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Topic: Theory of formal languages

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Regular expression

Turing machine

Pushdown automaton

Finite state machine

Event driven finite state machine

	PlanetMath: theory of formal languages
		Loosely speaking, a formal language is a language whose structrure can be specified with mathematical precision.
		The study of formal languages is not only interesting as a mathematical discipline in its own right, but also because of its relevance to the foundations of mathematics, its applications, and surprising connections with other branches of mathematics.
		This is version 5 of theory of formal languages, born on 2005-03-04, modified 2005-03-04.
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/TheoryOfFormalLanguages.html (469 words)

	Applications of Automata Theory
		Automata theory is the basis for the theory of formal languages.
		Formal languages are treated like mathematical sets, so they can undergo standard set theory operations such as union and intersection.
		Using ideas of automata theory as a basis for generating the wide variety of life forms we see today, it becomes easier to think that sets of mathematical rules might be responsible for the complexity we notice every day.
	www.stanford.edu /~jcackler/automata/apps.htm (1111 words)

	Formal language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In mathematics, logic, and computer science, a formal language L is a set of finite-length sequences of elements drawn from a specified finite set A of symbols.
		Among the more common options that are found in applications, a formal language may be viewed as being analogous to (1) a collection of words or (2) a collection of sentences.
		A question often asked about formal languages is "how difficult is it to decide whether a given word belongs to a particular language?" This is the domain of computability theory and complexity theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Formal_languages (581 words)

	Formal Learning Theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		The normative question that drives the theory is whether a given doxastic disposition serves the goals of inquiry or not.
		Since logical entailment does not depend on the language we use to frame evidence and hypotheses, the inductive complexity of an empirical problem as determined by the characterization theorems is language-invariant.
		The moral is that if a theory is sufficiently complex, agents who are not logically omniscient may be unable to determine immediately whether a given piece of evidence is consistent with the theory, and need to collect more data to detect the inconsistency.
	www.seop.leeds.ac.uk /entries/learning-formal (7043 words)

	COT 6315 - Intro
		Machines with output capabilities may also be considered as generators of languages (they output exactly the strings of the language delimited in some fashion) or computers (given an input string, the machine may produce an output string and halt, or if the function is not defined for that input string, it may not halt).
		Languages, machines and grammars may be organized into classes depending upon properties that they have, and in many cases, the classes of languages will correspond to classes of machines and classes of grammars.
		Formally, a string of length k may be thought of as a function from {1, 2,..., k} into A. The null string, denoted by e here and by the Greek letter epsilon or lambda elsewhere, is the string of length zero, or the null function (an empty set of ordered pairs).
	www-pub.cise.ufl.edu /~nemo/cot6315/intro.html (2426 words)

	Automata and Formal Languages
		The theory of formal languages (or automata) constitutes a cornerstone of the theoretical computer science.
		A language defined by a grammar system is set of words over some (terminal) alphabet derived from the initial symbol by using the rewriting rules.
		Slender languages: The study of the lengths of words in a language is an important oart of the language theory.
	vanha.math.utu.fi /research/automata/autores.html (1022 words)

	CSE 434 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Theory of grammar, methods of syntactic analysis and specification, types of artificial languages, relationship between formal languages and automata.
		Understand the principles underlying the theory and analysis of formal languages and of parsing.
		Theory of regular languages, context-free languages, LL(1), LR(0), and LR(1) languages and parsing form the entire content of this course.
	www.eas.asu.edu /~csedept/courses/syllabi/syl457.html (235 words)

	Formal Languages [CiteSeer; NEC Research Institute; Steve Lawrence, Kurt Bollacker, Lee Giles]
		SDF is a formalism for the definition of syntax which is comparable to BNF in some respects, but has a wider scope in that it also covers the definition of lexical and abstract syntax.
		Firstly, it is an elementary introduction to the theory of P-completeness --- the branch of complexity theory that focuses on identifying the problems in the class P th...
		In this language neither the syntax nor the semantics are restricted to a specifi...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /Theory/FormalLanguages (7299 words)

	TDDA89 Formal Languages and Automata Theory
		Automata and formal languages appear (possibly in various disguises) in almost every branch of computer science.
		A formal language is a set of strings where a string is a finite sequence of symbols.
		An example of a formal language is the set of all ``syntactically correct'' Pascal programs (accepted by a certain compiler).
	www.ida.liu.se /~TDDA89 (765 words)

	Chomsky hierarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Within the field of computer science, specifically in the area of programming languages, the Chomsky hierarchy (occasionally referred to as Chomsky–Schützenberger hierarchy) is a containment hierarchy of classes of formal grammars that generate formal languages.
		A formal grammar defines (or generates) a formal language, which is a (possibly infinite) set of sequences of symbols that may be constructed by applying production rules to a sequence of symbols which initially contains just the start symbol.
		The languages described by these grammars are exactly all languages that can be recognized by a linear bounded automaton (a nondeterministic Turing machine whose tape is bounded by a constant times the length of the input.)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy (841 words)

	Computing Papers on Formal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		In particular, we will show that the theory of valid sentences is not decidable, the theory of true arithmetic sentences in the language of addition is decidable, and the theory of true arithmetic sentences in the language of addition and m...
		Given any simply consistent Formal theory F of the state complexity L(S) of nite binary sequences S as computed by 3-tape-symbol Turing machines, there exists a natural number L(F) such that L(S) > n is provable in F only if n < L(F).
		Is Formal semantics a similar \classic" Is it in danger of specializing itself out of the consciousness of the computing public Recall that the fundamental advance of Scott-Strachey-style denotational semantics was that it \extended BNF to semantics" 6 7].
	computing.breinestorm.net /Formal (2541 words)

	Cover Pages: Markup Languages: Theory and Practice. Volume 3, Number 1: Table of Contents
		Query language formalisms are essential for evaluating the expressive power of any proposed query language and for advancing query language design.
		A formalism could be also used to serve as a vehicle for evaluating the expressive power and limitations of proposed query languages.
		The logic formalism provides a higher level notion to express queries since it is based on logical computation in query processing to find all proofs of the existential closure of logic query statements.
	xml.coverpages.org /mltpTOC31.html (4260 words)

	The World Wide Web Virtual Library: Formal Methods
		Formal methods are a fault avoidance technique that help in the reduction of errors introduced into a system, particularly at the earlier stages of design.
		CSML and MCB, a language for compositional description of finite state machines and a (non-symbolic) model checker for CTL.
		Formal Verification Methods and Tools from the VERIMAG research group, France.
	www.comlab.ox.ac.uk /archive/formal-methods.html (1466 words)

	CS 466/666 Formal Languages and Automata
		This course introduces the theory of formal languages and automata.
		The primary focus is on the two methods of defining languages: using generators (e.g., grammars/regular expressions) and using recognizers (e.g., finite state machines).
		Along with presenting the fundamentals, this course will develop and examine relationships among the various specification methods for the regular languages and the context-free languages, in detail.
	www.cs.wright.edu /~tkprasad/courses/cs466/cs466.html (375 words)

	Overview of Formal Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		A language is a collection of strings ("words" or "sentances") made up from letters ("symbols") from an alphabet.
		A formal language is a language for which the rules are explicit and exact.
		A simple organization for a compiler based on the theory of formal languages.
	www.mcs.drexel.edu /~rweaver/COURSES/MCS360/TOPICS/formal.html (91 words)

	Taxonomy of XML Schema Languages using Formal Language Theory
		A class of languages is said to be closed under union/intersection/difference when, for any two languages in that class, the union/intersection/difference of the two languages also belongs to the same class.
		A mathematical framework using formal language theory to compare various XML schema languages is presented.
		We are also examining integrity constraints necessary for a schema language as studied widely in the area of database systems, and examining efficient implementations of these constraints for XML applications.
	www.cobase.cs.ucla.edu /tech-docs/dongwon/mura0619.xml (6870 words)

	UMASS Boston Department of Computer Science
		The theory of formal languages is a fundamental theoretical discipline in Computer Science.
		Its applications are mainly in the area of compiler design and programming languages but many other areas (operating systems, computer networks, etc.) also benefit from its results.
		The primary text for the course is Dan A. Simovici and Richard L. Tenney, Theory of Formal Languages with Applications, World Scientific, 1999.
	www.cs.umb.edu /Courses/Graduate_Courses/Syllabi/CS622Syllabus.html (254 words)

	Automata Theory and Formal Languages 1975
		Automata Theory and Formal Languages 1975: Kaiserslautern, Germany
		Barkhage (Ed.): Automata Theory and Formal Languages, 2nd GI Conference, Kaiserslautern, May 20-23, 1975.
		Aldo de Luca: On the entropy of a formal language.
	www.informatik.uni-trier.de /~ley/db/conf/automata/automata1975.html (319 words)

	Automata Theory with Modern Applications - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Recent applications to biomolecular science and DNA computing have created a new audience for automata theory and formal languages.
		The final chapter explains recently-developed language theory coming from developments in bioscience and DNA computing.
		From biopolymers to formal language theory; Bibliography; Index.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521848873 (232 words)

	THEORY OF FORMAL LANGUAGES WITH APPLICATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Formal languages provide the theoretical underpinnings for the study of programming languages as well as the foundations for compiler design.
		They are important in such areas as the study of biological systems, data transmission and compression, computer networks, etc.
		This book combines an algebraic approach with algorithmic aspects and decidability results and explores applications both within computer science and in fields where formal languages are finding new applications.
	www.worldscibooks.com /compsci/3991.htm (132 words)

	Reasoning about XML Schema Languages using Formal Language Theory - Lee, Mani, Murata (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Abstract: A mathematical framework using formal language theory to describe and compare XML schema languages is presented.
		73 Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (context) - Bray, Paoli et al.
		19 DSD: A Schema Language for XML - Klarlund, Moller et al.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /lee00reasoning.html (606 words)

	Computing Papers on Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		In the fuzzy set Theory it is not well clarified the relation with the fuzzy set and the probability calculus.
		Abstract I ll outline this Theory of program-size complexity or algorithmic information as it is presented in my recent Springer-Verlag volume Exploring Randomness, and indicate how it enables one to de ne a random or patternless bit string to be one with maximal information content.
		Theorists who approach the task of providing a Theory of concepts from these different perspectives have quite different explanatory agendas, which in turn determine the shape of their respective theories.
	computing.breinestorm.net /Theory (2187 words)

	:: Computer Science and Engineering :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Review of regular languages as defined by finite-state automata, expressions, and grammar (1 week).
		Theorems of context-free languages: Pumping Lemma, closure theorems, center-embedding theorem (2 weeks).
		Every student is required to submit approximately 8 written homework assignments (not including exams, tests, quizzes, or commented programs) and to make no oral presentations of typically zero minutes duration.
	www.eas.asu.edu /cse/courses/descriptions/457.php (277 words)

	COT 6315 Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		A study of the formal relationships between machines, languages and grammars; we will cover regular, context-free, context-sensitive, recursive and recursive enumerable languages along with undecidability and intractability.
		In addition, I will maintain a list of questions and answers, a list of list of hints, and a planned schedule.
		This document is copyright 2004 by Richard E. Newman.
	www.cis.ufl.edu /~nemo/cot6315/index.html (69 words)

	CS-3601 THEORY OF FORMAL LANGUAGES AND AUTOMATA (4-0) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		CS-3601 THEORY OF FORMAL LANGUAGES AND AUTOMATA (4-0)
		This course will cover the Chomsky hierarchy of Formal Languages (regular sets, context-free languages, context-sensitive languages, and recursively enumerable languages) and the types of grammars and automata associated with each class in the hierarchy.
		Emphasis is placed on the major results of the theory as they apply to language and compiler design.
	www.cs.nps.navy.mil /curricula/tracks/security/catalog/ay95a_52.html (80 words)

	The Language of Machines
		In The Language of Machines, Robert Floyd and Richard Beigel revolutionize the teaching of computability and languages.
		They propose nothing less than redefinition of the building blocks of automata theory: their unified model of computation clarifies the subject as never before.
		Floyd an Beigel's bold reformulation of computability and formal language theory provides a firm foundation on which students can build a rich and enduring body of knowledge.
	www.cis.temple.edu /~beigel/book/LOM.html (211 words)

	Finite Automata and Formal Languages - 2006
		The following slides of Robert Keller present clearly the proof of the Pumping Lemma for CFLs, and Myhill-Nerode theorems for regular languages.
		The theory of finite automata is fundamental in computer sciences.
		Other kind of applications (model of vending machines, traffic signals, etc...) require the notion of finite state transducers (Mealy machines), whose theory is almost identical to the one of finite automata.
	www.math.chalmers.se /Math/Grundutb/CTH/tmv025/0405 (299 words)

	Solutions: Formal languages and theory of computation, part 1, CS 288, May 4, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Solutions: Formal languages and theory of computation, part 1, CS 288, May 4, 2005
		The first is to construct an NFA for the regular expression, perhaps with ε transitions.
		and the complement of the diagonalization language L
	www.mathcs.sjsu.edu /faculty/smithj/oldclass/288s05/ans2a.html (905 words)

	Formal languages and the theory of computation
		Formal languages as partitions on sets of strings
		witnessing languages demonstrate that each level is properly contained in the next
		simple arguments about cardinality imply that language cannot capture the mathematical reality of computation
	www.willamette.edu /~fruehr/talks/ling/lingtalk4.html (108 words)

	Solutions: Formal languages and theory of computation, part 2, CS 288, May 9, 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Solutions: Formal languages and theory of computation, part 2, CS 288, May 9, 2005
		But note that L(M), according to the notation of Hopcroft et al, refers to the language accepted by final state.
		GRADING SCALE Formal languages and theory of computation: 85 A, 80 A-, 75 B+, 60 B, 55 B-, 50 C+, 35 C
	www.mathcs.sjsu.edu /faculty/smithj/oldclass/288s05/ans2b.html (801 words)

	CS622: Theory of Formal Languages
		In CS622 we present the basic aspects of formal languages, a theoretical Computer Science discipline inspired by mathematical linguistics and by the study of syntactic aspects of programming languages.
		Context-Free Languages: derivations and derivation trees, fixed-points and context-free languages, the pumping lemma, closure properties, regular and context-free languages, ambiguity
		Applications of formal language theory: coding theory, applications in molecular biology
	www.cs.umb.edu /cs622 (198 words)

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