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	Fort Christina - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Fort Christina was the first Swedish settlement in North America and the principal settlement of the New Sweden colony.
		Built in 1638 and named after Queen Christina of Sweden, it was located approximately 1 mi (1.6 km) east of downtown Wilmington, Delaware, at the confluence of the Brandywine Creek and the Christina River, approximately 2 mi (3 km) upstream from the mouth of the Christina on the Delaware River.
		It is now preserved as Fort Christina State Park on E. 7th Street in Wilmington, along with a replica of the Kalmar Nyckel.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Fort_Christina (420 words)

	New Castle County, Delaware - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first permanent settlement on Delaware soil was Fort Christina, resulting from Peter Minuet's 1638 expedition in the Kalmar Nyckel.
		In 1640, New Sweden was founded a few miles south of Christina, and in 1644, Queen Christina appointed Lt. Col.
		Fort Casimir surrendered and was renamed Fort Trinity in 1654.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/New_Castle_County,_Delaware (1680 words)

	Delaware History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A fort was built called Fort Christina after the young queen of Sweden, and the river was likewise named for her.
		Rising governed the Swedish Colony from his headquarters at Fort Christina until the autumn of 1655, when Peter Stuyvesant came from New Amsterdam with a Dutch fleet, subjugated the Swedish forts, and established the authority of the Colony of New Netherlands throughout the area formerly controlled by the Colony of New Sweden.
		Fort Christina in Wilmington, with the fine monument created by the noted sculptor, Carl Milles, and presented by the people of Sweden, perpetuates the memory of these first settlers and preserves "The Rocks" where they first landed.
	www.state.de.us /gic/facts/history/delhist.htm (1112 words)

	Delaware Chapter V
		In 1644 a gunner at Fort Christina, in 1648 a freeman.
		Jacob Svensson, in 1644, a soldier at Elfsborg, in 1648, a gunner at Fort Christina, in 1658, ensign.
		The fort, which was named "New Gottenburg" ("Nya Gothborg"), had a "considerable armament." "On this island," says Campanius, "the principal inhabitants had their dwellings and plantations," and it is evident that it became the locality of chief importance in, and practically, the capital of New Sweden.
	www.accessible.com /amcnty/DE/Delaware/delaware5.htm (13311 words)

	Stalcop to Dowling
		Risingh therefore placed blame on all of the officers at Fort Trinity for the lost of the entire colony and stated that as soon as they returned to Sweden he was going to have they tried by a court-martial.
		Christina Carlsdotter was likely born about 1640-42 in Sweden but she was born to Finnish parents.
		During the Dutch invasion in1655, Johan Sfälkofta was the gunner at Fort Trefaldighet (Trinity) atpresent New Castle.
	www.southern-style.com /Stalcop.htm (10777 words)

	New Netherland and New Sweden in North America an history of New york, Albany, Nieuw (New) Nederland and Nya (New) ...
		In 1626 a fort was built on Manhattan Island at the mouth of the Hudson River, this fort was called Fort Amsterdam and around it the town of Nieuw Amsterdam developed, it was destined to become the capital of the Dutch colony, in 1628 the population at Nieuw Amsterdam was of 270 souls.
		This fort, which is at the point of the island, about five or six leagues from the [the river’s] mouth, is called Fort Amsterdam; it has four regular bastions, mounted with several pieces of artillery.
		For the garrison of the said fort and another which they had built still further up against the incursions of the savages, their enemies, there were sixty soldiers.
	www.colonialvoyage.com /newnether.html (2238 words)

	Encyclopedia: Christina River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Christina River (formerly the Christiana River) is a tributary of the
		1638 of Fort Christina was the first Swedish settlement in North America and the principal settlement of the New Sweden colony.
		Fort Christina, a settlement of the New Sweden, or Nya Sverige, was a Swedish colony in North America corresponding roughly to todays state of Delaware, but also containing settlements elsewhere, such as New Stockholm (now Bridgeport) and Swedesboro in New Jersey, as well as others in Pennsylvania and Maryland.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Christina-River (783 words)

	Christina River - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Christina River (formerly the Christiana River) is a tributary of the Delaware River, approximately 35 mi (56 km) long, in the U.S. states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware.
		Near its mouth the river flows past downtown Wilmington, Delaware, forming the harbor for the city on the Delaware River.
		The confluence of Brandywine Creek and the Christiana was the site in 1638 of Fort Christina, a settlement of the New Sweden.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Christina_River (206 words)

	Delaware Forts
		Dutch seige batteries were located across the Christina River on Tennaconck's Land (a four-gun earthwork); a six-gun logwork south of the fort (Mosquitoburg); a six-gun logwork west of the fort in Christinaham (Ratburg); and a four-gun logwork on Timber Island northwest of the fort (Flyburg).
		An earthwork fort was erected in 1813 and dismantled in 1821.
		Although armed with 131 guns, the fort was used as a POW prison during the Civil War.
	www.geocities.com /naforts/de.html (1430 words)

	Questionable Historic Restoration at Verdun
		What is undeniable because of the "Before and After" photos Christina has provided here, is that the revisions seem to range from inauthentic to cheesy in appearance and in a number of cases appear unnecessary.
		There is no information at the Fort to say who is responsible, who is in charge, what the plans are or how long the work will be going on.
		Christina encourages the public to share their views on the Verdun project with the French government.
	www.worldwar1.com /heritage/restor_ver.htm (500 words)

	Pennsylvania Forts
		Fort Mifflin was used as a military prison during the Civil War.
		A Swedish palisaded log fort located at the mouth of the Schuylkill River, probably located on Province Island, built on the site of a 1643 Dutch trading post, which was itself originally a small blockhouse built by Puritan traders from Connecticut who were ousted by the Dutch.
		Fort Dana (1863), an earthwork located at the Falls of the Schuylkill River, was the largest of several redoubts to protect the city against Confederate attacks.
	www.geocities.com /naforts/pa.html (1692 words)

	Fort Christina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Built in 1638 and named after Queen Christina of Sweden, it was located approximately 1 mi (1.6 km)east of downtown Wilmington, Delaware, at the confluenceof the Brandywine Creek and the Christina River, approximately 2 mi (3 km) upstream from the mouth of the Christina on the Delaware River.
		Following plans by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to establish a Swedish colony in North America, the Swedesarrived in Delaware Bay on March 29, 1638 aboard the ships Kalmar Nyckel and Fogel Grip under the command of Peter Minuit, the former director general of the New Netherland colony.
		In 1651, the Dutch under Peter Stuyvesant established Fort Casimir at present-day New Castle, only 7 mi (12 km) south of Fort Christina, in orderto menace the Swedish settlement.
	www.therfcc.org /fort-christina-47982.html (398 words)

	New_Sweden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		They built a fort on the present-day location of the city of Wilmington which they named Fort Christina, after Queen Christina of Sweden.
		In May 1654, the Dutch Fort Casimir was conquered by the New Sweden colony, led by governor Johan Rising.
		The fort was taken without force because no gunpowder was present, and the fort renamed Fort Trinity.
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=New_Sweden (485 words)

	New Sweden and the New World, Page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It was followed by three more forts along the Schuylkill River designed to intercept furs from the Minquas-Indians of the Iroquois family who supplied beaver and otter skins-before they reached the Dutch.
		Stuyvesant erected a Dutch fort farther inland on the Schuylkill, Fort Beversreede-"beaver road"-intended to be the first point of contact with the Minqua traders.
		Not to be outdone, the Dutch built Fort Casimir south of Fort Christina, giving them control of Delaware Bay, with cannons and two warships for enforcement.
	www.phmc.state.pa.us /ppet/morton/page2.asp?secid=31 (710 words)

	Fort Christina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
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	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Fort_Christina.html (684 words)

	Delaware River Section - Fort Christina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Since the Dutch had claimed this land going back to Henry Hudson's voyage in 1609, the new claim meant in effect that New Sweden would be a province within a province.
		Minuit chose the locale for his base, called Fort Christina after the queen of Sweden, carefully.
		It was at the point where the smaller river, which the Swedes named the Christina River, flowed into the South River, and thus the natural spot to which Indians bearing furs from the interior would arrive in their canoes.
	www.nnp.org /newvtour/regions/Delaware/fort_christina.html (473 words)

	Chronology of Colonial Swedes on the Delaware 1638-1713
		Governor Printz, his forces depleted by deaths and desertions to Maryland, abandons Fort Elfsborg and Fort Korsholm, concentrating his forces at Fort Christina and Fort New Gothenburg.
		The Christina River becomes the de facto boundary between New Sweden and the Dutch.
		The Dutch are persuaded to grant the Swedes and Finns self-government in the area north of Christina River.
	www.colonialswedes.org /History/Chronology.html (2439 words)

	Delaware Department of Transportation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Farther north a group of Swedes in the employ of the New Sweden company built Fort Christina in 1638 in what is now part of the present city of Wilmington establishing the first permanent European settlement in Delaware.
		The Swedish government supported the venture, and Fort Christina became the nucleus of a scattered settlement of Swedish and Finnish farmers known as New Sweden.
		A small fort was also erected at Lewis in 1659 for the purpose of blocking English intrusion, and a few settlers built homes there including 41 dutch Mennonites who established a semi-socialisted community in July of 1663.
	www.deldot.net /static/projects/archaeology/early_action_segment/introduction_regional_history.html (2761 words)

	Captain Sven Skute
		In March 1651 he secured an audience with Queen Christina and reported that there were only 70 men remaining in New Sweden and that more settlers and supplies were desperately needed.
		Rising, however, was unwilling to allow Skute to occupy land which had been previously settled and developed by freemen for the previous decade and ultimately ruled that it was dependent on his confirmation, which he never gave.
		They sold their lots and grain in the spring of 1656 and moved to the west bank of the Schuylkill River, on the northeast side of Kvarn Kill (Mill Creek), adjacent to Hans Månsson's Aronameck plantation, in the vicinity of present Woodlands Cemetery.
	www.colonialswedes.org /Forefathers/Skute.html (1126 words)

	Pennsylvania People. Johan Printz. Level 1
		Governor Printz did not think that Fort Christina was in a good spot to control the river.
		On November 25, 1645, the watchman in the New Gottenberg fort fell asleep.
		In 1646 Printz House, the fort, and the church were built again.
	www.cbsd.org /pennsylvaniapeople/level1_biographies/Biographies_Level_1/johan_bjornsson_printz_level_1.htm (978 words)

	Delaware News
		No further attempts at colonization were made on Delaware soil until 1638, when the Swedes established their colony in present Wilmington, which was not only the first permanent settlement in Delaware, but in the whole Delaware River Valley and North America.
		In 1637, a colonial charter was granted under the Swedish child queen, Christina, encouraging trade, settlement and the spreading of the gospel.
		The fort constructed by the settlers was named for Queen Christina: the village, Christinahamn.
	www.geocities.com /airspirit333/Delaware.html (1957 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		up as Christina creek, but surrendered the fort to Stuyvesant by a dishonourable capitulation, in which he forgot to stipulate a place to which he, with his people and effects, might retire; he also subscribed the capitulation, not in the fort or in any indifferent place, but on board a Dutch ship.
		The same day the factor Elsvii was sent down from Fort Christina to Stuyvesant to demand an explanation of his conduct, and to dissuade him from further hostilities, as we could not be persuaded that he seriously purposed to disturb us in the lawful dominions of his Royal Majesty and our principals.
		But as Stuyvesant had so cheaply obtained possession of Fort Casimir, whither we had sent our best soldiers, thus depriving ourselves in a great measure both of men and munitions, he would give Elsvii no satisfaction, but claimed the whole river and all our territory, and had well nigh detained Elsvii as a spy.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /service/gc/gckb/014/00440444u.txt (358 words)

	Delaware River Section - New Amstel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Swedes had established a base at Fort Christina (present-day Wilmington, Delaware), which gave them a better presence on the river than the Dutch had at Fort Nassau.
		He called it Fort Casimir; but it was to be shortlived under that name, for the Swedes soon captured it and renamed it Fort Trinity.
		Stuyvesant decided that a settlement was needed on the river, and at the site of the former Fort Casimir he laid out a village, which he called New Amstel.
	www.nnp.org /newvtour/regions/Delaware/new_amstel.html (330 words)

	National Park Service - Explorers and Settlers (Historical Background)
		After bartering with the Indians for the land, he erected Fort Christina, which he named for the youthful Queen of Sweden.
		He founded about a dozen new posts and settlements along the Delaware River in a 15- to 20-mile radius around Fort Christina, and moved the capital from the fort to one of the islands at the mouth of the Schuylkill River, Tinicum Island, near the site of Philadelphia.
		Fort Christina and the other posts soon joined in the surrender, and New Sweden became a part of New Netherland.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/explorers/intro20.htm (1420 words)

	Delaware History Online - Early Settlement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Fort Christina became the first permanent European settlement in Delaware.
		In 1654, however, the Swedes captured Fort Casimir, and renamed it Fort Trinity.
		A little over a year later, in 1655, the Dutch took back Fort Casimir and went on to capture Fort Christina.
	www.hsd.org /DHE/DHE_when_settlement.htm (486 words)

	Delaware Department of Transportation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A Swedish colony was established in 1638 at Fort Christina, near the
		Dutch Fort Casimir, established in 1651, and the town of New Amstel (modern New Castle) became the economic and commercial center for the lower Delaware Valley.
		The villages of Christina Bridge and Cantwell’s Bridge (present –day Odessa) were the only hamlets of any size in the area and both were located on major rivers and roads.
	www.deldot.net /static/projects/archaeology/proposed_bridge_260/introduction_reg_history.html (2339 words)

	Delaware U.S. Senators
		The first African on the Delaware, Black Anthony, is brought from the Caribbean to Fort Christina.
		Printz builds Fort Elfsborg at Varckens Kill, N.J., Fort New Gothenburg at Tinicum, Pa. and a blockhouse at Upland (Chester), establishes a tobacco plantation on the Schuylkill; First law court held at Tinicum.
		The Swedes capture Fort Casimir and rename it Fort Trinity.
	www.russpickett.com /history/detime.htm (1824 words)

	Maud Dickson - FORT CHRISTINA
		Fort Christina Park: Svenskarna landsteg nära Wilmington år 1638 och efter mark förhandlingar med de bofasta Lenni Lenape indianerna byggde de ett fort.
		Captain Peter Minuit purchases land on west bank from the Schuylkill River to Bombay Hook, builds Fort Christina at present Wilmington and leaves 24 men, under the command of Lt. Måns Kling, to man the fort and trade with Indians.
		The original Kalmar Nyckel sailed from Sweden to the New World in 1638 leaving its passengers to establish the first permanent European settlement in the Colony of New Sweden in present-day Wilmington, Delaware.
	hcdn.myftp.org /MaD-Design/fort-christina/fort-christina.htm (491 words)

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