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Topic: Forth Bridge (railway)

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	The Forth Bridge
		This bridge almost did not see daylight; in fact, when it was realized that a railway link was necessary between both shores of river Forth, the solution brought forward was a tunnel.
		This bridge necessitated 54 000 tons of steel, 20 950 cubic metres of granite, 6 780 cubic metres of stone, 49 200 cubic metres of concrete, 50 tons of cement and 7 millions rivets.
		He said about the Forth Bridge:"If I had pretended that the building of Forth Bridge was not a source of constant anxiety, present and future, no experienced engineer would have believed me. Where there's no precedent, the engineer who best succeeded is the one who made the least errors".
	netrover.com /~capaigle/Ponts/fortha.html (685 words)

	Bridge (structure) - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		A beam bridge consists of a rigid horizontal member called a beam that is supported at both ends, either by a natural land structure, such as the banks of a river, or by vertical posts called piers.
		The New River Gorge Bridge in West Virginia is the longest arch bridge, spanning a gap of 518 m (1,700 ft).
		The longest swing-bridge span is that of a railroad and highway bridge crossing the Mississippi River at Fort Madison, Iowa.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761561057___19/Bridge_(structure).html (1434 words)

	Bridge (structure) - MSN Encarta
		Bridges commonly carry highways, railroad lines, and pathways over obstacles such as waterways, deep valleys, and other transportation routes.
		Stone arch construction remained the premier bridge design until the introduction of the steam locomotive in the early 19th century.
		The Forth Bridge, a railway bridge across the Firth of Forth in Queensferry, Scotland, has two main spans of 521 m (1,710 ft) each.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561057/Bridge_(structure).html (867 words)

	The Forth Bridge Feature Page on Undiscovered Scotland
		In the aftermath of the Tay Bridge disaster the bridge was a testament to robust and conservative over-engineering.
		The whole bridge is balanced by 1000 ton counterweights on the outside of the outer cantilever structures.
		The bridge can be viewed to really good effect from both North Queensferryand Queensferry: and the views from one of the many trains crossing it is equally worthwhile, especially of North Queensferry and Queensferry and of the Forth Road Bridge only a short distance to the west.
	www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk /queensferry/forthrailbridge (647 words)

	The Forth Bridge
		The contract for the bridge construction was given on December 21st.1882, and work began by the realization of casings intended to support the three cantilevers.
		This bridge necessitated 54 000 tons of steel, 20 950 cubic metres of granite, 6 780 cubic metres of stone, 49 200 cubic metres of concrete, 50 tons of cement and 7 millions rivets.
		He said about the Forth Bridge:"If I had pretended that the building of Forth Bridge was not a source of constant anxiety, present and future, no experienced engineer would have believed me. Where there's no precedent, the engineer who best succeeded is the one who made the least errors".
	www.netrover.com /~capaigle/Ponts/fortha.html (685 words)

	The Forth Railway Bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		During the constuction of the bridge were 44 lives lost, 93 injuries treated in hospital and 459 treated at home.
		The total length of the bridge is 5330ft (1624.6m), the whole length of the structure including both approch viaducts is 8295ft and 9.5in (2528.5m).
		The bridge was opened on March 4th 1890 by HRH The Prince of Whales.
	fritz.schiemann.net /Euro98/forth_rwb.html (145 words)

	Forth Rail Bridge, River Crossing, Forth Road Bridge, Scotland
		The Forth Railway Bridge is a globally-important cantilever structure.
		The bridge traverses the Firth of Forth at a pinch point with islets, between South Queensferry and North Queensferry.
		The bridge was built to carry the two tracks of the North British Railway over the Firth of Forth between South Queensferry and North Queensferry.
	www.edinburgharchitecture.co.uk /forth_rail_bridge.htm (314 words)

	Forth Railway Bridge on a small group tour of Scotland
		Located 9 miles (14 km) W of Edinburgh, the Forth Railway Bridge is a remarkable cantilever structure which is still regarded as an engineering marvel and is recognised the world over.
		The bridge was built to carry the two tracks of the North British Railway the 2½ km (1½ miles) over the Firth of Forth between South Queensferry and North Queensferry, at a height of 46m (150 feet) above the high tide.
		The bridge remains in regular use, carrying the main east coast line over to Fife and eventually onwards to Dundee and Aberdeen, although the stresses placed on the bridge by modern trains are much less than their much heavier steam-powered predecessors.
	www.visitdunkeld.com /forth-bridge2.htm (306 words)

	FORTH BRIDGE - Forth Railway Bridge , Scotland Photographs, Photography pictures by stock photographer Doug Houghton
		066547 FORTH BRIDGE - Floodlit Victorian Cantilever steel bridge Firth of Forth river sunset dusk - Forth Railway Bridge FORTH BRIDGE - Forth Railway Bridge Scotland
		066544 FORTH BRIDGE - Floodlit Victorian Cantilever bridge Firth of Forth river sunset dusk - Forth Railway Bridge FORTH BRIDGE - Forth Railway Bridge Scotland
		066520 FORTH BRIDGE - Victorian Cantilever steel granite bridge Firth of Forth river sunset - Forth Railway Bridge FORTH BRIDGE - Forth Railway Bridge Scotland
	www.doughoughton.com /webpage/page/page061.html (567 words)

	Forth Bridge (railway) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Forth Bridge is a railway bridge over the Firth of Forth in the east of Scotland, to the east of the Forth Road Bridge, and 14 km (9 miles) west of Edinburgh.
		The bridge connects Scotland's capital Edinburgh with Fife, and acts as a major artery connecting the north-east and south-east of the country.
		"Painting the Forth Bridge" is a colloquial term for a never-ending task (a modern rendering of the myth of Sisyphus), coined on the erroneous belief that, at one time in the history of the bridge, repainting was required and commenced immediately upon completion of the previous repaint.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Forth_rail_bridge (1283 words)

	Cantilever
		Railways have always been a problem for suspension bridges, one which the cable-stayed type has now overcome, as in the bridge which joins Denmark to Sweden near Copenhagen and Malmo.
		In practice, for a motorway bridge, the suspended span is often a simple beam, often shaped to continue the line of the cantilevers.
		Looking at the Forth railway bridge reveals the shape of a suspended span when engineering considerations are allowed to rule, as they have to in large structures.
	www.brantacan.co.uk /cantilever.htm (2717 words)

	http://www.angelfire.com/ar/arrolfamily
		The Forth Railway Bridge over the firth (mouth) of the Forth River at Queensferry, Scotland, was the world's first all-steel long-span bridge and the world's longest bridge.
		The Forth Bridge's cantilever portion measures 5,300 ft from pier to pier.
		The Forth Bridge is one of the highlights of British engineering history, a monument to what Victorian engineers were capable of.
	www.angelfire.com /ar/arrolfamily/Arrolfront.html (2063 words)

	Forth Rail Bridge - Pictures of the Railway and Road Bridges in the Firth of Forth
		Statement of Victorian engineering genius, the Forth railway bridge was completed in 1890 and 54,000 tons of steel and 6.5 million rivets were used in the process.
		The Forth Rail Bridge had to be solid and reliable especially after the Tay Bridge disaster when its central navigation spans collapsed in the Firth of Tay taking 6 train carriages and 75 lives down with them.
		When you come off the Forth Road Bridge in Fife take an immediate turn to left and follow the road and signs until you get to the hotel (you'll be able to see the hotel even before you take a left).
	www.scotland-flavour.co.uk /forth-bridge.html (925 words)

	BUILDING BIG: Databank: Firth of Forth Bridge
		In the late 1800s, a railway bridge across Scotland's Firth of Tay swayed and collapsed in the wind.
		The Firth of Forth Bridge is made of a pair of cantilever arms, or beams "sticking out" from two main towers.
		The poet and artist William Morris declared it "the supremest specimen of all ugliness." Ugly or not, the Firth of Forth is a safe bridge.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/firth_of_forth.html (315 words)

	Forth Railway Bridge near Edinburgh Scotland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Forth Railway Bridge took eight years to build and was the world’s longest bridge at the end of the 19th centuring.
		History relates that when the engineer who built it, Benjamin Baker, was askedhow long the bridge would last, he replied: "For ever—if you look after it." Repainting of the bridge has been continuously carried out ever since, and a well used saying to describe a never-ending task has arisen from this practice.
		A special paint was created for the Forth Bridge, which has been used since 1890, and gives the bridge its orange colouring.
	www.multiwebvista.com /photos/forthrail3.html (264 words)

	THE FORTH RAIL BRIDGE
		(1.5 mile) Forth Railway Bridge, the world’s first major steel bridge, with its gigantic girder spans of 521 m.
		Tancred–Arrol, constructed the bridge, robustly designed in the aftermath of the Tay Bridge disaster by civil engineers Sir John Fowler and Benjamin Baker.
		The bridge’s construction involved the employment of 4,000 men at times, the use of 54,000 tonnes of steel and driving 6,500,000 rivets.
	www.forthbridges.org.uk /railbridgemain.htm (391 words)

	Historic Bridge Foundation - Links
		Railroad Bridge Monitoring Project Union Pacific bridge 844.7 spanning the Brazos River at Waco, Texas, will be instrumented with fiber optic sensors to measure dynamic strains induced by trains crossing the bridge and the onset of cracks in ther support structure.
		National Bridge Inventory The National Bridge Inventory (NBI) is the collection of over 600,000 bridges on public roads throughout the U.S. National Park Service search engine Type in "bridges" to find nearly 5000 entries, including natural bridges.
		Ireland and England History of the bridges of the Menai Straits, the Britannia Bridge.
	www.historicbridgefoundation.com /ipages/links/links.html (722 words)

	Forth road bridge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Forth Road Bridge when opened, on 4th September 1964 by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, was the largest suspension bridge in Europe.
		This highway suspension bridge crosses the Firth of Forth in Scotland and just half a mile away from the Forth Railway Bridge (The Railway Bridge is the second longest cantilever span in the world.
		Even today, no other bridge can match it for awesome scale and it was built in 1890.) The Forth road bridge is a little over 2.5 km in length.
	members.tripod.com /tai95112/forthbridge.html (141 words)

	Architecture of the Firth of Forth Bridge - Edinburgh, Scotland
		The bridge was built after the span across the Firth of Tay collapsed, killing 75 people on a train in the middle of the night.
		Engineers and planners needed to cross the Forth, but had to do it in a way that would be acceptable to a public still shocked by what was then the worst bridge disaster in history.
		The bridge is held together by nearly 7,000,000 rivets.
	www.glasssteelandstone.com /UK/Scotland/EdinburghFirthofForth.html (707 words)

	Forth. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The port of Grangemouth is at the eastern end of the Forth and Clyde Canal (35 mi/56 km long; completed 1890), which links the Firth of Forth with the River Clyde.
		The Isle of May and Bass Rock, with lighthouses and ruins, are at the entrance to the firth; Inchkeith and Inchcolm islands are within the firth.
		At Queensferry three bridges cross the firth—the Forth Bridge (completed 1936); the Forth Road Bridge, one of the longest suspension bridges in Europe (3,300 ft/1,006 m long; completed 1964); and the Forth Railway Bridge (5,350 ft/1,631 m; completed 1890), the world’s first cantilever bridge.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fo/Forth.html (248 words)

	Forth Bridge Memorial - the names of those killed building the bridge
		At its peak, the workforce constructing the Forth Railway Bridge reached a total of 4600 men or "Briggers" as they were known.
		There is no official record of those who died constructing the Forth Bridge and no memorial has been erected to them.
		The Forth Bridge Memorial Committee has requested the Queensferry History Group to identify the names of the men so that they can be placed on a memorial befitting their sacrifice.
	www.forthbridgememorial.org (257 words)

	SIR JOHN FOWLER (1817 - 1898) and the FORTH RAIL BRIDGE (1890)
		One of the consequences of the collapse of the Tay Bridge was that the Forth Rail Bridge was to be designed using the most thorough structural analysis possible.
		The completely redesigned bridge that was started in 1883 remains one of the world's most distinctive structures and certainly can be classed as one of the wonders of the industrial world.
		The Bridge was officially opened by Edward, Prince of Wales on 4th March 1890.
	www.chrishobbs.com /johnfowlerforthrail.htm (976 words)

	Guide to railway records - The National Archives of Scotland
		The earliest Scottish railway to be incorporated by private Act of Parliament was the Kilmarnock and Troon (1808).
		The Forth Bridge Railway Company (though it was part of the LNER network) legally survived in name until it was taken over by the British Transport Commission in 1948.
		There is a wealth of photographic material relating to railway stations and to a lesser extent railway hotels, some dating back to the 1890s or even earlier, but the majority is 20th century and includes not only snapshots taken by railway enthusiasts but officially commissioned views for publicity purposes.
	www.nas.gov.uk /guides/railway.asp (1306 words)

	Forth Bridge
		The great Forth railway bridge was not the first cantilever bridge to be built, but it was certainly the longest.
		Designed by Benjamin Baker to bridge the Firth of Forth in Scotland, it utilized three towers, with cantilever arches extending from each.
		The result was two clear spans of 1700 feet each, almost four times as great as the span of the Britannia bridge.
	www.lhl.lib.mo.us /events_exhib/exhibit/exhibits/civil/forth.shtml (160 words)

	Scotsman.com Living - People - Back and Forth
		The building of the rail bridge was begun in 1883 and a company was formed to oversee its design, construction and the maintenance of the line: The Forth Bridge Railway Company, incorporated under an Act of 5 August 1873.
		The bridge was designed by Sir John Fowler and Benjamin Baker and in its construction 4,000 men were employed at times, 54,000 tonnes of steel were used and 6,500,000 rivets driven in.
		A number of men died while constructing the bridge and for years their identities went unknown as there is no official record of their deaths with the Forth Bridge Railway Company.
	living.scotsman.com /people.cfm?id=1914932006 (592 words)

	Forth Bridge Travel - Timeshare Information
		The Forth Railway Bridge, depicted above, spans the Firth of Forth in Scotland near Edinburgh.
		This bridge is designed to withstand two hurricanes occurring at the same time, one going upriver on one bank while the other is going downriver on the opposite bank.
		Since it was designed shortly after another bridge had been destroyed by high winds, the designers played it a little bit safe with the Forth Bridge.
	www.forthbridgetravel.com /index.html (239 words)

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