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	Formamide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Formamide, also known as Methanamide (IUPAC) and Carbamaldehyde, formula HCONH
		In its pure form, it dissolves many ionic compounds that are insoluble in water, so it is also used as a solvent.
		Formamide is also a constituent of cryoprotectant vitrification mixtures used for cryopreservation of tissues and organs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Formamide (160 words)

	The Water Channel of Cytochrome c Oxidase: inferences from Inhibitor Studies -- Kornblatt 75 (6): 3127 -- Biophysical ...
		that the assumption of one formamide needed to inhibit one oxidase
		The ratio of the slopes is close to 0.5; this means that on average, the presence of one formamide is sufficient to block 50% of the electron transfer.
		Table 4 indicates that formamide is a less effective inhibitor of vesicular oxidase than it is of soluble oxidase.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/75/6/3127 (4439 words)

	Formamide (AroKor Holdings Inc.)
		Formamide is an transparent hygroscopic oily liquid with an ammonia odor.
		It is soluble in water and alcohol; melting point 2.5 C, boiling 210 C. Formamide is obtained by heating ethyl formate with ammonia or by heating ammonium formate with urea.
		Formamide is used in the synthesis of medicine, pesticide, animal glue and other organic compound.
	www.chemicalland21.com /arokorhi/petrochemical/Formamide.htm (199 words)

	Formamide, Deionized : S4117
		Formamide is used primarily as a component in probe hybridization solutions to promote probe hybridization specificity.
		Formamide concentrations of 45-50% are typically used in Southern and Northern analyses and a 50% or greater concentration for in situ hybridization techniques.
		This preperation of formamide is deionized, triple distilled and packaged under nitrogen and is free of detectable
	www.chemicon.com /Product/ProductDataSheet.asp?ProductItem=S4117 (232 words)

	Ambion, Inc - Products
		Formamide lowers the melting temperature of nucleic acid duplexes and is widely used in applications such as Southern and Northern blotting, nuclease protection assays, S1 mapping and in situ hybridization.
		Ambion's formamide has been deionized, is nuclease-free and comes packaged as a liquid in an amber glass bottle under argon.
		Formamide is thoroughly tested for contaminating nonspecific endonuclease, exonuclease and RNase activity.
	www.ambion.com /catalog/CatNum.php?9342 (96 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Preferably, the di-substituted formamide is substituted with at least one C, to C6 alkyl group.
		Preferably, the lower alkyl formamide is a C, to C6 alkyl formamide.
		Preferably, the substituted formamide is a mono-substituted formamide or di-substituted formamide.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=03/72552.030904&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4493 words)

	Toxicologic Review of Selected Chemicals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Mild and transient irritation, but no allergic skin sensitization, occurred when formamide was applied to the skin of guinea pigs (Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 6th ed., Sax 1984; E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc., as cited in ACIGH 1986/Ex.
		The Agency concludes that the 30-ppm STEL should be retained to ensure that workplace exposures to formamide are not permitted to exceed the 8-hour TWA by any substantial margin.
		OSHA is aware of the developing literature on both formamide and dimethyl formamide, and the Agency intends to monitor toxicological developments on these chemicals closely in the future to determine whether other action is necessary.
	www.cdc.gov /Niosh/pel88/75-12.html (604 words)

	Micellization of Polyoxyalkylene Block Copolymers in Formamide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The solution properties of amphiphilic molecules in nonaqueous polar solvents are important in the elucidation of the effects of solvent quality on self-assembly and also in practical applications where the use of water as a solvent is undesirable.
		The enthalpy and entropy of micellization in formamide are about 3 times smaller than the respective quantities in water.
		The radius of gyration of the unimers and the core radius and hard-sphere interaction radius of the spherical micelles were obtained by fitting appropriate models to the SANS scattering patterns.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/mamobx/2000/33/i09/abs/ma990862o.html (272 words)

	Mechanism of Degradation of Purine Nucleosides by Formamide. Implications for Chemical DNA Sequencing Procedures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		We describe the reaction of formamide with 2`-deoxyadenosine and 2`-deoxyguanosine to give imidazole ring opening by nucleophilic addition on the electrophilic C(8)-position of the purine ring.
		The reactivity with formamide of several 7-deazapurine analogues (7-deaza-2`-deoxyinosine, 7-deaza-2`-deoxyguanosine, and 7-deaza-2`-deoxyadenosine) incorporated into polynucleotides is also described.
		The wide spectrum of different sensitivities to formamide displayed by these purine analogues provides the single-lane DNA chemical sequencing procedures with the possibility of wide-ranging signal intensity modulation and thus increased specificity.
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/jacsat/118/i24/abs/ja953527y.html (167 words)

	Laboratory wins two pollution prevention awards \| The Newsbulletin \| January 29, 2004
		The winning projects from Los Alamos are "Formamide Replacement in Genetic Sequencing" by Lynne Goodwin and her team from Bioscience (B) Division and "Pollution Prevention at the Heavy Equipment Maintenance Shop" by John Keene and his team from KSL Services.
		Formamide is traditionally used to re-suspend DNA after denaturing, but formamide is a hazardous chemical with an unpleasant scent that could potentially harm a fetus.
		Formamide was the only hazardous chemical associated with genetic sequencing, so eliminating formamide means that all of the sequencing waste is nonhazardous.
	www.lanl.gov /orgs/pa/newsbulletin/2004/01/29/text04.shtml (419 words)

	183. Supplementary information - dimethyl formamide (FAO Nutrition Meetings Report Series 46a)
		Dimethyl formamide is absorbed through the skin in man and in rabbits with some animal deaths in rats occurring from exposure to 75 per cent.
		Dimethyl formamide increases biological activity as a synergist, acts bacteriostatically and as antitrichomonas (Kutzche, 1965).
		Comments on Dimethyl Formamide The metabolism of this compound is not known.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v46aje51.htm (4266 words)

	FORMAMIDE
		Fires involving formamide are likely to produce very toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and ammonia, which should not be inhaled.
		Copper, brass, lead and rubber are attacked by formamide.
		Formamide: Oral rat LD50: 5577 mg/kg; investigated as a tumorigen, mutagen, reproductive effector.
	www.jtbaker.com /msds/englishhtml/f5770.htm (962 words)

	ACE Formamide
		In many instances, use of a very low ionic strength formamide for sample preparation provides key benefits to the final results.
		Low conductivity formamide affects the electric field across the capillary so that the DNA fragments do not migrate down the capillary during the loading process.
		Furthermore, with minimal ions in the loading solvent, most of the current is carried by the DNA fragments.
	www.bioresearchonline.com /Content/ProductShowcase/product.asp?DocID={EA658CCA-8B01-11D4-8C60-009027DE0829}&VNETCOOKIE=NO (182 words)

	BOT/MBIO/ZOO 5364
		Formamide. Check the pH before using. If the pH is <7, mix the formamide with a mixed bed resin to deionize the solution (BioRad AG501-X8 mixed resin bed). Filter the deionized formamide through a paper filter and store at -20°C. Preparation of Grids
		4. The presence of formamide reduces the contrast of stained grids. We always shadow formamide treated DNA with Pt/Pd (80%/20%). Wrap 1.5 inches of Pt/Pd wire (.008 in.
		6. Double stranded DNA in formamide treated samples is well spread out. Single stranded DNA is extended but is thinner and kinkier than double stranded DNA.
	www.ou.edu /research/electron/bmz5364/dna.html (766 words)

	deionised formamide - BioForum
		Combine with formamide and stir gently for 3 hours (not more than 7 hours).
		Conductivity of deionized formamide is ~ 1.5 µmho using wet resin after 2 hours and ~ 0.5 µmho using dry resin after 3 hours.
		I have had good results using EM brand formamide without deionization.
	www.protocol-online.org /forums/index.php?showtopic=4101 (262 words)

	Single-Base-Pair Discrimination of Terminal Mismatches by Using Oligonucleotide Microarrays and Neural Network Analyses ...
		and the concentration of formamide used in the washing buffer.
		The single-base-pair mismatch occurs at the fourth position from the 5' terminus of the probe.
		The corresponding relative sensitivities of type of mismatch and formamide concentration are 0.10 and 0.71, respectively.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/1/235 (5957 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Dynamics of Na and Cl ions solvation in aqueous mixtures of formamide using molecular dynamics simulations.
		It is shown that both Na cation and Cl anion are preferentially solvated by formamide even if only small amounts of formamide are present in the mixture.
		Translational diffusion and vibrational motions of ion solvation shell molecules correlate strongly with the local composition of solvent near the ions.
	www.ijc.com /abstracts/abstract1n7.html (228 words)

	NTP: Abstract for Teratology -- Formamide
		Formamide (FORM) is a widely used industrial solvent, and its developmental toxicity in laboratory species has been reported previously.
		This study was performed due to the lack of data from pregnant rats exposed during the entire embryo/fetal period.
		The National Toxicology Program is headquartered on the NIEHS campus in Research Triangle Park, NC.
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /INDEX.CFM?OBJECTID=07310E90-9E8F-1EF5-4F6795BB84D7F55D (591 words)

	Formamide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Formamide (F), an industrial solvent with likely human exposure, was tested for its effects on reproduction and fertility in Swiss CD-1 mice using the RACB protocol.
		It was nominated for testing based on isolated reports of antimitotic activity and developmental toxicity.
		In summary, these data show that formamide at 750 ppm in drinking water reduced murine fertility in both generations (fewer litters, smaller litters) and that the female was the affected sex (Task 3 crossover results and Tasks 2 and 4 estrous cycle data).
	www.ehponline.org /members/1997/Suppl-1/dfa127.html (855 words)

	Validation of formamide as a detubulation agent in isolated rat cardiac cells -- Brette et al. 283 (4): 1720 -- AJP - ...
		Validation of formamide as a detubulation agent in isolated rat cardiac cells -- Brette et al.
		Validation of formamide as a detubulation agent in isolated rat cardiac cells
		formamide washout and that the t tubules appear to reseal within
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/283/4/H1720 (303 words)

	Formamide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Store deionized formamide in aliquots at -20C in a non frost free freezer.
		Different bottles of formamide even if bought at same time, from same supplier may have different pH.
		Slightly acidic formamide will drop faster than pH of neutral to slightly alkaline.
	hcgs.unh.edu /protocol/BAC/BACform.html (196 words)

	Material Safety Data Sheet Formamide
		Studies have shown that formamide can be absorbed through the skin in quantities sufficient to produce systemic toxicity even though it is n ot very acutely toxic via this route and effective doses were relative ly high.
		Animal experiments show that small amounts of formamide, if repeatedly inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin, can cause embryotoxi city.
		Conditions to Avoid: Light, moisture, temperatures >180°C as formamide will begin to partially decompose into carbon monoxide and ammonia.
	www.sefsc.noaa.gov /HTMLdocs/Formamide.htm (1087 words)

	Pollution Prevention Best Practices Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Formamide is used to resuspend DNA after denaturing, but formamide is a hazardous chemical with an unpleasant scent that could potentially harm a fetus.
		Researchers at the Los Alamos discovered that a water-based solution gave even better results than formamide for resuspending DNA during the sequencing process.
		Formamide was the only hazardous chemical associated with genetic sequencing, so eliminating formamide substantially reduces the amount of paperwork involved with operations.
	www.eh.doe.gov /p2/p2ll/project.aspx?id=71 (127 words)

	NTP: Abstract for Repro Tox: Formamide
		Reproductive Toxicity of Formamide (FORM) (CAS No. 75-12-7) in CD-1 Swiss Mice
		Formamide (FORM), a high production, industrial solvent with likely human exposure in industrial and laboratory settings, was evaluated for reproductive toxicity in CD-1 (Swiss) mice using the Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding Protocol (RACB).
		Male and female mice were exposed to FORM in drinking water at doses of 0, 100, 350, and 750 ppm (~20 to 200 mg/kg/day).
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /ntpweb/index.cfm?objectid=071D24C9-E968-04E3-2F025C4CE131CF7E (326 words)

	Hybrisol® I Hybridization Solution, (50% Formamide, 6X SSC) : S4040
		They are designed to give maximum signal and clean background for hybridizations performed on nylon and nitrocellulose membranes.
		Before using, preheat at 37°C to 45°C for 10 - 20 minutes to dissolve precipitants and mix thoroughly.
		Refer to the Nomograph located under the "Protocols" link at S4040 product specific page at www.chemicon.com for hybridization temperatures with various stringencies guidelines.
	www.chemicon.com /Product/ProductDataSheet.asp?ProductItem=S4040 (249 words)

	AmpliHi from AME Bioscience, replacement for Hi Di Formamide
		Is a package which combines 7ml of sequencing polymer with our signal enhancing reagent for ABI capillary sequencers.
		This reagent replaces the use of Hi Di Formamide.
		Increasing the signal on your ABI capillary sequencer using ABI POP-6 2 - 3 fold enabling higher dilutions of your Big Dye Terminator reactions.
	www.amebioscience.com /amplihi.htm (148 words)

	Phenylmercuric formamide Use
		Phenylmercuric formamide - Pesticide use statistics for 2003
		Note: See Working with the Information on this Page section below for important notes about this data.
		For detailed chemical information see the chemical detail page.
	www.pesticideinfo.org /Detail_ChemUse.jsp?Rec_Id=PC36947 (962 words)

	Search Results for formamide - Encyclopædia Britannica
		With the exceptions of formamide (HCONH2) and some of its N-substituted derivatives, all amides are solids at room temperature.
		Expand your search on formamide with these databases:
		The greatest written works in one magnificent collection.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=formamide&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (143 words)

	Blots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Otherwise, the probe can be directly added to the "prehybridization." Hybridize overnight at 65-68
		Notes - Hybridization stringency for Southern blots can be increased by making the Church buffer with 15% Formamide and hybridizing at 65
		Hybridization stringency can be further increased, especially for Northern blots, by using Church + 15% formamide made with only 0.2mM NaPO4, and hybridizing at 65
	lena.jax.org /~jcs/techniques/protocols/Blots.html (280 words)

	F7503 Formamide
		Formamide destabilizes nucleic acid duplexes and may be used, typically, at a concentration of 50%, in hybridization protocols requiring lower hybridization temperatures.
		Casey, J. and Davidson, N., Rates of formation and thermal stabilities of RNA:DNA and DNA:DNA duplexes at high concentrations of formamide.
		Sigma-Aldrich brand products are sold exclusively through Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. Best viewed in IE6 or higher
	sigmaaldrich.com /catalog/search/ProductDetail/SIGMA/F7503?... (177 words)

	Hybridization Cocktails, 50% Formamide, Chemistry Supplies and Laboratory Chemicals
		Hybridization Cocktails, 50% Formamide, Chemistry Supplies and Laboratory Chemicals
		For DNA and RNA hybridization in southern blot, northern blot, dot blot, colony and in situ hybridization.
		The LAB DEPOT is your source for laboratory chemicals equipment and scientific supplies including Hybridization Cocktails, 50% Formamide, reagent chemicals, research products and lab test kits for water purification and pH sampling.
	www.labdepotinc.com /chemical_details~pid~H3028.aspx (147 words)

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