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Topic: Formant synthesis

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Wavetable synthesis

Physical modelling synthesis

	Speech synthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Diphone synthesis suffers from the sonic glitches of concatenative synthesis and the robotic-sounding nature of formant synthesis, and has few of the advantages of either approach other than small size.
		Speech synthesis systems for languages like this often use the rule-based approach as the core approach for text-to-phoneme conversion, resorting to dictionaries only for those few words, like foreign names and borrowings, whose pronunciation is not obvious from the spelling.
		Speech synthesis markup languages should be distinguished from dialogue markup languages such as VoiceXML, which includes, in addition to text-to-speech markup, tags related to speech recognition, dialogue management and touchtone dialing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Speech_synthesis (2915 words)

	Speech synthesis - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Concatenative synthesis is based on the concatenation (or stringing together) of segments of recorded speech.
		Formant synthesis does not use any human speech samples at runtime.
		Speech synthesis systems use two basic approaches to determine the pronunciation of a word based on its spelling, a process which is often called text-to-phoneme or grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, as phoneme is the term used by linguists to describe distinctive sounds in a language.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Speech_synthesis (2465 words)

	[No title]
		It is suggested that, for synthesis purposes, the spectral representation known as "spectrogram filtering" be used, although the "dft" spectrum is useful if one wishes to compare individual harmonics, and the "critical-band" spectrum is useful if one wishes to use filters with wide bandwidths at the higher frequencies to combat statistical fluctuations in noise spectra.
		Since formants are the natural resonant frequencies of the vocal tract, and frequency locations are independent of source location, the formant frequencies of cascade and corresponding parallel resonators must be identical.
		Formants associated with the cavity in back of the constriction should have their amplitudes set to zero initially, (The amplitude of the first parallel formant,’a1’, is therefore zero for all English fricatives.) and then all parallel formant amplitudes should be adjusted on a trial-and-error basis, comparing synthesized frication spectra with a natural frication spectrum.
	www.indiana.edu /~acoustic/klsynman.html (6813 words)

	Electronic musical instrument of fixed formant synthesis type - Patent 4406204
		The reason for modifying the center frequency of the fixed formant to the nearest harmonic frequency is that side frequencies obtained by conforming a carrier frequency and a modulating frequency for the frequency modulation computation to a harmonic frequency of a desired tone constitute harmonic components of the tone.
		Since the level of a central component of an original formant is L, the signal level of the harmonic frequency (kf.sub.0) in the modified formant is L. In the orginal formant, however, the level of the harmonic frequency (kf.sub.0) is l.sub.0.
		Accordingly, the data C(f.sub.fi -f.sub.0) representing a cent value of the formant center frequency f.sub.fi with the fundamental frequency f.sub.0 being taken as a reference (0 cent) is computed and applied to the A input of the comparator 24 to match the references of the cent values of the A and B inputs.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4406204.html (14561 words)

	Methods, Techniques, and Algorithms
		Formant synthesis, which models the pole frequencies of speech signal or transfer function of vocal tract based on source-filter-model.
		The articulatory synthesis is quite rarely used in present systems, but since the analysis methods are developing fast and the computational resources are increasing rapidly, it might be a potential synthesis method in the future.
		Rule-based formant synthesis is based on a set of rules used to determine the parameters necessary to synthesize a desired utterance using a formant synthesizer (Allen et al.
	www.acoustics.hut.fi /~slemmett/dippa/chap5.html (6161 words)

	Speech intensity in synthetic speech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Formant based overlap-add concatenation, illustrated in panel (b), on the other hand, can be applied to formant frequency, bandwidth and intensity and so spectral discontinuities can be minimised.
		As the formant frequency, as well as bandwidth and intensity, can be overlap-added there is a smooth and unmuted transition of the formant from one diphone to the next.
		This procedure is applied to a labelled database and tracked formant frequencies are constrained by probabilistic data derived from an initial analysis of the range of vowel formant frequencies used by the current speaker for each vowel phoneme.
	www.ling.mq.edu.au /rmannell/research/sst2002c (2305 words)

	Klatt Audio Scribe Notes for EE225d
		The "OVE" cascade formant synthesizer of Gunnar Fant
		Comparison of synthesis and a natural sentence, John Holmes using his parallel formant synthesizer, 1973.
		Formant synthesis using diphone concatenation, by Rex Dixon and David Maxey, 1968.
	www.icsi.berkeley.edu /eecs225d/klatt.html (402 words)

	Electronic musical instrument of a formant synthesis type - Patent 4422362
		Conversion of the fixed formant center frequency to the nearest harmonic frequency is required for adjusting frequencies of the carrier wave and the modulating wave used in the frequency modulation computation to harmonic frequencies of a desired tone so that sidebands obtained by the frequency modulation will constitute harmonic component of this tone.
		The shape of the spectrum envelope of the formant is determined by this modulation index I. The output I sin q..omega..sub.m of the multiplier 16 is applied to an adder 17 where it is added with the phase angle data q..omega..sub.c of the carrier.
		The invention is applicable to a case wherein a fixed formant consisting of a plurality of formants is to be synthesized.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4422362.html (4985 words)

	Smithsonian Speech Synthesis History Project (ss_ibm.htm)
		A synthesis approach based on assembling words from stored diphone segments was chosen because of the potential reduction in required computer storage over storing whole words, and the expectation that segment assembly would require less real-time processing than a synthesis by rule method.
		Synthesis was initially seen merely as a method of insuring smooth juncture between stored segments, impossible to do with prerecorded human speech segments.
		Formant synthesis, rather than articulatory synthesis, was chosen because it was thought the control data could be obtained from a sound spectro- graph or an electronic formant-tracker.
	www.mindspring.com /~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_ibm.htm (2335 words)

	Speech synthesis - Encyclopedia, History and Biography
		HMM-based synthesis is a synthesis method based on Hidden Markov Models.
		Free (http://www.chipspeaking.com) Speech Synthesis system designed for the vocally impaired, with links to other speech related assistive technologies and resources for PALS.
		HTS (http://hts.ics.nitech.ac.jp/) is a freely available HMM-based speech synthesis system (back end).
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Text_to_speech (2854 words)

	SYNTH SECRETS
		Measurement and acoustic theory have demonstrated that the centre frequencies of these formants are related to simple anatomical properties such as the length and cross-section of the tube of air that comprises the vocal tract.
		Now, ignoring the sounds of consonants for a moment, it's the formants that make it possible for us to differentiate different vowel sounds from one another (consonants are, to a large degree, noise bursts shaped by the tongue and lips, and we can model these using amplitude contours rather than spectral shapes).
		In addition, the amplitudes of the formants are not equal, and the widths of the formants (expressed as 'Q') vary from person to person, and from sound to sound.
	www.sospubs.co.uk /sos/mar01/articles/synthsec.asp (3398 words)

	Formant Synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		These resonant peaks in the vocal tract transfer function (or frequency response) are known as "formants".
		It is by the formant positions that the ear is able to differentiate one speech sound from another.
		Here are a few examples of English vowels with their corresponding lowest three formants for an average male speaker.
	www.webcom.com /tts/formant.html (159 words)

	17.5. Formant Synthesis
		Recall that in a cascade formant synthesiser, the centre frequency and bandwidths of each formant can be controlled, but that the levels of the formant can't be controlled independently.
		Individual formant levels vary depending on the centre frequency and bandwidth of all formants in the vocal-tract filter.
		keyword specifies the index number of the formant which should be treated as a zero rather than a pole in the vocal tract filter.
	www.ling.mq.edu.au /speech/acoustics/cassidy/ch17s05.html (267 words)

	Articulatory Speech Synthesis by Rule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The synthesis strategy should be based on a coherent theory of speech production and the system described here will take into account one particular theory.
		Any synthesis strategy which began by observing in EMG or other data collection system that contraction for X began Tx before the achievement of X and simply arranged for this to be simulated would not even include the power of descriptive adequacy, let alone explanatory adequacy.
		It is hoped that this is the beginning of a speech synthesis by rule system which will for the first time render transparent some of the stages in the speech production process.
	www.essex.ac.uk /speech/archive/articss/articss.html (6636 words)

	Speech synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The process of normalizing text is rarely straightforward.
		The simplest approach to text-to-phoneme conversion is the dictionary-based approach.
		A number of markup languages for rendition of text as speech in an XML compliant format, have been established, most recently the SSML proposed by the W3C (still in draft status at the time of this writing).
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/speech_synthesis (2432 words)

	Sprachsynthese I
		Speech synthesis is an essential component of any system relying on "natural" and intuitive human-machine communication.
		Speech synthesis systems are also used in phonetic research to gain further insight into speech production and acoustic properties of speech.
		Various approaches to speech synthesis are presented, including formant synthesis, concatenative synthesis, and corpus-based unit selection.
	www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de /lehre/teaching/2000-WS/Synthese1 (243 words)

	Smithsonian Speech Synthesis History Project (ss_jsru.htm)
		Between 1960 and 1984 speech synthesis was a main application of this analysis work for copy synthesis, synthesis by rule, and for use in vocoders of various types.
		This work led to the conclusion that for practical synthesis the parallel synthesizer was in fact more versatile than the cascade design, and caused no sacrifice of naturalness achievable, in spite of the traditional theoretical advantages widely associated with a cascade connection.
		The main innovation during this period was the use of single-resonant circuits for the channel synthesis filters.
	www.mindspring.com /~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_jsru.htm (2672 words)

	Yamaha DX 7 FM Synthesiser and FS1R Formant Synthesis FM Synthesiser. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Basically the hardware comprises a number of Operators - these are tone generators in much the same way as the oscillators in an analogue synth, complete with a voltage controlled output amplifier tacked on the end to modify the amplitude against time of the oscillator's output.
		Basically a formant operator mimics the actions of the human larynx allowing the production of vowel sounds by clever use of fixed filters connected in series or parallel.
		By the addition of noise generators used in conjunction with the same formants consanants can also be created.
	www.jarrelook.fsnet.co.uk /KitYamFM.html (1029 words)

	SYNTH SECRETS
		Women's formants are -- as a rule -- slightly wider than men's (no sniggering at the back, please).
		It therefore follows that imitating these formants is a big step forward in realistic synthesis.
		Gordon Reid concludes the purely theoretical part of this series with a look at the theory of analogue formant synthesis, how it relates to the human voice, and modern digital synths like Yamaha's FS1R.
	www.soundonsound.com /sos/mar01/articles/synthsec.asp (3398 words)

	Formant Re-Synthesis Of Dysarthric Speech (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The present study is part of a project on voice transformation systems for dysarthria, with the goal of producing intelligibility-enhanced speech.
		We report on a procedure in which formants and energies are estimated from dysarthric speech; next, these trajectories are modified to...
		0.2: Formant and Burst Spectral Measurements with Quantitative..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /667640.html (353 words)

	Data Driven Formant Synthesis - Hogberg (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The aim is to improve on the coarticulatory modelling by adapting the KTH TTS system to data from one speaker.
		Regression trees are trained on a manually corrected speech database to provide predictions for vowel formant frequencies.
		At runtime, the TTS system produces formant frequency trajectories that are derived from weighted contributions from both the rules and the regression trees.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /hogberg97data.html (375 words)

	Integrated Prosodic Approach to Speech Synthesis
		This collaborative project between Linguistics departments in Cambridge, London and York aims to construct a model of computational phonology that integrates and extends modern metrical approaches to phonetic interpretation and to apply this model to the generation of high-quality speech synthesis.
		Integrating these is a temporal model that provides a linguistic structure or 'data object' upon which phonetic interpretation is executed and which delivers control information for synthesis.
		Initially, the current project aims to cover a limited range of phenomena in one British English accent, but the complete model should be appropriate for language and accent independence.
	www.phon.ucl.ac.uk /project/prosynth.htm (367 words)

	Angelina free download This virtual instrument uses formant synthesis to generate rich, atmospheric pads sounds. The ...
		Rainbow 2.5 — Thanks to an original mixture of FM, AM, additive and substractive synthesis, Rainbow is able to produce a wide assortment of sounds, from analog emulations or synthesized drums to 80's electric pianos or synth basses.
		Synthesis marks prion disease breakthrough — In a breakthrough that could offer new ways to combat mad cow disease and related human brain disorders like vCJD, the infectious prions which trigger these diseases may have been synthesised in a laboratory for the first time.
		One-pot synthesis strategy leads to molecular Borromean rings — A macrocyclic molecule having the topology of Borromean rings has been prepared from 18 components using a mix the pieces together and shake them all about approach by chemists at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the University of...
	3d2f.com /programs/0-847-angelina-download.shtml (1302 words)

	Jordan Rudess' Community Forums - Pseudo Formant Synthesis 4 Fun and Profit
		Here are some tips to use basics of formant synthesis for our filthy fun purposes :twisted:
		First of all, here are an introduction to formant synthesis from Sound On Sound
		Note: this kind of synthesis can be made usually on any synths that lets you to put more than a bandpass filter in series.
	www.jordanrudess.com /forum/showthread.php?t=1089 (451 words)

	Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering 1992/Resource id #2514 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		ABSTRACT: In this paper an inventory of acoustic building units (ABUs) used for the synthesis of Arabic speech is presented.
		The ABUs are generated for the free programmable PCF-8200 formant synthesizer chip which has been used in the development of the real time text-to-speech multilingual system, the MULTIVOX.
		To utilize these ABUs for the synthesis of Arabic speech a set of 36 Arabic sounds and all their possible combinations are defined.
	www.pp.bme.hu /ee/1992_1/ee1992_1_03.html (135 words)

	beepSNORT: Formant Synthesis for Replicating Great Singers
		Of course this is most likely based on Dodge's work with Caruso, (an amazing piece btw, I've heard it in concert).
		Is the selling of formants themselves the next frontier in mass market artist branding?
		The software has huge faults, but the way it's being marketed is itself intriguing.
	beepsnort.org /archives/000058.html (136 words)

	[music-dsp] Fw: Formant Synthesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		But it shouldn't be any problem to get hold on it in a library).
		This was at least in the seventies and eighties one of the bibles for speech synthesis.
		There you can learn almost everything about formant synthesis - well, it may be even fair to call this book the scientific foundation for all formant based (speech) synthesizers.
	shoko.calarts.edu /pipermail/music-dsp/2000-August/005242.html (187 words)

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