focused on the appearance of things and are egocentric (Inhelder and Piaget, 1958).
		The formal operational stage is Piaget’s final stage in cognitive development, which occurs from twelve years of age into adulthood.
		The third and fourth responses from sixteen and twenty-year old males clearly illustrate Piaget’s description of the formal operational stage, which is the final stage of cognitive development.
	www.psychology.sbc.edu /yavari.htm (1145 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Among the different stages of intellectual development as per Piaget's theory, those that are of interest from the point of view of Teaching Engineering are the concrete operational and the formal operational stages.
		However, the inability to rise to formal operational phase is not as much due to insufficient background as it is due to lack of focus and/or motivation.
		In this case, after reaching the formal operational phase as per Piaget's model, the next logical stage is to hone one's analytical and scientific judgment skills and climb the 'Perry ladder'.
	www-personal.engin.umich.edu /~smontgom/Perry-Piaget-1.html (1105 words)

	Developmental Theory
		In this stage (characterized by 7 types of conservation: number, length, liquid, mass, weight, area, volume), intelligence is demonstrated through logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects.
		He noted that a significant percentage (and, an even higher percentage of education majors) were not at the Formal Operations level.
		The levels of the model, in order, are "visualization," "analysis," "informal deduction," "formal deduction," and "rigor." The van Hiele research asserts that students must move through the levels in order, and they must have understanding at each level before moving on to the next.
	www.uoregon.edu /~moursund/Math/developmental_theory.htm (1140 words)

	Chapter 2: Background Information: Definition of Terms
		The sensorimotor stage is from 0 to 2 years, and consists of the formation of simple understanding of classes and relationships.
		The concrete operational stage is from 7 to about 12 years, and consists of the development of conservation of quantities, time, seriation, and class inclusion.
		Finally, the formal operational stage has the development of consideration of all possible outcomes to a situation, relating actual outcomes to logically possible outcomes, the ability to plan ahead, and systematic experimentation.
	academics.uww.edu /physics/scs/phd/chapter2.html (1910 words)

	Meridian Article: When, What, and How? A Critical Look at Technology Use in Middle Grades Earth Science
		The goal, of course, is to move students from concrete to the cognitively superior, formal operational stage - a stage generally characterized by "abstract thinking and coordination of a number of variables" (Woolfolk, 1995, p.
		The formal teaching of scientific disciplines should be delayed until late in the high school years or in college.
		The difficulty students have navigating from concrete to formal operations suggests a complexity in the individual stages.
	www.ncsu.edu /meridian/sum2002/earthscience (999 words)

	Soviet Psychology: The Vygotsky Internet Archive
		We may provisionally define psychological age as a specific epoch, cycle, or stage of development, as a definite, relatively self-contained period of development whose significance is determined by its place in the general developmental cycle and within each of which the general laws of development are expressed in a qualitatively distinct fashion.
		In accordance with this we might say that each stage of mental development is characterized by one dominant relationship of the child to his environment, by one dominant activity within that given stage.
		The indication of a transition from one stage to another is precisely a shift in the dominant type of activity, the dominant relationship of the child to his surroundings." ([6], pp.
	www.marxists.org /archive/elkonin/works/1971/stages.htm (7255 words)

	Child Development - Prism 2
		Each stage depends upon knowledge gained from the previous stage which is qualitatively different and more sophisticated than the earlier stage.
		Formal Operational Stage (11 years and older) This stage allows adolescents to think abstractly, to think about their own ideas, probabilities and analogies.
		He consistently found that men are at stage 4 whereas women are at stage 3.
	academic.pg.cc.md.us /prism/Prism2/childdev.htm (2461 words)

	Cognitive Theory
		Concrete operational stage (Elementary and early adolescence) ~ intelligence is demonstrated through logical and systematic thought processes.
		Formal Operational Stage (Adolescence and adulthood) ~ intelligence is demonstrated through logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts.
		In order to move out of a stage, the learner had to either assimilate (using or transforming the environment so that it can be placed in existing cognitive structures) or accommodate (changing cognitive structures in order to accept something) to the environment.
	www.ettc.net /tech/adultlearning/cognitive.htm (261 words)

	hss_lerner_adolesc_1\|Cognitive Development\|Objectives
		Understand the basis of egocentrism and recognize that overcoming the egocentrism prototypic of each stage leads the person to attain the cognitive development most central to that stage and that the cognitive attainment of one stage leads the person to the egocentrism of the next stage.
		Recognize that, across the formal operational stage, social thought becomes less egocentric and more responsive to societal conventions and the particular social audience or context to which it is directed.
		Recognize that across the formal operational stage, social thought is increasingly more reflective of abstract principles of social organization.
	wps.prenhall.com /hss_lerner_adolesc_1/0,2063,62805-,00.html (357 words)

	87.06.01: Bicycles
		The concrete operational period involves the child during the approximate ages of seven to eleven.
		The child s progress from the stage of concrete experiences to the stage of formal operational thought depends upon the kinds of experiences the child has had.
		In the United States today, the teaching of math seems to be stuck on the concrete operational stage based purely on the memorization of facts.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1987/6/87.06.01.x.html (6098 words)

	Piaget
		There are four levels of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
		Cognitive development during the concrete operational stage (6-11 years) includes logic but requires physical examples to which the logic can be applied.
		On the other hand, children in the concrete operational stage require learning activities that involve problems of locating, classifying, and ordering while using concrete objects.
	www.dean.usma.edu /math/activities/cape/Constructivism/501piage.htm (262 words)

	Psychology applied to teaching children
		the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage.
		For example, a concrete operational child can mentally arrange blocks on a table in several shapes without actually moving them, but he cannot present a valid description of what the world would be like if “compassion” was lacking.
		Central to this stage is the capability for formal operations..
	fotios.cc /papers/psy/children.htm (8149 words)

	The Formal Operations Stage is the time for developing many abstract concepts. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		As it was in the Pre-Operational Stage, adult-child communication is the key to rapid speech and language development, although the focus is less on structure and more on semantics.
		Formal Operational Stage (11 years to the sky is the limit):
		The leap from Concrete to Formal Operations is basically that of moving from thought processes that depend upon physical manipulation to those that are free of it.
	www.csun.edu /~vcoao0el/de361/de361s121_folder/tsld041.htm (148 words)

	formal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This final stage of development, formal operational, occurs during adolescence and adulthood for most people.
		The formal operational stage begins in most people at age twelve and continues into adulthood.
		This stage produces a new kind of thinking that is abstract, formal, and logical.
	evolution.massey.ac.nz /assign2/DD/formal.html (106 words)

	Meridian Article: When, What, and How? A Critical Look at Technology Use in Middle Grades Earth Science
		These levels are generally thought to occur in a linear fashion from identity to seriation, gradually elevating the individual towards the formal operational stage.
		As Woolfolk (1995) illustrates, however, even with the successful development of all the levels of the concrete operational stage, this system of thinking is still tied to physical reality (p.
		Thus, children at this stage [concrete operational] can imagine several different arrangements for the furniture in their rooms before they act.
	www.ncsu.edu /meridian/sum2002/earthscience/2.html (851 words)

	EC-K1 Lesson 3: Cognitive Development
		Although children move through these stages at different rates, all children begin at the sensori-motor stage and go through the stages in order.
		At this stage children learn that certain actions have a reliable effect on the environment.
		Children show a greater interest in playing with other children at the pre-operational stage than they did at the previous stage, and they begin to give reasons for their beliefs and actions.
	ici2.umn.edu /elink/eck1/eck1_3.html (1280 words)

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