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Topic: Former Qin

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	Chinese History - Sixteen Kingdoms map and geography (www.chinaknowledge.org) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the region of Chang'an (modern Xi'an/Shaanxi), the kingdom of Former Qin åç§¦ was established that was able to defeat all neigboring kingdoms and even to invade the area of Sichuan.
		The successor state of Former Qin, Later Qin å¾ç§¦, could defeat its neighbors, the Later Liang å¾æ¶¼ in the Gansu corridor, and the weak Western Yan è¥¿ç• that is usually not counted among the Sixteen Kingdoms.
		Helian Bobo èµ«é£åå, ruler of Xia å¤, was able to conquer Chang'an and to end the Later Qin and the small state state of Western Qin è¥¿ç§¦ at the upper course of the Yellow River.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Division/beichao-map.html (622 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Battle of Fei River or "Feishui" (Traditional Chinese: 淝水之戰; Hanyu Pinyin Féishŭi zhī zhàn) was a battle in 383, where Fu Jian (苻堅) of the Former Qin was decisively defeated by the numerically inferior army of Eastern Jin.
		The aftermath of the battle includes the Former Qin empire falling into massive civil war and its eventual destruction, ensuring the survival of Eastern Jin and other regimes south of the Yangzi River.
		The state of Former Qin, lead by ethnic Di (氐;) tribesman, rose rapidly from a string of successes in the 350s.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Battle_of_Feishui (363 words)

	The Warring States Period of Ancient China
		Qin was not only not initially considered one of the contenders, it was not even considered fully Chinese.
		The wasteful and bloody conquest of the separate states was justified as an unfortunate necessity to end the era of anarchy, but the wars were primarily those of empire-building.
		The kingdom of Qin of the northwest finally conquered the southeastern kingdom of Chu in 223 BCE.
	www2.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/warringstates.htm (596 words)

	Qin (state) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Qin (秦, 778 BC-206 BC) was a state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of China.
		It eventually grew to dominate the country and unite it for the first time, after which it is referred to as the Qin Dynasty.
		Qin captures King Jia of Dai (step-brother of King Qian of Zhao) who had led the last Zhao forces.
	usapedia.com /q/qin-state-.html (320 words)

	Former Qin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Former Qin (Chinese character: 前秦;, Hanyu pinyin Qiánqín) (351-394) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China.
		Please note that, despite its name, the Former Qin was much later and less powerful than the Qin Dynasty which ruled all of China during the 3rd century BCE.
		The defeat of the Former Qin in the Battle of Fei and the subsequent uprisings splitted the court into two after the death of Fu Jian: one located at present day Taiyuan, Shanxi and was soon overwhelmed in 386 by the Xianbei under the Later Yan and the Dingling.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/former_qin (252 words)

	Qin - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Qin (state), a state of China during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
		The Former Qin (Di), Later Qin (Qiang) and Western Qin (Xianbei) in the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
		King Qin, a title of the Emperor Tang Taizong of China
	open-encyclopedia.com /Qin (145 words)

	Zhuang 03 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Qin dispatched five armies of a supposed total of 500,000 men, each army sent to construct a strong point.
		Because there were no captives, Qin troops had to do the physical labor of building strong points, boats, bridges, etc. When Qin troops tried to work, presumably at food-gathering and construction of military strong points, they were worn down from labor and easily ambushed.
		As the area was pacified it was declared a county and the former Zhai became a county seat.
	mcel.pacificu.edu /as/resources/zhuang/zhuang3.htm (8725 words)

	QIN Tomb Of The Middle Kingdom (PC CDROM) - TSS cdrom games and PC software,bargain software,budget software,discount ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Featuring a stunning, photo-realistic environment filled with an assortment of puzzles and an eerie mood-setting soundtrack, Qin: Tomb of the Middle Kingdom is very reminiscent of the widely successful Myst.
		However, whereas Myst is a potpourri of fantasy and science fiction, Qin is based on historical fact and Chinese legend.
		As masterfully designed as the former, Qin offers an immersing journey through an intriguing world brought to life by authentic sights and sounds.
	www.rochnet.net /acatalog/QIN.htm (255 words)

	former * Otto Koch wider das deutsche... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods 221 Bc Ad 24 Handbook of Oriental Studies, 16.
		Immigration and Ethnic Formation in a Deeply Divided Society The Case of the 1990s Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union in Is. From "Majid Al Haj".
		Firstbook of Demographics for the Republics of the Former Soviet Union, 19511990.
	www.seehecht.com /seehuuuformer.html (2486 words)

	Qin Shi Bu
		Qin illustration 1 in Taiyin Daquanji claims to be a depiction of his qin.
		Qin illustration 2 in Taiyin Daquanji claims to be a depiction of his qin).
		Qin illustration 3 in Taiyin Daquanji claims to be a depiction of his qin called éé¾ Dizhong, which he used to play melodies in the saddest mode, æ¸è§’ Qing Jiao.
	www.silkqin.com /09hist/qinshibu.htm (12783 words)

	Chinese History - The Sixteen Kingdoms (www.chinaknowledge.org) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This short-eyed policy of the "barbarian" rulers lead to the economical and cultural backwardness of China's north during the 4th and 5th centuries.
		The dominating force from 350 to 380 is the Former Qin empire.
		From 380 on the north is splintered up into many short-lived and ever-changing empires that are finally destroyed by the power of the Tuoba empire of Northern Wei around 430.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /History/Division/beichao.html (405 words)

	Liu Bang (Gaozu or Gaodi) - Western Han Ruler and Emperor Biographies - English
		In the Qin Palace, the eunuch Zhao Gao killed the Emperor Hu Hai.
		Xiang Yu did not stay in Xian Yang; he left three former Qin Generals: Zhang Han, Sima Xin, and Dong Yi to guard the Liang and Yong provinces, and returned to his Capital: Peng.
		Local Qin administrators who supported Liu Bang were left in place, and some friendly nobles were given back their lands.
	www.kongming.net /novel/han/liubang.php (1706 words)

	Millennial Fair – Xiang Yu (232 - 202 BC)
		Edited by Tuyet Wu Xiang Yu was born into a noble family from the former state of Chu, which had ceased to exist when Qi Shi Huang, the first Emperor unified the country.
		In 208 BC while Xiang Yu and Liu Bang were planning the capture of the Qin capital Xian Yang, an urgent message came from the city of Julu, a city under siege for nearly a month by the Qin troops.
		After Xiang Yu’s troops raised the siege and the Qin generals had surrendered, Xiang Yu went on to conquer a vast territory of land, which covered five former states.
	millennial-fair.com /literature/xiangyu.html (1142 words)

	Qin in Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The division here is similar to that with qin poetry and song: the former might be said to correspond to qin in art, the latter to art which can be used to illustrate a specific qin melody.
		The qin is a very common motif in traditional landscapes, but the latter category is also quite considerable, and it is the latter which this website emphasizes.
		Perhaps the earliest narration of this concept is the famous story in which Cheng Lian teaches Boya to play qin by leaving him alone on a deserted island.
	www.silkqin.com /04qart.htm (175 words)

	Henan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Throughout this period the state of Chu also held much of what is now southern Henan.
		In 221 BC the state of Qin from what is now Shaanxi completed the unification of China, establishing the first unified Chinese state, the Qin Dynasty.
		Henan then came under the rule of many successive regimes, including the Later Zhao, the Former Yan, the Former Qin, the Later Yan, and the Later Qin.
	www.marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Henan_Province (2181 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Western Qin (Simplified Chinese character: 西秦;, Traditional Chinese character: 西秦;, pinyin Xīqín (385-400, 409-431)) was a state of Xianbei ethnicity during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China.
		Note that the Western Qin is entirely distinct from the ancient Qin Dynasty, the Former Qin, and the Later Qin.
		All rulers of the Western Qin declared themselves "kings".
	www.alanaditescili.net /index.php?title=Western_Qin (86 words)

	China Holds Five Trying to Form New Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Qin was detained for "plotting to overthrow state power," a charge that could lead to a maximum sentence of life in prison.
		Both Xu and Qin, a former labor camp prisoner based in Wuhan, had praised China's government for signing the U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in October, but they faced constant harassment because of their efforts to organize the new party.
		Li also took the extraordinary step of contradicting statements made by former senior leader Qiao Shi that hinted at criticism of the 1989 military assault on democracy demonstrators near Tiananmen Square.
	www.pacificnet.net /jue/chinanews/archives/docs/981202.html (1014 words)

	What happened to the Imperial Jade Seal? - China History Forum, online chinese history forum
		He became the Prime Minister of Qin and embarked on a diplomatic campaign to persuade other states to become clients of Qin, thus breaking up the alliance between Qi and Chu.
		At this time, Qin had become a very strong state, and when King Zhaoxiang of Qin heard that He's Stone had reemerged, he offered to give Zhao 15 cities (which he had captured from Zhao) in exchange for the jade.
		The Zhao king was afraid that Qin would not honour its promise to turn over the 15 cities, and sent the wily Prime Minister Ning Xiangru to Qin to make sure the deal was kept.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=578 (2969 words)

	state of Qin Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		* Qin (state), a state of China during the Spring and Autumn PeriodSpring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
		* The Former Qin (Di), Later Qin (Qiang) and Western Qin (Xianbei) in the Sixteen Kingdoms period.
		* a kind of musical instrument of China, also known as Guqin or Gu Qin (old Qin).
	www.echostatic.com /state_of_Qin.html (98 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		They sacked the Western Jin capital in 311 CE and established the brief reign later referred to in Chinese histories as the Former Qin.
		The Former Qin court forcibly removed the Xianbei to Shandong province, removed their leader to their capital Changan as hostage, took away their herds and stationed troops that forced them to engage in agriculture.
		By the late 380s the Former Qin dynasty had effectively collapsed after a failed attempt to conquer southern China, and the hostage Xianbei leader, Tuoba Gui, took the opportunity to establish his own reign as King of the State of Wei in 386.
	depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/exhibit/nwei/essay.html (897 words)

	Ancient China [encyclopedia] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the 220s B.C., the prince Zheng of Qin (Qin wang zheng) managed to conquer the other states and proclaimed himself First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty.
		It was the first dynasty to embrace Confucianism, which became the ideological underpinning of all dynasties until the end of imperial China.
		The barbarian north was united once by Fu Jian of the Former Qin Empire in 376 A.D. then again by Tai Wu Di, third emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty in 439 A.D..
	artzia.com /History/China (1263 words)

	Kansas State Collegian: Ancient Chinese sculpture donated to K-State, will be on display in Union 11/28/01 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The piece, which is a sculpture of a Terra-Cotta warrior protecting former Emperor Qin Shi Huang, was donated to K-State by Norman Brandeberry, who is a large contributor to K-State.
		K-State's sculpture will include an educational exhibit that explains the significance of the statue and the Qin dynasty.
		Most of the statues uncovered were regular soldiers, but the one K-State will receive is a general.
	www.kstatecollegian.com /stories/112801/new_chinesesculp.shtml (440 words)

	Sixteen States - (AD 304 to 443 -- 141 Years)
		The northern tribes constantly invaded China throughout the third and fourth centuries A.D. In 304 Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu noble, established the Kingdom of Han in the southwestern part of present day Shanxi Province.
		He was succeeded by Liu Yao who renamed his state The Kingdom of Former Zhao, and rebelled against the Jin Dynasty.
		His forces overran Luoyang, the capital of Jin, and forced Emperor Jin Yuandi (317-322) to remove his capital to Jiankang (present day Nanjing): hence the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420) began in Central and South China.
	www.paulnoll.com /China/Dynasty/dynasty-sixteen-states.html (196 words)

	Falun Dafa Clearwisdom.net
		Perpetrators: Shang Changming, Retired, former head of Division 4 Li Aiguo and Zhang Shuangqin, Political Secretaries Guards Cui Yanfang, Geng Xingjun and Zhou Yilin
		She was mentioned in part of the Wang Bo incident during a Focal Point Interview program CCTV aired on April 7 and April 8, 2002.
		She lived in Jiuzhai Village, Tianzhuang Town, Xinji City, and was illegally sentenced to two years in a labor camp because she did not give up Falun Dafa practice.
	clearwisdom.net /emh/articles/2004/12/20/55756.html (2086 words)

	The Journal of the American Oriental Society: A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods, 221 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods, 221 B.C.-A.D. (Reviews of Books).(Book Review)
		The Journal of the American Oriental Society; 1/1/2002; Kroll, Paul W. A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 B.C.-A.D. By MICHAEL LOEWE.
		The early imperial period, comprising the Qin and Han dynasties, has long been a favorite and well-worked field of study for Sinologists.
	highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:92805514&refid=ink_tptd_mag (214 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		"The history of the Former Yen dynasty (285-370)," Monumenta Serica 14 (1949-55):374-480 and 15 (1956):1-141.
		Rogers, Michael C. "Fu Hung and the rise of the Former Ch'in," Phi Theta Annual 2 (1951):50-78.
		Rogers, Michael C. The rise of the Former Ch'in state and its spread under Fu Chien, through 370 A.D. based on Chin shu 113.
	usc.edu /isd/archives/arc/libraries/eastasian/china/emcg/wjbiblio.htm (13059 words)

	FreisslerSoft Books Qin
		A Qin Bowei Anthology: Clinical Essays by Master Physician Qin Bowei
		A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 Bc - Ad 24) (Handbook of Oriental Studies, 16)
		Thought and Law in Qin and Han China: Studies Dedicated to Anthony Hulsewe on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday (Sinica Leidensia, Vol 24)
	www.freisslersoft.com /qi/Book_Qin.html (522 words)

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