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Topic: Formalism (literature)

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	Formalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Formalism is a school of thought in law and jurisprudence which emphasises the fairness of process over substantive outcomes.
		Russian formalism was a twentieth century school, based in Eastern Europe, with roots in linguistic studies and also theorising on fairy tales, in which content is taken as secondary since the tale 'is' the form, the princess 'is' the fairy-tale princess.
		In film studies, formalism is a trait in filmmaking, which overtly uses the language of film, such as editing, shot composition, camera movement, set design, etc., so as to emphasise graphical (as opposed to diegetic) qualities of the image.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Formalism (678 words)

	DITL - article FORMALISME / Formalism
		In literature, formalism was born as a reaction against the traditional approach which claimed the existence of a causal link between «art» and «life».
		Thus, formalism was also against a sociological approach, and consequently against the Marxist vision of literature as the expression - or «reflection» - of a class-struggle.
		Thus, formalism was the matrix from which were born, at once, French structuralism, the semiology of Greimas, the semiotic- psychoanalysis of Lacan.
	www.ditl.info /arttest/art1883.php (2323 words)

	Formalism (literature) biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Formalism is an application of the linguistic model to literature, associated in the early part of this century with the Moscow and Prague Linguistic Circles.
		According to the precepts of Russian Formalism, content is the "motivation" of form, and the literary work is an assemblage of devices which function within a total textual system.
		In a general sense, "formalism" is applied to any critical approach (including New Criticism) that regards the text as a self-enclosed universe of discourse, subject to interpretation without reference to biographical or historical context.
	www.biography.ms /Formalism_(literature).html (173 words)

	Jerry Everard's Personal Site introductions to Theorists - Russian Formalism
		Formalism began near the turn of the Century, emerging in the OPOYAZ group (Society for Poetic Language) as a break with the late romantic tradition of symbolism in literature and Futurism and a number of related movements in the visual arts.
		Shklovsky considered the work of art to be the sum of the formal devices of which it is comprised, thus abolishing the firm distinction between form and content.
		The distinction between langue and parole, taken from linguistics, deserves to be developed for literature in order to reveal the principles underlying the relationship between the individual utterance and a prevailing complex of norms.
	lostbiro.com /Theorists/formalism.html (906 words)

	Robert Barsky's Vanderbilt Website
		Worse, in the face of literary theory the student of literature often feels ignorant, as though s/he has somehow missed the point all these years, that the pleasure conferred by the text was the result of a naive misreading on their part.
		Persons engaged in the study of literature, already uncertain about the epistemological status of the knowledge they are acquiring and the financial shortfalls that their studies are encouraging, may upon reflection decide to return to the state of innocent enjoyment.
		Literature knows less about the 'real world' because it is not anchored in a specific domain; but it knows more about the 'real world' because it can pass from one area of knowledge to another, effortlessly.
	sitemason.vanderbilt.edu /site/bvM8ve/introduction_english (5138 words)

	Formalism
		Literature then is also a practice of transformation of existing forms of cognition that shape our perception of the social world.
		Bakhtin moves beyond formalism and stresses the importance of diachronic analysis in a materialist understanding of literature and with Volosinov criticises the linguists’ obsession with dead languages and regards it as a symptom of their need to constitute a unity out of the multiple and heterogeneous.
		It could be argued that Saussure’s linguistics and its focus on the synchronic analysis of language stemmed from the need to oppose the tendencies towards a philosophy of origins that characterised the main project of his time in the constitution of a continuous evolutionist theory of Indo-European language.
	www.generation-online.org /c/cformalism.htm (947 words)

	Literary theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Schools that have been historically important include formalism (sometimes called 'new critical formalism' or 'the new criticism'), structuralism, post-structuralism, marxism, feminism, historicism, new historicism, deconstruction, reader-response criticism, and psychoanalytic criticism.
		Literary theory is the theory (or the philosophy) of the interpretation of literature and literary criticism.
		Literature is "a stratified structure of signs and meanings which is totally distinct from the mental processes of the author at the time of composition." --René Wellek, 1949
	www.jahsonic.com /LiteraryTheory.html (1840 words)

	Formalism: Russian and Prague schools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		That literature should not be subordinated to narrow Marxist concerns is a theme to which Russian authors occasionally returned in the succeeding thirty years, but an aesthetic divorced from socialism remained a heresy in the Soviet Union.
		The Formalists stressed the autonomy of literature, the devices it employed, the need for systematic study of those devices, but even Jakobson, the most provocative of thinkers, did not generally deny that literature was in some ways a reflection of life.
		Nor did literature evolve steadily as though it were a self-contained object: there were twists and complications, with influences from unlikely side-branches, as the art of Pushkin or Tolstoy illustrated.
	www.textetc.com /theory/formalists.html (2301 words)

	Formalism (literature) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Literature is autonomous from external conditions in the sense that literary language is distinct from ordinary uses of language, not least because it is not (entirely) communicative.
		Literature has its own history, a history of innovation in formal structures, and is not determined (as some crude versions of Marxism have it) by external, material history.
		What a work of literature says cannot be separated from how the literary work says it, and therefore the form and structure of a work, far from being merely the decorative wrapping of an isolable content, is in fact part of the content of the work.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Formalism_(literature) (737 words)

	Russian Formalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The scientific examination of literature was conceived in such a way as to lead, ultimately, to a proper appreciation of the text's artistic value.
		The insistence on the uniqueness of literature in the realm of verbal communication, as well as the need to isolate and define the object of the new science, lead the F. into a pursuit of universal or, at least, general properties of literature.
		The hierarchization of formal elements within the system of the text gave rise to the concept of the "dominant" (dominanta), understood as the focal formal element of the system, governing its organization and subjugating/deforming all other elements.
	www.pitt.edu /~petrov/formalism.html (2265 words)

	Tate
		Formalism - of which Roger Fry is a crucial early exponent - eschews anthropological or social considerations as well as issues arising from the artist's biography.
		A crucial element of Fry's formalism was the idea of aesthetic emotion, that is to say a frame of mind, a response, particular to the aesthetic experience, one that is positive and pleasurable; in contrast is the violently negative, painful reaction in the realm of dramatic association.
		Fry considers this an "ingenious analogy", but his cautious adoption of the phrase "psychological volumes" (which neither he nor Mauron would pursue further in their writings) fails to conceal that Mauron was signalling a point of departure from his mentor, and was soon to discard aesthetic emotion in his gradual path to psychoanalysis.
	www.artcritical.com /fry.htm (5640 words)

	Formal Hair -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Formal occasions such as a formal dinner party or high tea might require one to wear formal attire such as an evening gown or tuxedo.
		Formal methods may be used to give a description of the system to be developed, at whatever level(s) of detail desired.
		System types that are considered in the literature for formal verification include finite state machines (FSM), labelled transition systems (LTS) and their compositions, Petri nets, timed automata and hybrid automata, cryptographic protocols, combinatorial circuits, digital circuits with internal memory, and abstractions of general software components.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/59/formal-hair.html (1643 words)

	Russian Formalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The transition to the history of literature had come about, not by way of simply expanding the range of topics for investigation, but as the result of an evolution in the concept of form.
		The evolution of literature, as of other cultural systems, does not coincide either in tempo or in character with the systems with which it is interrelated.
		This is in contrast to the establishment of the direct "influence" of major social factors, which replaces the study of evolution of literature with the study of the modification of literary works—that is to say, of their deformation.
	courses.essex.ac.uk /lt/lt204/lecnotes4.htm (2916 words)

	Literary Theory [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Literary theory and the formal practice of literary interpretation runs a parallel but less well known course with the history of philosophy and is evident in the historical record at least as far back as Plato.
		The once widely-held conviction (an implicit theory) that literature is a repository of all that is meaningful and ennobling in the human experience, a view championed by the Leavis School in Britain, may no longer be acknowledged by name but remains an essential justification for the current structure of American universities and liberal arts curricula.
		What literature was, and why we read literature, and what we read, were questions that subsequent movements in literary theory were to raise.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/l/literary.htm (4789 words)

	Formalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Formalism is the concept that a work's artistic value is entirely determined by its form--the way it is made, its purely visual aspects and its medium.
		Formalism emphasizes compositional elements such as color, line, shape and texture rather than context and content.
		Formalism dominated modern art from the late 1800s through the 1960s.
	www.jahsonic.com /Formalism.html (202 words)

	The Crisis of Meaning in Religion and Art
		While formalism in art history and the new criticism in literature are somewhat distinct, they have in common a commitment to take the work of art seriously on its own terms.
		Both formalism and the new criticism understood their project to be focusing on the object itself as the nexus of its own unparaphrasable meaning.
		Formalism in literature and the visual arts took the autonomous object with such seriousness that its attention veered toward idolatry, transforming the art object into a sort of fetish.
	www.religion-online.org /showarticle.asp?title=174 (1914 words)

	sucur
		In fact, the literariness which Formalism was searching for, together with its division between poetry proper and other literary forms, and together with New Criticism's emphasis on the autonomous artifact (which we also sense in Shklovsky's article), was rather beneficial for the concept of institution, department, discipline, and so on.
		Sensational literature and fairy tales flourished as never before; collections of the brothers Grimm appeared between 1812 and 1826, and England was hit slightly later, by translations of Hans Christian Andersen in 1846, and of F.E. Paget's The Hope of the Katzekopfs, in 1844 (8).
		Russian Formalism did not question the possibility of writing literary history, but argued that historical contextualism was ineffective, and that traces of development were to be found in the text itself (8).
	clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu /clcweb00-4/sucur2-00.html (6711 words)

	Introduction
		Literature thrives on rereading, and Russian literary history has been particularly rich in instances of ideological constructions imposed on literary texts, as, for instance, in Belinsky's reading of Gogol.
		The hypogram is envisioned as a stereotype (subtext, gnome, paradigm) that is present in the literary/cultural vocabulary and may or may not be instanced, as far the as analyzed text is concerned, by a specific verbal cliche.
		By setting up a structural/intertextual/thematic correlative of the authorial persona, invariance transcends the programmatic impersonality of Formalism's "literature without writers." Resurrected from complete diffusion in the Text, the Author again becomes the subject of biographical and psychoanalytic inquiry,--tempered, to be sure, by the hard-won distinction between the real and implied author.
	www.usc.edu /dept/las/sll/eng/tct/int.htm (4879 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The term groups together a number of different approaches to literature, many of which seriously diverge from one another.
		Formalism, in this broad sense, was the dominant mode of academic literary study in the US at least from the end of the Second World War through the 1970s, especially as embodied in René Wellek and Austin Warren's Theory of Literature (1948, 1955, 1962).
		Beginning in the late 1970s, formalism was substantially displaced by various approaches (often with political aims or assumptions) that were suspicious of the idea that a literary work could be separated from its origins or uses.
	www.angelfire.com /planet/fatisar/formalism.txt (135 words)

	BioMX and Formalism
		Russian Formalism reacts against the deeply-rooted notion that content is superior to form which is merely seen as a recipient.
		In the first phase of Russian Formalism form is synonymous to literariness and thus is granted an essential status in the definition of literature: actually it is what made literature literature.
		Formalism was born after the Einstein's revolution in physics: form and meaning are not separate.
	filmplus.org /biomx/formalism.html (3527 words)

	palimpsest, read
		As a result, even the persistent high evaluation of a few American authors does not demonstrate their universality nor the continuity of American culture; the Emerson or the Hawthorne valued in 1900 is not the same as the one valued in the 1950s.
		Whence, evidently, the allure of formalism for literary criticism: form would seem to be exactly what demarcates the literary from the nonliterary, what defines the exclusive territory of literature.
		Yet formalism, as has been widely and persuasively argued, tends to turn literature into precisely the kind of artifact that means little in relation to the world and tends to obscure the worldly relations that inform the text and its production.
	www.unc.edu /~pylduck/palimpsest/2004_06_01_archive.html (824 words)

	History Against Literature , by Jack Miles from the On The Bible category on JackMiles.com
		To formalism, meaning is located in the form of the text, and the author is simply the means by which the form came into existence.
		The historicism of the teens, twenties, and thirties was not vanquished by the formalism of the forties, fifties, and sixties.
		On the contrary, the reconstruction of authorial intent in its full complexity, a complexity equal to the complexity of self-subversion as an effect, involved recognizing that the author was the intersection point of many competing social, economic, cultural, religious, and political interests.
	www.jackmiles.com /static/History-Against-Literature.htm (3760 words)

	Comparative Literature Courses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Introduction to the major twentieth-century theories of literature, including such approaches as formalism and structuralism, hermeneutics, reception theory, feminist theory, psychoanalytic approaches, post-structuralism and new historicism.
		Examination of what it means to engage in the study of Comparative Literature and, in particular, of current issues and debates within the discipline.
		The first third of the block will be devoted to exploring the questions that translation raises about language, literature, authority, and power, both through readings and through exercises in translation and in translation criticism.
	www.coloradocollege.edu /idprog/ComparativeLiterature/Courses.html (755 words)

	AcademicDB - Formalism.
		Formalism Formalism in the broadest sense refers to a type of criticism that emphasizes the "form" of a text rather than its content.
		More narrowly, Formalism refers to the critics and theorists working in Russia (actually, the Soviet Union) in the 1910s and 1920s.
		Russian Formalists emphasized the "literariness" of artistic texts, which they found in the linguistic and structural features of literature (as opposed to its subject matter).
	www.academicdb.com /formalism_6638 (239 words)

	307J literary criticism table (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		For Aristotle, the purpose of tragedy was catharsis, the purging of the emotions of fear and pity.
		"intentional fallacy" not a fallacy at all; literature is rhetorical since it is always about ideas, and often touches on ultimate questions about the nature of humankind etc. Author always writes to an audience and the author's conception of the audience alters the work of art.
		Like Formalism, involves close reading of language, but denies unity of form and meaning; uses the discovery of rules in Structuralism to undermine idea of rational rules; recognizes author's intentions, as in rhetorical criticism, places power to make meaning of the text, as in reader response.
	www-as.phy.ohiou.edu /~rouzie/307j/litcrittable1.html (812 words)

	Fem Chap IV
		Even though Millett's position on literature reflected an unproblematic conception of the literary text as a representation of life, her work is especially valuable for challenging the fixity of gender hierarchies and of gender itself, insisting that gender is culturally acquired sexual identity rather than a biological essence.
		Both A Literature of Their Own and The Madwoman in the Attic adopt the position that literature is rather uncomplicatedly mimetic; that is, that it is a reflective, faithful representation of reality.
		The "dancing" of women is their delicate negotiating of power relationships to forge a political impact upon literary studies, based on an assumption that literature mirrors the values and beliefs of the world, governed largely by men, in which we live.
	www.csubak.edu /~mpawlowski/femchap.html (7005 words)

	Perry Mason ch. 1
		For these early formalists, literature and poetry were to be distinguished from ordinary language because of the form each takes and the aesthetic intent of their writers.
		As a way of studying literature, Russian formalism is a turn away from seeking inherent meanings in a work and a turn toward an understanding of a work’s construction and the functions of its component elements.
		Russian formalism was beginning to deal with the problems naturally arising from the developing of a new approach in the midst of an economic and artistic revolution.
	tarlton.law.utexas.edu /lpop/etext/bounds1.htm (13183 words)

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