Formalism (philosophy)

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	Legal Theory Lexicon
		Legal phenomena are examined in a variety of other disciplines—ranging from philosophy and sociology to history and anthropology, but political science (or “politics” or “government”) is the academic discipline that is most strongly associated with the study of law outside of the law schools.
		Legal theory is a much broader and encompassing term, encompassing the philosophy of law and jurisprudence as well as theorizing from a variety of other perspectives, including law and economics and the law and society movement.
		In constitutional law, formalism is associated with “originalism,” the view that the constitution should be interpreted in accord with its “original meaning.” In statutory interpretation, formalism is associated with the “plain meaning” theory—that statutes should be interpreted so that the words and phrases have their ordinary meaning.
	legaltheorylexicon.blogspot.com (16996 words)

	Legal Theory Blog
		Legal Theory Blog comments and reports on recent scholarship in jurisprudence, law and philosophy, law and economic theory, and theoretical work in substantive areas, such as constitutional law, cyberlaw, procedure, criminal law, intellectual property, torts, contracts, etc.
		Go to the legal theory annex for his thoughtful and well-informed remarks, with a wonderful biography from recent work in the philosophy of biology.
		From a legal and policy perspective, it matters, for example, whether a namespace is centralized or decentralized, whether the namespace is controlled by a public or private entity, and the degree to which the internal structure is adaptive.
	lsolum.blogspot.com /2003_07_01_lsolum_archive.html (12478 words)

	Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online : Russian philosophy
		Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online : Russian philosophy
		An imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group.
		Asmus, V.F. Chernyshevskii, N.G. Fëdorov, N.F. Florenskii, P.A. Kropotkin, P.A. Lossky, N.O. Positivism, Russian
	www.rep.routledge.com /article-related/E042 (63 words)

	Philosophy of Art: A Contemporary Introduction - Nodl Carroll - Mobipocket eBooks
		It introduces the techniques of analytic philosophy, as well as key topics such as the representational theory of art, formalism, neo-formalism, aesthetic theories of art, neo-Wittgensteinism, the Institutional Theory of Art and historical approaches to the nature of art.
		Philosophy of Art is a textbook for undergraduate students studying philosophical aesthetics.
		Throughout the book, abstract philosophical theories are illustrated by examples of both traditional and contemporary art, enriching the reader's understanding of art theory as well as the appreciation of art.
	www.ebookmall.com /ebook/93086-ebook.htm (441 words)

	Legal formalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Legal formalism is a Positivist view in jurisprudence and the philosophy of law.
		Another critique of legal formalism has been offered by the critical legal studies movement, which has argued from a Marxist perspective that law is indeterminate and that formalism ignores the possibility that law is a tool of the established power struture.
		Legal formalism can be contrasted to legal instrumentalism, a view associated with American legal realism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Legal_formalism (863 words)

	Formalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the study of the arts and literature, formalism refers to the style of criticism that focuses on artistic or literary techniques in themselves, in separation from the work's social and historical context.
		In the field of economic anthropology, formalism refers to the theoretical perspective that the principles of neoclassical economics can be applied to our understanding of all human societies.
		A certain school in the philosophy of mathematics, stressing axiomatic proofs through theorems specifically associated with David Hilbert.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Formalism (863 words)

	Sample Chapter for Compagnon, A.; Cosman, C., trans.: Literature, Theory, and Common Sense.
		Formalism and Marxism were the two pillars that justified research into the nonvariables, or the universals, of literature: the consideration of individual works as possible works rather than real works, as simple exemplifications of the underlying literary system, more accommodating than nonpresent and only potential works; and the attempt to reach their structure.
		It is not unrelated to the philosophy of literature as a branch of aesthetics, which reflects on the nature and function of art, on the definition of beauty and value.
		Theory of literature, as in Wellek and Warren's manual, which bears this phrase as its title-- Theory of Literature (1949) -- is generally understood as a branch of general and comparative literature: it designates reflection on the conditions of literature, of literary criticism and literary history; it is the criticism of criticism, or metacriticism.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/i7618.html (863 words)

	IVR - Encyclopaedia of Jurisprudence, Legal Theory and Philosophy of Law
		Second, Olivecrona’s legal theory says that a legal system is to be equated with the mass of rule-ideas, intermittently revived in the minds of the members of a political community, who owe their psychological effectiveness to the echo of certain ‘law words’.
		Legal positivists accept that the internal point of view does not require that officials believe that the rule of recognition is morally legitimate because they could accept this rule for prudential reasons.
		To deny it is important for legal positivists because they require ‘clear-cut observable entities’ to successfully engage in the supposedly sharp distinctions between descriptive language’ and normative language, facts and values, context of justification and context of discovery, and similar ones.
	www.ivr-enc.info /en/article.php?id=47 (3764 words)

	Jurisprudence - Wex
		The legal philosophy of a particular legal scholar may consist of a combination of strains from many schools of legal thought.
		Critical legal studies (http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/critical_theory.html), feminist jurisprudence (http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/feminist_jurisprudence.html), law and economics, utilitarianism, and legal pragmatism are but a few of them.
		In contrast, proponents of legal realism believe that most cases before courts present hard questions that judges must resolve by balancing the interests of the parties and ultimately drawing an arbitrary line on one side of the dispute.
	www.law.cornell.edu /topics/jurisprudence.html (502 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Philosophy
		Kant, indeed, is so important a factor in the destinies of contemporary philosophy not only because he is the initiator of critical formalism, but still more because he obliges his successors to deal with the preliminary and fundamental question of the limits of knowledge.
		Contemporary philosophy lives in an atmosphere of Phenomenism, since Positivism and neo-Kantianism are at one on this important doctrine: that science and certitude are possible only within the limits of the world of phenomena, which is the immediate object of experience.
		Philosophy is like a tower whence we obtain the panorama of a great city -- its plan, its monuments, its great arteries, with the form and location of each -- things which a visitor cannot discern while he goes through the streets and lanes, or visits libraries, churches, palaces, and museums, one after another.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12025c.htm (14365 words)

	Formalism
		The word formalism has several meanings: # A certain school in the philosophy of mathematics, stressing axiom atic proofs through theorem s specifically associated with David Hilbert.
		SyncCharts Graphical formalism (name of model, a syncChart is an instance) dedicated to reactive system modeling.
		The Epsilon Calculus Discussion of David Hilbert's development of this type of logical formalism with emphasis on proof-theoretic methods.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Formalism.html (236 words)

	Literary Theory [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Literary theory and the formal practice of literary interpretation runs a parallel but less well known course with the history of philosophy and is evident in the historical record at least as far back as Plato.
		The once widely-held conviction (an implicit theory) that literature is a repository of all that is meaningful and ennobling in the human experience, a view championed by the Leavis School in Britain, may no longer be acknowledged by name but remains an essential justification for the current structure of American universities and liberal arts curricula.
		What literature was, and why we read literature, and what we read, were questions that subsequent movements in literary theory were to raise.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/l/literary.htm (236 words)

	Formalism
		Bakhtin moves beyond formalism and stresses the importance of diachronic analysis in a materialist understanding of literature and with Volosinov criticises the linguists’ obsession with dead languages and regards it as a symptom of their need to constitute a unity out of the multiple and heterogeneous.
		It could be argued that Saussure’s linguistics and its focus on the synchronic analysis of language stemmed from the need to oppose the tendencies towards a philosophy of origins that characterised the main project of his time in the constitution of a continuous evolutionist theory of Indo-European language.
		Literature then is also a practice of transformation of existing forms of cognition that shape our perception of the social world.
	www.generation-online.org /c/cformalism.htm (236 words)

	NEGLECTED POLICIES: CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL COMMENTARY AS CIVIC EDUCATION
		Law’s formalisms he maintains, are the natural places to begin because they are at the heart of intellectual jurisprudence that constitute an intrinsic limit on efforts to democratize the intellectual authority of law (pp.36-51).
		With caution, however, Strauber maintains that legal formalisms and political and moral abstractions are not necessarily fatally flawed by virtue of their inconsistency or incongruity with social fact considerations.
		On one hand, legal philosophy is an enemy of agnostic skepticism because it is so deeply rooted in the teaching lessons about rightly decided questions and about the centrality of moral abstractions to legal and political commentary.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/Strauber03.html (4181 words)

	Philosophy [encyclopedia]
		Philosophy is thus concerned with the common core of human knowledge and experience but also with the concepts, modes of argument, and foundations of other special subjects, so that there are, for example, philosophies of science, history, art ( aesthetics), politics, and religion.
		Its major branches are metaphysics, epistemology (or theory of knowledge), ethics, and logic (especially the theory of meaning, formal logic now being regarded more as part of mathematics).
	artzia.com /Society/Philosophy (4181 words)

	philosophy notes
		The philosophy of mathematics is thus reduced to the analysis of these foundations - to the unholy triumverate of logicism, formalism, and intuitionism.
		We do not deny the truth of this assertion but we do deny the usual implicit conclusion that mathematical philosophy is thereby reduced to the study of which basic propositions and rules of inference should be allowed.
		The contemporary philosophy of mathematics is built upon a myth.
	www.math.uic.edu /~jbaldwin/pub/phil.html (4181 words)

	Philosophy of mathematics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Three schools, intuitionism, logicism and formalism, emerged around the start of the 20th century in response to the increasingly widespread realisation that mathematics (as it stood), and analysis in particular, did not live up to the standards of certainty and rigour with which it was over-credited.
		Philosophy of mathematics is that branch of philosophy which attempts to answer questions such as: "why is mathematics useful in describing nature?", "in which sense(s), if any, do mathematical entities such as numbers exist?" and "why and how are mathematical statements true?".
		This is a prime concern of the philosophy of mathematics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics (3622 words)

	Philosophy of Mathematics Mathematical Realism Formalism Logicism Questia.com Online Library
		Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematical Practice in the Seventeenth Century Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematical Practice in...Cataloging-in-Publication Data...
		Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematical Practice in the Seventeenth Century
		PHILOSOPHY of MATHEMATICS PHILOSOPHY of MATHEMATICS Structure and Ontology STEWART SHAPIRO...Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shapiro, Stewart, 1951-- Philosophy of...
	questia.com /library/philosophy/.../philosophy-of-mathematics.jsp (642 words)

	University of Houston Philosophy
		Many still believe that the difference between Continental and Analytic philosophy is encapsulated in Husserl's criticism of algebraic formalism and return to geometric intuition based on "lived experience," and Derrida gives a detailed account of the importance of Husserl's conception of the origin of science based in geometry.
		This course is an advanced survey of recent developments in feminist philosophy, focusing on the unique nature of "theory" in feminist thought and on intersections between feminist philosophy and other developing disciplines within feminism.
		These are the questions that Medieval Philosophers and Theologians of the Christian, Islamic and Jewish faiths sought to answer.
	www.uh.edu /phil/courses/04-3_upper_division.html (930 words)

	Philosophy of Mathematics
		A simplistic view of the philosophy of mathematics says that there are four schools of thought: Platonism; Logicism; Formalism; and Intuitionism.
		We mention philosophy because in a sense Nuprl embodies a philosophy of mathematics.
		This is a contribution to an analysis of the foundations of mathematics, which is a philosophical matter.
	www.cs.cornell.edu /Info/Projects/NuPrl/Intro/Philosophy/philosophy.html (635 words)

	On Gödel's Philosophy of Mathematics, Notes
		Brouwer, "Intuitionism and Formalism," in P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam, eds., Philosophy of Mathematics, pp.
		Gödel, "Russell's Mathematical Logic," in P. Benacerraf and H. Putnam, eds., Philosophy of Mathematics (Englewood Cliffs, 1964), pp.
		This position is crystallized by Professor Bar-Hillel in "On a neglected ontology-free philosophy of mathematics," Problems in the Philosophy of Mathematics, T. Lakatos, ed.
	www.friesian.com /goedel/notes.htm (2210 words)

	Amazon.ca: Philosophy Of Mathematics Today: Books
		The contributors also represent and criticize a variety of prominent approaches to the philosophy of mathematics, including platonism, realism, normalism, constructivism, and formalism.
		All essays deal with foundational issues, from the nature of mathematical knowledge and mathematical existence to logical
		This comprehensive volume gives a panorama of the best current work in this lively field, through twenty specially written essays by the leading figures in the field.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0198236549 (260 words)

	French Deism (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		"Sentiment" becomes the basis of a metaphysical system built up out of the data of experience under the influence of the Deistic philosophy, but redeemed from formalism by constant reference to sentimentality and emotion as the principal sources of religion.
		He derived his natural philosophy from Newton and Clarke, his theory of knowledge and his ideas on toleration from Locke, the main principles of his ethics from Shaftesbury, his critical method and the conception of natural religion from the Deists.
		1778) embraced the conception of natural religion with ardor, and entered into a polemics against intolerance in Church and State relations as well as against the philosophy of the Church and the prevailing religious Cartesianism (Essai sur les mmurs et l'esprit des nations, 1754-58; Dictionnaire philosophique, 1764).
	www.sullivan-county.com /nf0/nov_2000/fr_deism.htm (1121 words)

	20th WCP: The Heuristic Function of the Axiomatic Method
		Nelson's critical philosophy can be seen as a key for understanding the philosophy behind David Hilbert's early axiomatic method.
		Leonard Nelson's critical philosophy can be seen as a key for understanding the philosophy behind David Hilbert's early axiomatic method.
		This axiomatic method is usually restricted to a non-philosophical approach to pure mathematics ('formalism').
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Scie/SciePeck.htm (1121 words)

	§30. Ferrier’s "Institutes of Metaphysic". I. Philosophers. Vol. 14. The Victorian Age, Part Two. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. 1907–21
		As a historian of philosophy, Ferrier did not pretend to exceptional research; but he had a remarkable power of entering into the mind of earlier thinkers and of giving a living presentation of their views.
		The history of philosophy was, for him, no mere record of discarded systems, but “philosophy itself taking its time.” He was a sympathetic student, also, of the German philosophers banned by his friend Hamilton.
		Further, the Scottish philosophy relied on intuition or immediate apprehension of reality; Ferrier’s method is that of rational deduction from a first principle.
	www.bartleby.com /224/0130.html (1121 words)

	Physics
		Quantization (physics) In physics, quantization is the formulation of a classical theory in the formalism of quantum phy...
		Philosophy of physics Philosophy of physics is the study of the fundamental, philosophy of science.
		Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics The philosophy of thermal and statistical physics is one of the major subd...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/physics.html (1765 words)

	review-1.997
		More than that, though, the biographical sketches ensure that the text will be an indispensable reference work for anyone interested in recent intellectual history, particularly the history of philosophy, literary studies, and the social sciences in postwar France.
		Indeed, no longer content to measure its progress within specific disciplines, with Althusser structuralism broadened its horizons "to include a structuralist philosophy that presented itself as such, and as the expression of the end of philosophy, the possibility of reaching beyond philosophy in the name of theory" (I: 295-6).
		This socioeconomic mulch would particularly nurture a structural logic, symptomatic reading, logicism or formalism that would find its coherence elsewhere than in the world of flat realia.
	www.iath.virginia.edu /pmc/text-only/issue.997/review-1.997 (3346 words)

	Gottlob Frege [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		In the philosophy of mathematics, he was one of the most ardent proponents of logicism, the thesis that mathematical truths are logical truths, and presented influential criticisms of rival views such as psychologism and formalism.
		His theory of meaning, especially his distinction between the sense and reference of linguistic expressions, was groundbreaking in semantics and the philosophy of language.
		It involves the theory of complex mathematical functions, and contains seeds of Frege's advances in logic and the philosophy of mathematics.
	www.iep.utm.edu /f/frege.htm (9562 words)

	Enzo Paci: Whitehead and Husserl
		Had he followed him, he would have accepted Whitehead's entire philosophy of process and thus the theory that mathematical formalism must be founded on ultimate realities, on perception, on feeling -in Husserl's language, on the Lebenswelt and therefore on the transcendental subject who has a live experience ( erlebt) of the Lebenswelt.
		In both Husserl and Whitehead, the philosophy of universal correlation is grounded in the philosophy of time and of the modalities of time, on historical teleology of an infinite idea toward which humanity is moving and, for Whitehead, is " concrescent," when it is guided by reason.
		For each subject this intention is the cogito; the manners of givenness (understood in the widest sense) make up its cogitatum according to "what" and the "how," and the manners of givenness in turn bring to "exhibition" the one and the same entity which is their unity.
	www.yorku.ca /lbianchi/paci/whitehead_and_husserl.html (9562 words)

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