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Topic: Formant

	Formant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Formants are the distinguishing or meaningful frequency components of human speech and of singing.
		Formants are the characteristic partials that identify vowels to the listener.
		Control of formants is an essential component of the vocal technique known as overtone singing, in which the performer sings a low fundamental tone, and creates sharp resonances to select upper harmonics, giving the impression of several tones being sung at once.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Formant (637 words)

	American Theatre Organ Society
		The formant is the peculiar series of (mostly) inharmonic partials that sound from the physical structure of the pipe itself (i.e., its walls).
		Because this made a wider gap in pitches between formant and natural overtones, there was bound to be less beating, hence stronger and purer tone from the pipe.
		Formant is used by Bonavia-Hunt in his 1950 Modern British Organ and Austin Niland mentions it once in his Introduction to the Organ.
	www.atos.org /Pages/Journal/HopeJones/hopejones_2.html (2858 words)

	Formant tracking
		Formant tracking only has a chance of success in oral vowels, because their formants are generally recognisable and can be numbered correctly from F1 up.
		Formant tracking may be less successful in nasal vowels owing to the effects of antiresonance and nasal resonance that might interfere with the correct recognition and labelling of formants.
		Formant tracking in Praat identifies formants by referring analysed peaks to known average frequencies of F1, F2 etc. Always inspect the formant track plots and compare them with the formants seen on the spectrogram, as a check.
	www.ling.lu.se /persons/Sidney/praate/wavformedform.html (2701 words)

	Formant
		A musical instrument may have several formant regions dictated by the shape and resonance properties of the instrument.
		Phoneticians usually recognize at least two formant regions as uniquely characterizing the different vowels; however, a larger number are present but have less strength.
		The formant not only gives sung vowels a characteristic colour, but also allows the voice to be heard over the accompaniment of instruments or even a full orchestra.
	www.sfu.ca /sonic-studio/handbook/Formant.html (301 words)

	[No title]
		It is generally ackowledged that performance is influenced by memory factors (e.g., Macmillan et al., 1988; Schouten and Van Hessen, 1992) and it is, therefore, expected that the increased speechlikeness of the stimulus affects the discriminability and identifiability of sounds that are labelled similarly.
		Formant synthesis The single and complex CV-like and VC-like syllables were generated by a digital formant synthesiser (.i.AAA-Weenink, 1988;).
		The transitions of the complex formant stimuli were preceded or followed by a 20-ms voice bar in initial and final position, respectively (not shown).
	fonsg3.let.uva.nl /Proceedings/Proceedings18/Astrid_van_Wieringen/Proceedings94 (5384 words)

	Printing formant tracks
		If the formants are analysed for a smaller frequency range than the spectrogram, as here, they are still drawn properly by setting the same frequency range for the drawing parameters of both spectrogram and formant tracks.
		The line drawing procedure is unable to identify formants correctly in consonants, especially obstruents, where some formants may be suppressed owing to the presence of antiresonance in the vocal tract and are consequently missing from the analysis.
		The area is marked out as usual, and spectrogram and formant tracks added (rounding up the time to a whole second, depending on the signal to be drawn, and unticking garnish).
	www.ling.lu.se /persons/Sidney/praate/printformants.html (2140 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Each formant is described by its center frequency, F, and its bandwidth, B. 3 is a graph of changes in the center frequencies of the first three formants during a lengthy utterance.
		Formant path generator 628 also adjust resonators 632,634, and 636 so that they resonate with a bandwidth equal to the respective bandwidth of the first, second and third formants of the current state.
		The computer-readable medium of claim 56 wherein the formant path generator further identifies a third sequence of formants and wherein the resonator unit further comprises a third resonator sub-unit, the third resonator sub-unit being capable of resonating with a center frequency and bandwidth that is determined by a formant in the third sequence of formants.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/18789.010315&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (9828 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The corresponding formant frequency code appearing at the output port of the addressable memory is then used as an indicator of the determined one or more formant frequencies.
		Because formant signals have the same frequency characteristics as actual human speech, such signals may be easily converted by a standard voice coder (found in conventional transceivers) for transmission to a receiver.
		The apparats of claim 17, wherein the corresponding formant frequency code indicates a plurality of formant frequencies, and wherein the means for generating the signal having the one or more formant frequencies comprises means for generating the plurality of formant frequencies indicated by the corresponding formant frequency code.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=99/31895.990624&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (6946 words)

	Formant Ltd
		When you join disparate systems together you need to know that the financial integrity of your data is still intact, that the same data means the same in all systems and that your data can be meaningfully aggregated across systems.
		Formant consultants will seek to understand your requirements, your business, your systems and your data and express them in designs which can be understood by developers and engineers.
		At all times Formant consultants will ensure data and financial integrity and that the solution continues to meet your requirements.
	www.formant.co.uk (162 words)

	Formant
		It is the Elektor Formant designed by C. Chapman (an Englishman?), which was published in 1977/78 in the European electronics magazine Elektor (in The Netherlands called Elektuur).
		The Formant is a conventional Moog-style synthesizer, voltage controlled with a 1V/octave characteristic.
		The Formant was published in a series of articles in Elektor, and later as a book with a compilation of the articles.
	www.euronet.nl /~rja/Emusic/Formant (3523 words)

	SYNTH SECRETS
		Measurement and acoustic theory have demonstrated that the centre frequencies of these formants are related to simple anatomical properties such as the length and cross-section of the tube of air that comprises the vocal tract.
		Now, ignoring the sounds of consonants for a moment, it's the formants that make it possible for us to differentiate different vowel sounds from one another (consonants are, to a large degree, noise bursts shaped by the tongue and lips, and we can model these using amplitude contours rather than spectral shapes).
		In addition, the amplitudes of the formants are not equal, and the widths of the formants (expressed as 'Q') vary from person to person, and from sound to sound.
	www.soundonsound.com /sos/mar01/articles/synthsec.asp (3430 words)

	Formant Transitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The first formant exhibits a rising transition after the release of a stop closure.
		The direction of the second and third formant transitions depend on the particular constrictor producing the stop (lips, tongue tip, tongue body), and also on the overlapping vowel.
		Using this device, it was discovered that the direction and extent of second and third formant transitions were sufficient to determine the perception of "place of articulation" (constrictor type).
	www.ling.yale.edu:16080 /ling120/Consonants/Ca.html (133 words)

	VoceVista: Visual Feedback for Instruction in Singing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In a single subject the higher formants are expected to vary little, given a limited F0 range and a constant vowel, and the evenly distributed harmonics over the duration of the maneuver (8 seconds) assure that the long time average spectra (LTAS) show characteristic levels and frequencies of the singer's formant for the given range.
		The contrast between the two with respect to the singer's formant is evident.
		Not surprisingly, the relative level of the singer's formant in the tenor voice easily exceeds that of the two soprano voices.
	www.vocevista.com /elite2.html (246 words)

	Vowel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The different vowel qualities are realized in acoustic analyses of vowels by the relative values of the formants, acoustic resonances of the vocal tract which show up as dark bands on a spectrogram.
		The vocal tract acts as a resonant cavity, and the position of the jaw, lips, and tongue affect the parameters of the resonant cavity, resulting in different formant values.
		The first formant, abbreviated "F1", corresponds to vowel openness (vowel height).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vowel (3459 words)

	Orderly cortical representation of vowels based on formant interaction -- Ohl and Scheich 94 (17): 9440 -- ...
		Illustration of neuronal sensitivity to formant interaction and topographic distribution of proportion of summational and
		The weak extraction of vowel formant peaks by rate codes or temporal codes in the auditory nerve (3) that is compatible
		Inhibitory mechanisms for the preservation of formant structure in temporal code models have been suggested in (38-40).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/17/9440 (2684 words)

	HowTo: Phonetic Analysis using Formant Measurements
		Not all these peaks are caused by formants, and so a post-processing stage is required to label some of the peaks as being caused by "F1", "F2", etc. This post-processing stage usually makes assumptions about the typical frequency and bandwidth range of vocal tract resonances and their rate of change.
		Since we expect formant values at the edges of the segment to be less characteristic of the segment than values towards the middle, a refinement of method 1 would be to restrict the analysis to the central third of the segment in time.
		Since we don't expect the formant frequency to be constant over the segment, another approach is to fit a line to the formant values and choose the value of that line at the centre point of the segment as representative of the segment as a whole.
	www.phon.ucl.ac.uk /resource/sfs/howto/formant.htm (5780 words)

	Command Line ~ CDP Get and Use FORMANT Data
		The specific formant (frequency regions) associated with each vowel have been identified – and can be used to impose a given vowel sound onto any other sound.
		A formant, then, is an absolute frequency region in which the (changing) partials contained in any given sound are amplified, resulting in a constant timbre amidst changing pitches.
		While this phenomenon occurs naturally through resonance effects, formants can also be produced on the computer by boosting the amplitudes of the partials in the specific frequency regions associated with a given vowel or tone.
	www.bath.ac.uk /~masjpf/CDP/cformant.htm (2202 words)

	What’s a Formant? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A "formant" is a specific range of resonant frequencies within your voice.
		If you do a good enough job with your formants, you also can produce a series of overtones that are also called "harmonics" or "partials." The listener then hears differences in vowel sounds and tone colors.
		The quality and bigness of the formant comes from the way the throat and mouth are opened.
	www.spebsqsa.org /web/groups/public/documents/pages/pub_id_047576.hcsp (246 words)

	Formant Filtering Example
		digital filters are often used to simulate formant filtering by the vocal tract.
		resonators--only center-frequency and bandwidth are necessary to specify each formant, leaving only an overall scale factor unspecified in a cascade (series) formant filter bank.
		This is because when one formant filter is resonating, the others will be attenuating, so that to achieve a particular peak-gain at resonance, the resonating filter must overcome all combined attenuations as well as applying its own gain.
	ccrma-www.stanford.edu /~jos/fp/Formant_Filtering_Example.html (693 words)

	The Side Man
		The Warbo Formant Orgel was the first instrument designed by the designer and pioneer of electronic instruments, Harald Bode (born Hamburg 19 Oct 1909) while at the Heinrich-Herst Institut für Schwingungsforschung at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin.
		The Warbo Formant Orgel was a partially polyphonic four-voice keyboard instrument with 2 filters and key assigned dynamic envelope wave shaping, features that were later used on the postwar 'Melochord'.
		Bode's second instrument, previewed in 1938 was a monophonic touch sensitive keyboard instrument, the 'Melodium', developed with the assistance of Oskar Vierling, inventor of the 'Grosstonorgel'.
	www.obsolete.com /120_years/machines/melochord (526 words)

	Vocal Formant Filtering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		I would guess that three formants should be adequate, unless you are trying to suggest high vocal effort (Pavarotti/Callas style!).
		A bigger problem is that our ears are very sensitive to the transitions between one vowel and the next (eg in dipthongs), and to the varying intensities during the transitions (my favourite word to demonstrate this is a slow "why").
		There is a good selection of format frequency data for male and female voices (giving five formant regions) in 'Computer Music' by Dodge and Jerse (publ Schirmer?), now, I hear, in a second edition.
	shoko.calarts.edu /pipermail/music-dsp/1998-October/020917.html (383 words)

	Sundberg's Singing Formant
		The extensive research of Johan Sundberg into the vocal production of opera singers led him to the concept of the "singing format", an additional vocal resonance associated with singing which is different from the spoken sound.
		To illustrate the difference between spoken and sung vowel sounds, Sundberg inserted an extra formant between the third and fourth formants.
		The first two formant frequencies can be considered as a kind of two dimensional space for mapping the distinguishability of two sounds.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/music/singfor.html (201 words)

	What is formant
		When identifying dissimilar sounds such as human vowels, the ears are most sensitive to peaks in the signal spectrum.
		The resonant peaks of this curve are called formants.
		The next table (Table 1.) shows the first three formant frequencies of several vowel sounds for male, female, and child, respectively.
	ccrma-www.stanford.edu /~kglee/m220c/formant.html (134 words)

	Modeling Speech Production: Formant and Articulatory Synthesis
		From the given signal we measure the formant frequencies on a frame by frame basis.
		These formants are called targets from which we determine the articulatory parameters using a simulated annealing algorithm that minimizes the error distance between the measured formant frequencies and the articulatory model-derived formant frequencies.
		We minimize the distance between the first four formant frequencies of the model and the four formant frequencies measured from the target frame of the speech signal.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /nsf/isgw97/reports/childers2.html (1552 words)

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