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Topic: Formicine

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	David James
		Unable to care for her own brood, the queen must infiltrate a Formicine nest, kill the resident queen, and fool the remaining colony of workers to do her bidding.
		She follows fellow workers on a larval raid of a Formicine nest, in order to use this distraction to gain access to the host queen.
		Formicine workers who attack the parasitic queen are repelled by emissions from her Dufour’s gland.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/Entomology/courses/en507/papers_2001/james.htm (2833 words)

	california desert ants
		This is a large, cosmopolitan subfamily with many genera, only a few of which extend into the deserts.
		The exception to this generality is Myrmecocystus, the only formicine genus that is both common and predictably present.
		The formicines share with the dolichoderines a one-segmented petiole.
	www.desertants.org /formicinae/subform.html (431 words)

	Formicinae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Formicines retain some primitive features such as the presence of cocoons around pupae, the presence of ocelli in workers, and little tendency toward reduction of palp or antennal segmentation in most species, except subterranean groups.
		On the other hand, some members show considerable evolutionary advancement in behaviors such as slave-making and symbiosis with root-feeding homopterans.
		Finally, all formicines have a very reduced sting and enlarged venom reservoir, with the venom gland, specialized (uniquely among ants) for the production of formic acid.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Formicine (173 words)

	BoDD (Botanical Dermatology Database) - SUPER-NETTLES
		The formicine ants are equipped with a formic acid spray that may travel a distance of upto 30 cm in some species; the dolichoderine ants secrete a wider variety of more or less aromatic chemicals (Dumpert 1981, Beard 1963).
		The formicine ants, however, are noted for their strategy of biting and at the same time curving their gasters over their heads and spraying the wound with formic acid (Wheeler 1921, Weber 1943, Smith 1973).
		Like other formicine ants, they bite and at the same time curve forward the tip of their abdomen and spray the wound with formic acid so that a person may form the hasty impression of being stung (Weber 1943).
	bodd.cf.ac.uk /BotDermReviews/Myrmecophytes.html (5262 words)

	ants: University of Utah News Release: May 2, 2003
		Yet Davidson and colleagues found the ratios were low in ants known as dolichoderines and formicines - both of which once were thought to get most of their nitrogen nutrients by preying on or scavenging other insects and animals.
		But Davidson speculates that many formicine ants get adequate nutrition because bacteria in their guts upgrade the nitrogen in nectar to essential amino acids that are missing in nectar but are needed for survival.
		She says the presumption that tropical rainforest canopy ants were mainly carnivorous first was questioned in the early 1990s by a Harvard University student who noted how abundant ants were in rainforest canopies.
	www.utah.edu /unews/releases/03/may/ants.html (1314 words)

	Toxin Takeout: Frogs borrow poison for skin from ants: Science News Online, May 8, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In a survey of possible frog foods in Panama, the toxins turned up in formicine ants, the subfamily that includes wood ants and carpenter ants.
		Although formicine ants use an alkaloid pheromone, they defend themselves with formic acid.
		Formicine ants: An arthropod source for the pumiliotoxin alkaloids of dendrobatid poison frogs.
	www.sciencenews.org /articles/20040508/fob2.asp (625 words)

	Science News: Fossil find extends ants' ancient lineage - Brief Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Other formicine ants include wood ants, carpenter ants, and the almost ubiquitous species that Grimaldi terms sidewalk ants.
		Formicine ants actually are stingless wasps, he says, and their earliest ancestors couldn't have arisen before about 110 million years ago, when wasps first appeared.
		The discovery in the amber indicates that the diversification of ants took place over a much shorter time--only 20 million years--compared with the 70 million years that entomologists had previously presumed.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_22_158/ai_67972170 (593 words)

	Subfamily: Formicinae - AntWeb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Formicine ants have a single node-like or scale-like petiole (postpetiole entirely lacking) and the apex of the abdomen has a circular or U-shaped opening, usually fringed with hairs (acidopore).
		A functional sting is absent, and defense is provided by the ejection of formic acid through the acidopore.
		In most formicines the eyes are well developed (ocelli may also be present), the antennal insertions are not concealed by the frontal carinae, and the promesonotal suture is present and flexible.
	www.antweb.org /description.do?rank=subfamily&name=formicinae&project=calants (201 words)

	Formicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Formicinae is a subfamily within the Formicidae containing ants of moderate evolutionarydevelopment.
		Formicines retain some primitive features such as the presence of cocoons around pupae, the presence of ocelli in workers, and little tendency toward reduction of palp orantennal segmentation in most species, except subterranean groups.
		Finally, all formicines have a very reduced sting and enlarged venom reservoir, with the venom gland, specialized(uniquely among ants) for the production of formic acid.
	www.therfcc.org /formicine-266105.html (149 words)

	RedOrbit NEWS \| Bactericidal and Fungicidal Activity of Ant Chemicals on Feather Parasites: an Evaluation of Anting ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although pure formic acid strongly inhibited all bacteria and fungal hyphae tested, concentrations of formic acid found in the bodies of formicine ants did not.
		Formicine ants secrete a variety of chemicals, including formic acid, a corrosive and cytotoxic acid capable of causing dermal necrosis in large doses (BIum 1992, Judson and Bennett 1992).
		Formicine ants have a vestigial sting, and they use a dilute solution of formic acid as a primary defensive mechanism.
	www.rednova.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=102760 (3618 words)

	the lizard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Historically a particularly hazardous stretch of coastline, it was also known as the "Graveyard of Ships".
		It is one of the few places where the rare formicine ant Formica exsecta (the narrow-headed ant), can be found.
		The name 'Lizard' is a corruption of the Cornish name 'Lys Airt', meaning 'high court'; it is purely coincidental that much of the peninsula is composed of a rock called serpentine.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /the_lizard.html (209 words)

	Signs of Creation.com
		Eventually scientists concluded that formicine ants may be responsible for much of the formic acid found in previously unexplained quantities in the atmosphere above the Amazon forest and other habitats rich in these insects.
		It is estimated, very roughly, that formicine ants may release 1012 grams of formic acid globally each year.
		That is, these micro-creatures are able to produce formic acid on a scale that can even influence the atmosphere of the region they live in without any harm coming to themselves and this perplexes the researchers.
	www.signsofcreation.com /ant04.htm (4753 words)

	Bits and Pieces: Tired Bugs, and So on (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		According to Graedel, formicine ants may account for as much as half of all atmospheric formic acid.
		Working with zoologists from Cornell University, Graedel multiplied the number of formicine ants in the world by the amount of formic acid each insect releases over its lifetime, and then used a time scale to calculate the amount of formic acid released per year by the planet's ants.
		The resulting figure: 2 X 1013 grams — or about 22 million tons, which is roughly the same amount of formic acid produced in the atmosphere by man-made pollutants.
	www.motherearthnews.com /printable/1988_January_February/Tired_Bugs_and_So_On (584 words)

	Ants and the atmosphere: no picnic. (Formicine ants as a source of formic acid in the atmosphere) - Science News - ...
		(Formicine ants as a source of formic acid in the atmosphere)
		Copyright information COPYRIGHT 1987 Science Service, Inc. This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
		From his investigation, Graedel estimates that formicine antsmay account...
	www.highbeam.com /doc/1G1-4986444.html?refid=ip_hf (154 words)

	Ant News
		Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. A remarkable diversity of bioactive lipophilic alkaloids is present in the skin of poison frogs and toads worldwide.
		Here we report on the presence of pumiliotoxins in formicine ants of the genera Brachymyrmex and Paratrechina, as well as the presence of these ants in the stomach contents of the microsympatric pumiliotoxin-containing dendrobatid frog, Dendrobates pumilio.
		These pumiliotoxins are major alkaloids in D. pumilio, and Brachymyrmex and Paratrechina ants now represent the only known dietary sources of these toxic alkaloids.
	pogonomyrmex.blogspot.com /2004/05/surprise-surprise.html (337 words)

	[No title]
		The gland is present in nearly all formicines screened, albeit with a variable development.
		This is the first report of commensalism between a ponerine and a formicine ant.","","" "C","11340","Gobin, B.//Peeters, C.//Billen, J.","","","Colony reproduction and arboreal life in the ponerine ant Gnamptogenys menadensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)","","","","","Netherlands Journal of Zoology","","","","","","","","","","","1998","","48","","1","53-63","","","","","","","","","","","","","","","0028-2960","","","Gnamptogenys menadensis is an Indonesian ponerine ant that is exclusively arboreal.
		Innervation of the venom gland control apparatus of some worker formicine ants has been investigated in specimens vitally stained with methylene blue and dissected under a stereomicroscope, showing a rather simple innervation pattern.
	www.kuleuven.ac.be /bio/ento/labpubs.txt (4434 words)

	Trophophoresy and the ant genus Acropyga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This study demonstrates, with both morphological and molecular datasets, the monophyly of the genus and this suggests that trophophoresy has only evolved once among the formicine ants.
		A monographic revision has been completed and an internal phylogeny of the genus is presented.
		This phylogeny suggests some interesting biogeographic patterns for the group and furthermore suggests that Acropyga are an ancient group of formicine ants.
	esa.confex.com /esa/2003/techprogram/paper_11560.htm (219 words)

	A formicine in New Jersey Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and early evolution of the ants -- Grimaldi and ...
		The cladogram is overlaid on a geological time scale to show ages of fossils (numbered, in circles) and hypothesized dates of divergence.
		The thick circle (no. 13) is the formicine fossil in the present report.
		Unlike the prior (7) cladogram, the Sphecomyrminae here are shown as sister group to all other ants, based on the plesiomorphic scape.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/240452097v1 (3638 words)

	Science News: Ants and the atmosphere: no picnic - Formicine ants as a source of formic acid in the atmosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		From his investigation, Graedel estimates that formicine antsmay account for as much as half of the atmospheric formic acid, placing them on a par with industrial contributors to atmospheric formic acid.
		Working with zoologists from Cornell University, Graedelestimated the flux into the atmosphere of ant-produced formic acid by multiplying the number of formicine ants in the world by the amount of formic acid that each ant carries.
		He then divided this number by a time scale for how much formic acid each ant releases during its lifetime.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_v131/ai_4986444 (337 words)

	John Lighton's Publications
		Discontinuous carbon dioxide emission in a small insect, the formicine ant Camponotus vicinus.
		Curvilinear allometry, energetics and foraging ecology: a comparison of leaf-cutting ants and army ants.
		The energetics of mimicry: The cost of pedestrian transport in a formicine ant and its mimic, a clubionid spider.
	www.sablesys.com /john-lighton-lab/comppubs.html (1052 words)

	All References in Formis 2001 for Formica subintegra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Cole, B.J. "Multiple mating and the evolution of social behavior in the Hymenoptera."
		"Facultative and obligate slavery in formicine ants: frequency of slavery, and proportion and size of slaves."
		"Facultative and obligate slavery in formicine ants: Raiding efficiency and behavioral repertoire." Pp.
	www.cs.unc.edu /~hedlund/dev/ants/catalog/na/online/Formicinae/refs/Formica/RF-subintegra.html (354 words)

	[No title]
		A team led by John Daly of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases in Bethesda, Maryland has found a source for many of the frog potions.
		Formicine ants, a family that includes the familiar carpenter ant, contain many of the compounds that give poison arrow frogs their edge.
		These ants are found on the same water-catching plants where tree-frogs lay their eggs.
	www.math.iastate.edu /danwell/complexIS.html (1762 words)

	How to point ants
		Next, you may want to place another large pin on the right side of the ant.
		This makes a great "cage" for the long-dead formicine.
		This pin may cause problems in the process of actually placing the paper point on the coxae, as we shall see.
	www.acad.carleton.edu /curricular/BIOL/resources/ant/PINNING.html (636 words)

	Laboratory publications
		Ito F. and Billen J. (1998) Larval hemolymph feeding and oophagy : behavior of queen and workers in the primitive ponerine ant Prionopelta kraepelini (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).
		Schoeters E. and Billen J. (1998) Ontogenetic study of the venom gland in formicine ants, with special reference to the pulvinate convoluted gland (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).
		Schoeters E. and Billen J. (1996) The control apparatus of the venom gland in formicine ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae).
	www.kuleuven.ac.be /bio/ento/publicat.htm (4664 words)

	JAnt: species: Camponotus devestivus
		Wheeler, W. Ants collected by Professor F. Silvestri in Japan and Korea.
		Harada, Y. Division of labor of subcast of Japanese formicine ant, camponotus devestivus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).
		Harada, Y. Life cycle of Japanese formicine ants, Camponotus devestivus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).
	ant.edb.miyakyo-u.ac.jp /E/Taxo/F80906.html (188 words)

	formicine - OneLook Dictionary Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We found 2 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word formicine:
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "formicine" is defined.
		formicine : The Phrontistery - A Dictionary of Obscure Words [home, info]
	onelook.com /?w=formicine&ls=a (80 words)

	DarkGovernment - Powered by XMB 1.9.1 Nexus
		For the study, however, researchers focused on slightly less poisonous relatives of Phyllobates terribilis from Panama.
		There, the team gathered over 180 frogs and analyzed their stomach contents, which were full of Brachymyrmex and Paratrechina formicine ants.
		The presence of these insect poison carriers in the frogs' environment, combined with the frog stomach flushing results, indicates that ants serve as the toxin source for the poisonous Panama frogs studied, according to researchers.
	www.darkgovernment.com /board3/viewthread.php?tid=1815 (1322 words)

	Discontinuous CO2 Emission in a Small Insect, the Formicine Ant Campoxotus Vicixus -- LIGHTON 134 (1): 363 -- Journal ...
		Discontinuous CO2 Emission in a Small Insect, the Formicine Ant Campoxotus Vicixus -- LIGHTON 134 (1): 363 -- Journal of Experimental Biology
		Discontinuous CO Emission in a Small Insect, the Formicine Ant Campoxotus Vicixus
		formicine ant, Camponotus vicinus Mayr, at temperatures ranging
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/134/1/363 (384 words)

	Formicidae: Tranopelta gilva (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Tranopelta gilva are pale, subterranean ants that are never seen foraging on the surface.
		In the field their general habitus is very similar to the formicine genus Acropyga.
		Workers are most often found under rocks in clay soil in lowland rainforest.
	www.evergreen.edu /ants/genera/tranopelta/species/gilva/gilva.html (180 words)

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