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	AllRefer.com - Han, Chinese dynasty (Chinese And Taiwanese History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Under Liu Pang and the succeeding Han emperors the task of unification begun by the Ch'in was carried further.
		The pyramidal bureaucracy of Ch'in administration was retained, and the Han period saw the beginnings of one of the distinguishing features of the Chinese educational and state system, the recruiting of members of the bureaucracy through civil service examinations.
		The entire Han era was one of political and cultural centralization and expansion.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/HanDy.html (541 words)

	Han Dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Han Dynasty, China officially became a Confucian state and prospered domestically: agriculture, handicrafts and commerce flourished, and the population reached 50 million.
		The western-eastern Han convention is used nowadays to avoid confusion with the Later Han Dynasty of the Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms although the former-later nomenclature was used in history texts including Sima Guang's Zizhi Tongjian.
		Han court officials who attempted to strip lands out of the landlords faced such enormous resistance that their policies would never be put in to place.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Han_Dynasty (2425 words)

	Ancient China: The Former Han, 206 BC-25 AD
		In Han government, the emperor was the supreme ruler; all authority resided ultimately in the emperor.
		Han Wu Ti Perhaps the greatest and most powerful of the Han emperors was Han Wu Ti, who came to power in 141 BC at the age of sixteen and ruled for fifty-four years, the second longest reign in Chinese history.
		Han Wu Ti is generally regarded as the strongest and most vigorous of the Chinese emperors.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/CHEMPIRE/FORMHAN.HTM (1115 words)

	The Government and Geography of the Northern Frontier of Late Han, Rafe de Crespigny Publications, Faculty of Asian ...
		During Former Han, therefore, the Zhelu Zhang (Fortress to Block the Enemy), had been constructed by the marshes of the Edsin Gol, and it was from this base, for example, that the general Li Ling went forth on his disastrous attack against the Xiongnu in 99 BC.
		It is a tempting speculation to link the decline of Former Han, and the Later Han shift of the capital from Chang'an to Luoyang, to the effect of the gradual cold and dry change of the climate.
		There was a period during Former Han and the beginning of Later Han that the name of Shuofang was given both to a commandery and also to a short-lived provincial administration based upon that territory.
	www.anu.edu.au /asianstudies/decrespigny/northern_front.html (11311 words)

	South China under the Later Han Dynasty, Rafe de Crespigny Publications, Faculty of Asian Studies, ANU
		Han shu records that the people of the Yangzi region believed in mediums and spirits, that they followed "wrongful customs and evil ceremonies", and the celebrated administrators of south China were regularly concerned with matters of schooling, parental guidance and mourning rites, and also with direct attack upon local cults.
		Under Former Han, there had been a regular system of conscription whereby men were called up about the age of eighteen, received basic training, served for a time on guard duties at one place or another in the empire, and might be required to spend time on full frontier service, or pay for a substitute.
		Such a development under Later Han may be observed even in the affairs of peace, for in a subsistence economy the great landed families could bind their tenants to their interests by rent and usury, they could hire retainers, and they could afford the luxury of education, the route to office in the government.
	www.anu.edu.au /asianstudies/decrespigny/south_china.html (14202 words)

	Ancient China: The Later Han, 25-220
		As in the Former Han, a strong centralized government was restored and powerful reforms were instituted in the early years of the Later Han; these reforms led to an astonishing recovery of a population that had been devastated by war and famine.
		As in the former Han, this period of creative reform and restoration was immediately followed by an aggressive military expansion.
		The Former Han had fallen at the hands of the peasant Red Eyebrows society; the Later Han perished under the weapons of the Yellow Turbans, a new-Taoist secret society based in eastern China.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/CHEMPIRE/LATERHAN.HTM (494 words)

	Han Dynasty biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Han period produced China's most famous historian, Sima Qian (145 -87 BCE?), whose Records of the Grand Historian provides a detailed chronicle from the time of legendary Xia emperor to that of the Emperor Wu (141- 87 BCE).
		The beginning of the Han Dynasty can be dated either from 206 BCE when the Qin dynasty crumbled or 202 BCE when Xiang Yu committed suicide.
		After 200 years, Han rule was interrupted briefly during 9 CE-24 by Wang Mang, a reformer and a member of the landholding families.
	han-dynasty.biography.ms (1870 words)

	Colin Barker: Origins and Significance of Meiji Restoration (Part 4)
		First, while the old han governments were disrupted and had their powers transferred to the new central government (see below), the new system opened up all manner of opportunities for able and ambitious men among the former samurai and village officials.
		The former daimyo were pensioned off, their han and their armies abolished, their former castle headquarters confiscated by the government.
		In return, the government ensured an easy material transition for them – even the former Shogun, Tokugawa Keiki, was given a comfortable financial settlement and made a prince in 1903 – and it was thus able to draw on the ideology of imperial loyalty in a situation of national crisis to ensure their submission.
	www.marxists.de /fareast/barker/pt4.htm (4893 words)

	Chinese History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		At the end of the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC - 24 AD), Wangmang, a distant relative of the royal family, usurped the throne of the Liu family.
		Emperor Guangwu, Liuxiu, concluded the upheaval of the former Han Dynasty and reunified the country.
		In the field of science and culture, Eastern Han exceeded the former Western Han due to the maintained stableness of the society in its early period.
	www.warriortours.com /intro/history/han/eastern.htm (1039 words)

	Han
		The Han empire began in 206 B.C. when Liu Bang, prince of Han, defeated the Qin army in the valley of Wei.
		Economic expansion, changing relationships with the people of the steppes, strengthening of the palace at the expense of the civil service, weakening of the state's hold on the peasantry, and the rise of the families of the rich and the gentry were all factors that led to the adoption of Confucian ideals..
		The descendents of the Han dynasty eventually joined in the uprising, and, it was the armies of these nobles, under the leadership of Liu Hsiu, who killed Wang Mang in 22A.D. The fighting continued until 25 A.D., when Liu Hsiu became the emperor.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/prehistory/china/early_imperial_china/han.html (1128 words)

	Han, Chinese dynasty
		Han, dynasty of China that ruled from 202 B.C. to A.D. Liu Pang, the first Han emperor, had been a farmer, minor village official, and guerrilla fighter under the Ch'in dynasty.
		The Han emperors ruled for 400 years with one interruption; in A.D. 8 an agrarian reformer usurped the throne and established the Hsin dynasty.
		This short-lived dynasty has come to mark the division between the Early, or Western, Han period and the Later, or Eastern, Han period, which began A.D. 25, when the Han capital was moved east to Luoyang.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0822594.html (374 words)

	Han Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It was a continuous conflict between Xiang Yu [Gregoire-Marco] and Liu Bang [Rucker-Lewis], the former a native of Wu, and the latter of Pei.
		The cause of this invasion was that the chief of the feudal state of Han was suspected of disloyalty, and was driven to cast his lot with the northern tribes.
		The usurpation of Wang Mang [Frederick-Gorman]: The cause of the downfall of the Han Dynasty is to be traced to the ambition of its imperial women.
	www.worldclass.net /China/han.htm (3479 words)

	Han Dynasty Example Essays.com - Over 101,000 essays, term papers and book reports!
		The Han Dynasty is dived into two parts; The Former Han, or Western Han with the capital city of Ch’ang-an and the Later Han or Eastern Han with its’ capital at Loyang.
		The Former Han lasted from 202 B.C. - 9 A.D., while the Later Han lasted from 23 - 220 A.D. Their was a brief interlude between 9 and 23 A.D. when the reformer, Wang Mang, succeeded in capturing the throne in what is known as the Hsin Dynasty.
		The Han Dynasty formerly began with the ascension of a commoner to the throne, Liu Pang.
	www.exampleessays.com /viewpaper/8275.html (271 words)

	Chinese History - Han Dynasty literature, thought, and philosophy (www.chinaknowledge.org)
		Former Han: Confucianism and Five Phases theory - Poetry and prose-poetry - Dynastic historiography - Later Han: Highlight and decline of Confucianism
		The orthodox Confucianism of the Han Dynasty was not identical to the man-centered philosophy of Confucius who stressed good behaviour of the ruler according to the old customs.
		We possess a corpus of stories and inofficial histories from the Han Dynasty, and some fragments that are preserved within the commentaries to the official histories.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Han/han-literature.html (1492 words)

	ssuma
		The intellectual and literary glory of the Han found its highest expression in the two great histories of the period, the Records of the Historian (Shih chi) and the History of the Former Han Dynasty (Han shu).
		But until the Han, when the Chinese for the first time acquired a sense of national and cultural unity, no attempt was ever made to produce a comprehensive history of the entire past of the nation.
		Now the House of Han has arisen and all the world is united under one rule, I have been Grand Historian, and yet I have failed to make a record of all the enlightened rulers and wise lords, the faithful ministers and gentlemen who were ready to die for duty.
	www.chss.iup.edu /baumler/ssuma.html (3008 words)

	Tian Han -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		During Han times, the Chinese distinguished themselves in making scientific discoveries, many of which were not known to Westerners until centuries later.
		During the Later Han, which lasted another 200 years, a concerted but unsuccessful effort was made to restore the glory of the former Han.
		Han Kao Tsu called for the services of men of talent, not only to restore the destroyed classics but to serve as officials in the government.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9104917 (823 words)

	Staples High School--Research--Social Studies--Chinese Dynasty Study
		Han rule was interrupted when an imperial minister, Wang Mang, seized the throne and established the Xin (Hsin) dynasty.
		Han dealings with barbarian neighbors, as well as subsequent Chinese relations with these peoples, were conducted within the tribute system.
		The end of the Han came largely as the result of economic woes - powerful landlords had shifted too much land from the tax rolls, thereby making unbearable the increased burden on the poorer farmers - and intense political factionalism at the imperial court.
	www.stapleshigh.net /research/china_dynasties/han.html (816 words)

	The han dynasty of ancient china.
		Previously the merchant class had prospered under the former Han, so they were immediately prevented from doing so by the halting of slave trade.
		The Later Han dynasty lasted until 220 AD and was followed by four centuries of rule by regional warlords.
		The whole of the Han dynasty was regarded as one of military excellence and political and cultural expansion.
	ks.essortment.com /handynastyofa_rndn.htm (948 words)

	Han Dynasty - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Han Dynasty (Traditional Chinese characters: 漢朝, Simplified Chinese characters: 汉朝, pinyin Hàncháo 202 BC - AD 220) followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China.
		Within the first 3 months after Qin Dynasty emperor Qin Shi Huangdi's death at Shaqiu, widespread revolts by peasants, prisoners, soldiers and descendants of the nobles of the Six Warring States sprang up all over China.
		However, Under Emperor Wu's leadership, the most prosperous period (140 - 87 BC)of the Han Dynasty, the Empire was able to fight back.
	www.free-definition.com /Han-Dynasty.html (1924 words)

	Han Dynasty - China History - China
		During the Han Dynasty, China officially became a ConfucianismConfucian state and prospered domestically: agriculture, handicrafts and commerce flourished, and the population reached 50 million.
		The Han dynasty, after which the members of the ethnic majority in China, the "Han Chinesepeople of Han," are named, was notable also for its military prowess.
		During this "pseudo-Taoism era", a stable centralized government over China was established through revival of the agriculture sectors and fragmentations of "feudal states" after the suppression of the Rebellion of the seven states.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Han_Dynasty (2500 words)

	China History Forum, online chinese history forum -> Zhuge Liang (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Former Lord reached Xiakou and Zhuge Liang said: "The situation is desperate, allow me to request reinforcement from General Sun with your authority." At the time Sun Quan had led his army to Chaisang and was observing who would triumph and who would fall.
		To associate with worthy subjects and dissociate from the petty, this was the reason for the progress of the former Han.
		When the Former Emperor was alive, on every occasion he conversed with this subject on the topic, there were none when he did not lament the emperors Huan and Ling.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=91 (7636 words)

	H2G2
		Despite the iron grip of Shihuangdi, the Ch'in Dynasty soon collapsed and was replaced by the Han, founded by a former peasant, Liu Pang.
		Ever since the Chinese have called themselves the Han People and Chinese characters are called Hanzi, 'Han Letters'.
		The most important Emperor of the Former Han was Wu Ti.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/pda/A2122507?s_id=7 (151 words)

	Later (Eastern) Han (AD 23-220) (from China) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Han-k'ou lies on the north bank of the Yangtze at the mouth of the Han.
		The Han River rises in the Wu-i Shan (mountains) in southwest Fukien Province to the north of Ch'ang-t'ing.
		When his uncle scoffed at the idea, Han Hsiang performed the impossible before his uncle's eyes: flowers suddenly appeared in bloom from a clod of earth.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article?tocId=195676&ct= (929 words)

	In a Calabash, Introduction
		These cryptic verses which open the twenty-four hundred year old poem, "Heaven Questions," attest to the skepticism regarding myth that was already in evidence before the Han dynasty when Confucianism finally attained the status of state ideology.
		A separate fragment that describes another faceless emperor is recorded in the Former Han dynasty (206 BCE-25 CE) Classic of Mountains and Seas.
		A Later Han dynasty (25-221 CE) text describes the conditions of this primitive age.
	www.fengshuigate.com /calabash/introduction.html (2682 words)

	Han Dynasty (206 B.C.–220 A.D.) \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		After the civil war that followed the death of Qin Shihuangdi in 210 B.C., China was reunited under the rule of the Han dynasty, which is divided into two major periods: the Western or Former Han (206 B.C.–9 A.D.) and the Eastern or Later Han (25–220 A.D.).
		The Western Han capital, Chang'an in present-day Shaanxi Province—a monumental urban center laid out on a north-south axis with palaces, residential wards, and two bustling market areas—was one of the two largest cities in the ancient world (Rome was the other).
		Disputes among factions, including the families of imperial consorts, contributed to the dissolution of the Western Han empire.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/hand/hd_hand.htm (657 words)

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