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Topic: Formal methods

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	Formal Methods - Definition and Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The concept of formalism in formal methods is borrowed from certain trends in 19th and 20th century mathematics.
		Formal methods are merely an adoption of the axiomatic method, as developed by these trends in mathematics, for software engineering.
		Formal methods can deal with many other areas of concern to software engineers, but have not been much used, other than in research organizations, for dealing with issues unrelated to functionality, safety, and security.
	www.dacs.dtic.mil /techs/fmreview/definition.html (3882 words)

	Formal methods - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Formal methods are particularly effective early in development at the requirements and specification levels, but can be used for a completely formal development of an implementation (e.g., a program).
		Formal methods may be used to give a description of the system to be developed, at whatever level(s) of detail desired.
		At times, proponents of formal methods have claimed that their techniques would be the silver bullet to the software crisis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Formal_methods (1414 words)

	R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is admitted that formal methods are not adequate for the daily use in large software development projects, except of a few specialized application areas.
		However, it is argued that formal methods are well-suited for the analysis of the notions and tools which are used in practice.
		Despite great increases in the number of organizations and projects applying formal methods, it is still the case that the vast majority of potential users of formal methods fail to become actual users.
	www.rspa.com /reflib/FormalMethods.html (1497 words)

	Formal Methods
		Formal methods differ from other design systems through the use of formal verification schemes, the basic principles of the system must be proven correct before they are accepted [Bowen93].
		Formal methods are distinguished from other specification systems by their emphasis on correctness and proof, which is ultimately another measure of system integrity.
		Formal methods are a more rigorous form of the specifications systems that software engineers have been developing since the 1960's.
	www.ece.cmu.edu /~koopman/des_s99/formal_methods/index.html (2565 words)

	Formal methods in HCI (chapter)
		Formal notations and mathematics are used in several areas of human-computer interaction, including cognitive modelling and task analysis.
		But, it should describe precisely the behaviour of the system – the programmer may not be qualified to make such decisions and the level of commitment at the time that the issue is uncovered may mean that the design choice has been determined by foregoing implementation choices.
		In fact, a diagram can be formal, informal or somewhere in between, depending on the meaning which s attached to the elements of the diagram.
	www.comp.lancs.ac.uk /computing/users/dixa/papers/formal-chapter-95 (1370 words)

	Formal Methods
		"Formal methods" means the mathematics and modeling applicable to the specification, design, and verification of software.
		The methods are "formal" in the sense that they are precise enough to be implemented on a computer.
		Although a complete formal verification of a large complex system is impractical at this time, formal methods are applied to various aspects, or properties, of large systems.
	www.cs.toronto.edu /fm (241 words)

	Formal Methods
		Formal methods form the foundations of software, security (along with cryptography), and, more generally, computation.
		Formal methods are based on logic, which (along with set theory) forms the foundation of all of mathematics.
		Formal methods applied to the design and testing phases of development can be practical and economical as they enable one to exhaustively check parts of a design, often revealing the presence of subtle bugs that would otherwise go undetected.
	www.cc.gatech.edu /~manolios/courses/Formal-methods/2004-Spring (584 words)

	Formal Methods 2006
		The four co-located workshops address the issues of specific formal techniques as well as issues of general interest, namely education, security, and the timely issue of certification.
		A Doctoral Symposium is part of FM for the first time this year, giving young researchers the opportunity to learn about the issues of practitioners and in turn have their ideas critically, but constructively examined by the community.
		The influence of Bertrand Russell on logic and formal methods is still felt today.
	fm06.mcmaster.ca (341 words)

	Philosophy and Formal Methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The first large scale application of formal methods was the formalisation of Mathematics undertaken by Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead in Principia Mathematica.
		Formal methods are generally thought of as essentially mathematical in nature.
		Where mathematical methods have been adopted without concern for foundations or for formality they are often conducted in a manner consistent with the classical set theoretic context.
	www.rbjones.com /rbjpub/methods/fm/fm002.htm (361 words)

	Formal methods in interface specification
		Such methods include (but are not limited to) grammars, trees, transition diagrams, statecharts, user-action notation, certain forms of expert reviews, formal usability inspections, and formal languages.
		Research in formal methods has been going on for more than twenty years now in various areas such as mathematical verification, formal specification, transformation, prototyping, and testing.
		Grammars for textual interfaces (e.g., command line interfaces) are fairly common, formalized grammars (e.g., a set of linguistic rules for the formulation of command syntax) for textual interfaces are somewhat less common; formalized grammars for GUIs are fairly rare...as are formal languages for user interface specification.
	www.otal.umd.edu /guse/formal.html (2301 words)

	Formal Methods Links
		The Oxford formal methods archive is a widely used source of information about formal methods.
		The Precise UML group (pUML) is using formal techniques, such as Z specifications, to investigate the semantic foundations of UML.
		The ITiCSE Working Group on Teaching and Learning Formal Methods with Software is producing (by Dec 2000) a report on the support that is available in the area of formal methods education, and to provide guidelines for educators who are coming to teaching formal methods for the first time.
	www.cs.waikato.ac.nz /~marku/formalmethods.html (2426 words)

	SDCR position statement on formal methods by Pierre Wolper
		First, notice that the "formal" in "formal methods" usually refers to the language in which one writes specifications.
		Semi-strong methods are those that offer algorithmic support for checking what has been done, but that still require user input for proving a property or deriving a program.
		Finally, I would argue that it is much more useful to have a formal method that has limited capability but is easily usable than to have a very general one in which all you can do in practice is write formulas.
	www.montefiore.ulg.ac.be /~pw/sdcr/formal-methods-surveys.html (626 words)

	CSE: Formal Methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Formal Methods Group is a research subgroup at the Computer Science and Engineering Department of Chalmers University of Technology.
		This is not a bad method, but as the systems grow both in terms of size and complexity it is not feasible to fully test a system.
		Instead one could aim for formal methods, which are a very broad collection of different approaches to ensure system correctness and reliability.
	www.chalmers.se /cse/EN/research/research-groups/formal-methods (260 words)

	Formal Methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The main research activity is the elaboration and application of formal methods for theory development, analysis, specification and design of systems whose complexity does not result only from quantitative factors (size, number of subsystems) but mainly from the diversity of modelling aspects required for adequate understanding.
		The ultimate goal is enhancing the usability of formal methods in practical engineering applications.
		Information technology and telecommunications systems are chosen as the main testing ground because of the wide diversity of aspects they represent, ranging from transmission (antennas, lines) and signal processing (analog and digital) to algorithms (at various network levels) and data representation.
	www.intec.ugent.be /groupsites/formal/ForHome.htm (395 words)

	Tutorial on Formal Methods
		Formal methods are an important adjunct to reduce ambiguity and inconsistency, verify complex algorithms, and increase automation.
		We are fortunate to have Dr. Ann Sobel visiting NIST to teach a three-day tutorial on formal methods in software development.
		Obviously there is not time to teach all of formal methods in a few days, but this tutorial is designed to give the attendees some useful skills and ideas about how to continue.
	hissa.nist.gov /~black/formaltut.html (445 words)

	Formal Methods Publications
		Formal methods subject area in the human computer interaction archive and the automated reasoning/deduction subject area in the theorem proving archive in the SEL-HPC Article Archive.
		Formal Verification of the AAMP5 Microprocessor: A Case Study in the Industrial Use of Formal Methods, S.P. Miller and M. Srivas.
		Formal methods and their role in developing safe systems, Muffy Thomas.
	vl.fmnet.info /pubs (2192 words)

	Stanford Center for Formal Methods in Computing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The idea that computer programs and computer hardware should be verified to meet their specification by formal logical methods, including computer generated and computer-checked proofs of correctness goes back at least to 1961.
		In practical systems there have been advances in identifying the parts of a project for which formal methods are particularly needed.
		The Center for Formal Methods in computing comprises a group of Stanford Faculty, Research Associates and their industrial associates concerned with increasing the reliability of software and hardware by using mathematical methods of specifying and verifying them.
	www-formal.stanford.edu /jmc/math.html (922 words)

	COMP313 - Formal Methods
		Formal specifications provide the basis for verification of properties of systems.
		Indeed, such temporal verification is widely used within the design of critical parts of integrated circuits, has recently been used to verify parts of the control mechanism for one of NASA's space probes, and is now beginning to be used to verify general Java programs.
		be aware of some of the current research issues related to formal methods.
	www.csc.liv.ac.uk /teaching/modules/year3s2/full-comp313.html (343 words)

	Formal Methods Virtual Library
		Formal methods are a fault avoidance technique that help in the reduction of errors introduced into a system, particularly at the earlier stages of design.
		Formal Verification Methods and Tools from the VERIMAG research group, France.
		formal methods or with a formal methods content (e.g., see separate page on meetings).
	www.afm.sbu.ac.uk (1633 words)

	"formal" Methods Forum
		The "formal" Methods Forum has been set up to bridge the gap between existing research groups in the department.
		including any mathematical formalization such as statistical analysis.) It builds on a shared interest in formal methods especially when applied to safety-critical and real-time systems, and aims to facilitate and encourage collaboration of group members.
		Group activities include the presentation and discussion of ongoing research and latest research results in the broad area of formal methods.
	www.cs.bris.ac.uk /Research/Seminars/Formal (319 words)

	National ICT Australia - Formal Methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Formal Methods focuses on the application of techniques from logic and mathematics to the systems design process, aiming to attain the highest possible levels of quality assurance.
		NICTA’s Formal Methods (FM) program aims to achieve the highest levels of quality assurance by using logical languages and mathematical techniques for system specification and verification, thus placing system development activity on a solid scientific foundation.
		Formal verification tools are widely used in the computer hardware industry, where verification accounts for 40–70 per cent of the time spent designing a semiconductor chip.
	nicta.com.au /director/research/programs/fm.cfm (189 words)

	Formal Methods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Methods Its not easy to separate out methods from languages and tools, because often researchers intending to develop one of these, will find it necessary to develop the others in tandem.
		Language and Logic Formal languages and formal logics are the intellectual tools at the heart of formal methods.
		Tools The tools section will consider not only those tools normally though of as formal methods tools, but also tools which are concerned with the formalisation or mechanisation of mathematics, including borderline cases such as symbolic mathematics tools.
	www.rbjones.com /rbjpub/methods/fm (163 words)

	Formal Methods Educational Resources
		This site serves as a repository for information related to formal methods in education, including pointers to existing courses and suggestions for examples and projects.
		It is kept up-to-date by contributions from formal methods educators around the world.
		The goal of the school is to introduce into the leading formally supported design and anlysis methods which are theoretically well founded and at the same time have proved useful for engineering reliable complex software under industrial constraints.
	www.cs.indiana.edu /formal-methods-education (315 words)

	Formal Methods for Industrial Critical Systems
		Formal methods have been advocated as a means of increasing the reliability of systems, especially those which are safety or business critical, but the industrial uptake of such methods has been slow.
		This is due to the perceived difficulty of mathematical nature of these methods, the lack of tool support, and the lack of precedents where formal methods has been proven to be effective.
		Notational complexity is often a deterrent to the use of formal methods stronger than the advantages of such methods.
	www.inrialpes.fr /vasy/fmics (993 words)

	NASA LaRC Formal Methods Program: What Is Formal Methods?
		The phrase "mathematically rigorous" means that the specifications used in formal methods are well-formed statements in a mathematical logic and that the formal verifications are rigorous deductions in that logic (i.e.
		Formal Methods: State of the Art and Future Directions (Clarke and Wing) ACM Computing Surveys 1996
		The Use of Industrial-Strength Formal Methods (Bowen and Hinchey) COMPSAC 1997
	shemesh.larc.nasa.gov /fm/fm-what.html (571 words)

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