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Topic: Fortifications of Metz

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	Chapter 1 - What is a Wargame : A Wargame Test Drive : Turn 1: U.S. Movement Phase
		Manning the rest of the front (inside the extensive fortifications of Metz) were (from north to south) the German 462nd infantry division (the under strength 1010th infantry regiment and the ad hoc officer school, or Fahnenjunker, regiment) and the weak 8th PanzerGrenadier regiment of the 3rd PanzerGrenadier division.
		Just to the south of the fortifications ringing Metz was the 29th PanzerGrenadier regiment of the 3rd PanzerGrenadier division.
		Behind the front line German units was the 17th SS division (37th and 38th SS infantry regiments) and the weak regimental strength Metz garrison.
	www.hyw.com /Books/WargamesHandbook/1-2-us1m.htm (883 words)

	The Ultimate Metz - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Metz is a city in the North-East of France, capital of the Lorraine région and of the département of Moselle (57).
		Metz became one of the principal towns of Gallia, more populated than Lutetia, rich for its wine exports and having one of the vastest amphitheatres of the country.
		Metz was again annexed by Germany between 1940 and 1944 during the Second World War, and was liberated in November 1944 by the French and American armies.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Metz (1304 words)

	Metz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Metz is a city in the North-East of France, capital of the Lorraine région and of the département of Moselle (57).
		Metz became one of the principal towns of Gallia, more populated than Lutetia, rich for its wine exports and having one of the vastest amphitheatres of the country.
		Metz was again annexed by Germany between 1940 and 1944 during the Second World War, and was liberated in November 1944 by the French and American armies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Metz (1463 words)

	Metz
		In ancient times Metz, then known as Divodurum, was the capital of the Celtic Mediomatrici, and at the beginning of the Christian era was already occupied by the Romans.
		In the important position Metz assumed after the division of the Frankish dominions into West and East Franconia, the German rulers took care that only men who would be loyal to them were appointed to the episcopal see.
		The diocesan institutions are the seminary for priests at Metz with 10 professors, the small seminary at Montigny near Metz, the cathedral school of St. Arnulf at Mets, and St. Augustine's Institute at Bitach.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/m/metz.html (2564 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Metz
		Metz (in French pronounced [mɛs] and in German as mɛts) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine région and of the département of Moselle (57).
		Metz is a large and strongly fortified town, beautifuly situated on a plain at the confluence of the Moselle and Seille.
		Metz was again annexed by Germany between 1940 and 1944 during the Second World War, and was reverted to France after the war.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Metz (1861 words)

	Metz - Iridis Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In ancient times Metz, then known as Divodurum, was the capital of the Celtic Mediomatrici, and the name of this tribe, contracted into Mettis, formed the origin of the present name.
		Under the Carolingians the town preserved the good-will of the rulers, whose family seat was near by; Charles the Bald was crowned in the Basilica, and here Louis the Pious and his son Drogo are buried.
		In 843 Metz became the capital of the Kingdom of Lorraine, and several diets and councils were held there.
	www.iridis.com /Metz (1277 words)

	Maginot Line
		The Maginot Line was a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defences which France constructed along her borders with Germany and with Italy in the wake of World War I.
		The French believed the fortification would provide time for their army to mobilise in the event of attack and also compensate for numerical weakness.
		The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest ("impenetrable" and "impassable") or along the border with Belgium because the countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Maginot_Line.html (709 words)

	wiki/Metz Definition / wiki/Metz Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Metz is a city in the North-East of France, capital of the Lorraine Lorraine (German: Lothringen) is a historical area in present-day northeast France.
		Metz became one of the principal towns of Gallia, more populated than LutetiaLutetia (sometimes Lutetia Parisiorum or Lucotecia, in French Lutèce) was a town in pre-Roman and Roman Gaul.
		The recognition by the empire of the surrender of Metz to France came at the conclusion of the Peace of WestphaliaThe Peace of Westphalia, also known as the treaties of Münster and Osnabrück, is the series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War and "officially" recognized the United Provinces and Swiss Confederation.
	www.elresearch.com /wiki/Metz (2647 words)

	Campaign Awards of the Wehrmacht
		Metz itself was garrisoned as a “college town” of sorts, having both Heer and Waffen SS schools located within its environs.
		For the hard-fought attackers and defenders in the Battle of Metz, it is unfortunate that their stories have remained largely overshadowed by two other great battles that punctuated the beginning and end of the capture of the fortress city.
		With the defenders of Metz killed, captured or dispersed to other units and other fronts, and given that the war’s end was a mere 5 months away, it is no wonder the Metz 1944 cuffband remains such an obscure award even at the time of its institution.
	www.wehrmacht-awards.com /campaign_awards/cufftitles/metz.htm (8238 words)

	Metz articles and news from Start Learning Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Metz is a city in the North-East of France, capital of the Lorraine (rÃ©gion)Lorraine List of regions in FrancerÃ©gion and of the dÃ©partement of Moselle (57).
		Since King Sigibert I, Metz frequently was the residence of the Merovingian kings of Austrasia and especially the reign of Queen Brunhilda of AustrasiaBrunhilda reflected great splendour on the town.
		After the death of king Lothair II of LotharingiaLothar II the kingdom of Lotharingia, and with it Metz, was contested and changed back and forth between the Eastern and the Western Frankish kingdom until in 925 it finally became part of the East kingdom and subsequently the Holy Roman Empire.
	www.startlearningnow.com /Metz.htm (1505 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Metz
		Metz, then known as Divodurum, was the capital of the Celtic Mediomatrici, and at the beginning of the Christian era was already occupied by the Romans.
		Metz schools of writing and painting, such as the famous "Trier Ada" manuscript and the Sacramentary of Drogo (now at Paris), are evidence of the active intellectual lives that were led.
		Metz was formally transferred to France, the gates of the city were opened (10 April), and Henry took possession as vicarius sacri imperii et urbis protector (18 April).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10247a.htm (3192 words)

	METZ FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The town preserved the good-will of the rulers, when the Carolingians acceeded to the Frankish throne, as it had long been a base of their family and one of their primal ancestors, Saint Arnulf_of_Metz, as well as his son Chlodulf, had been bishops of Metz.
		The increasing influence of the bishops in the city became greater when Adalbert I (928-62) obtained a share of the privileges of the counts; until the twelfth century, therefore, the history of the town is practically identical with that of the bishops (see http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10247a.htm).
		By an agreement of the German princes, Moritz_of_Saxony, William_of_Hesse, John_Albrecht_of_Mecklenburg, and George_Frederick_of_Brandenburg, with Henry_II_of_France, ratified by the French king at Chambord (15 January), Metz was formally transferred to France, the gates of the city were opened (10 April), and Henry took possession as ''vicarius sacri imperii et urbis protector'' (18 April).
	www.splammer.com /?req=metz (1391 words)

	English (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The gaps between the main forts are organized and fortified during the period 1885-1896 by the addition of armored batteries (fortifications exemple Plappeville) in wich the guns are protected by a rotating iron cupola.
		This plan required a massive extension of fortification in the area of Metz and Thionville (known as the Mosellestellung), to protect the flanks of the German Imperial armies during their encircling movement through Belgium.
		Metz had eight such weapons which were transported by rail between emplacements.
	site.voila.fr /festewagner/page2.html (1221 words)

	Metz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Metz is a city in the North-East of France, capital of the Lorraine ''List of regions in Francerégion'' and of the ''département'' of Moselle (57).
		Metz became one of the principal towns of GaulGallia, more populated than Lutetia, rich for its wine exports and having one of the vastest amphitheatres of the country.
		In 843 Metz became the capital of the Duchy of LorraineKingdom of Lorraine, and several diets and councils were held there.
	www.infothis.com /find/Metz (1551 words)

	BRUNN - LoveToKnow Article on BRUNN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		She now abjured Arianism and was converted to the orthodox faith, and the union was celebrated at Metz; on which occasion Fortunatus, an Italian poet, who was then at the Frankish court, composed the epithalamium.
		Chilperic, brother of Sigebert, and king of the we~t Frankish kingdom, jealous of the renown which this marriage brought to his elder brother, hastened to ask the hand of Galswintha, sister of Brunhilda; but at the instigation of his mistress Fredegond, he assassinated his wife.
		The fortifications of the old town have now been entirely removed, giving place to handsome gardens and well-built streets, which put it in communication with its adjoining suburbs.
	64.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BR/BRUNN.htm (2406 words)

	Thèse sur les fortifications messines de 1870 à 1914
		A Metz, l’armée commence à manquer de vivres, les soldats sont obligés d’abattre leurs chevaux pour pouvoir se nourrir.
		Celle de Metz alternait forts, batteries et batteries cuirassées sur un périmètre de 24 km.
		A Metz, les tourelles pour canon de 100 mm sont disposées par 2, 3 ou 4 par batterie cuirassée, les tourelles pour obusiers de 150 mm par 3, 4 ou 6.
	braunn.chez.tiscali.fr /these.htm (17091 words)

	ORLEANS - LoveToKnow Article on ORLEANS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		It was held by the Huguenots from 1567 to 1568.
		Armies and Metz with the I. and II., to undertake a long forward stride to the Loire or the Cher.
		In the end, however, a few clear principles were acceptedParis must be relieved, not merely revictualled, and the troops must be set in motion with that object at the earliest possible moment.
	65.1911encyclopedia.org /O/OR/ORLEANS.htm (9544 words)

	Metz, France - 1995 - The Metz Fortifications - Ren L'Ecuyer
		Metz, France - 1995 - The Metz Fortifications - Ren L'Ecuyer
		1995 - The Metz Fortifications - Ren L'Ecuyer
		It is difficult enough to have to adjust to what is a foreign culture and for many, a foreign language - but you also find yourself having to adjust to the fact that France has just been at war, and the surrounding country side is evident of this fact.
	www.pinetreeline.org /metz/other/otherm76.html (378 words)

	Metz-History, France travel information to prepare your Adventure
		n ancient times Metz, then known as Divodurum (the town at the holy mountain), was the capital of the Celtic Mediomatrici, and the name of this tribe, contracted into Mettis, formed the origin of the present name.
		The increasing influence of the bishops in the city became greater when Adalbert I (928-62) obtained a share of the privileges of the counts; until the twelfth century, therefore, the history of the town is practically identical with that of the bishops (see [1]).
		Among the cities of Lorraine, Metz held a prominent position during the French possession for two reasons: In the first place it became one of the most important fortresses through the work of Vauban (1674) and Cormontaigne (1730).
	www.bonjourlafrance.net /france-city/metz-france/metz-history.htm (1493 words)

	Fortress Books - Books on fortification, artillery and military history
		The so-called "Panzerfesten" (armoured forts) of Metz represent THE highlight of German fortification of the period 1870-1918.
		These fortifications were built with the most modern ideas and theories on fortification, artillery and building materials - and -of course- with the experiences of the Franco-Prussian War and the Russo-Japanese War and some other conflicts in mind.
		This part is divided in 3 chapters - the fortifications of the inner ring, the fortifications of the outer ring and the batteries in the east.
	www.fortress-books.com /uk/fortress-books-detail.asp?menu=2&page=1&id=7983058 (217 words)

	Metz - City of lights - SARREGUEMINES
		Visiting Metz, capital of Lorraine with 300,000 inhabitants,city of communication and new technologies, is also discovering a city with a bright past.
		The museums shelter vestiges of roman every-day life, difficulties during the barbarian invasions, merovingian jewellery, magnificent gothic paintworks on wooden ceilings and the chancel of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains, known as the most beautiful set of sculpture from the High Middle-Ages in France.
		This district was built at the beginning of this century around the central railway station, masterpiece of the architect Kröger (1905-1908), in a characteristic and contrasting style.
	www.infotourisme.net /tourist-route/sarreguemines/metz-city-of-lights_141ang.html (272 words)

	India, Indian States, India States, Indian hotels, Indian News and Indian Tourism, India Travel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Metz (in French pronounced [mÉs] or mÉtz) is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine rÃ©gion and of the dÃ©partement of Moselle (57).
		Following the armistice with Germany ending the First World War, the French army entered Metz in November 1918 and the city was given to France at the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
		Metz was again re-united with by Germany between 1940 and 1944 during the Second World War, and was stolen in November 1944 by the French and American armies.
	www.nagalandin.org /wiki-Metz (2373 words)

	Maginot_Line - The definative answer from Alt & Ego (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Although the name of the fortification suggests a simple linear organization, from front to rear the Line varies between 20 to 25 kilometers, with a variety of structures of alarm, resistance, combat, support and infrastructure.
		The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impénétrable ("impassable")) or along the border with Belgium because the countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded.
		Still, Maxime Weygand signed the surrender and the army was ordered out of their fortifications, to be taken to POW camps.
	www.altandego.com /wiki.asp?k=Maginot_Line (2560 words)

	Metz - ZDNet
		In the spring of 1096, Metz became one of the scenes of the Rhineland massacres of non-Christians as Count Emicho of Fionheim gathered followers for the First Crusade.
		A group of these crusaders entered Metz, forcibly converting Jewish families, and killing those who resisted baptism.
		Metz was again annexed by Germany between 1940 and 1944 during the Second World War, and was reverted to France after the war.
	metz.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Metz (782 words)

	Cmate 67 Full-text
		The British fortifications were built on the shoreline along both sides of the peninsula leading from Messina to the Straits of Messina and in the range of hills between.
		On the northern coast the existing fortifications of the port of Milazzo were modernised and strengthened and further down the coast, south of Messina, a Martello tower was built near Augusta.
		The history of the series of fortifications, lavishly bastioned, at the position of Vlissingen and the naval base of Den Helder is described, with plans, in S 1 and 3 respectively.
	www.fsgfort.com /Cmate/67/Long.htm (19761 words)

	Chapter III: The XX Corps Crossing of the Moselle
		Instead the long defense of Metz must be ascribed to a combination of factors favorable to the Germans: the presence of elite troops during the initial stages of the battle; the moral and physical strength derived from steel and concrete, even in outdated fortifications; and the possession of ground that favored the defender.
		Metz, cavalry task forces and miscellaneous patrols linking it tenuously with CCA on the north and the main body of the 5th Infantry Division on the south.
		Finally, the German works on the periphery of the Metz fortifications extended well out from the heart of the city, interlaced and supported by entrenched field forces and a large complement of medium, and heavy reserve artillery, the whole calculated to deflect any attempt at a rapid, close-in envelopment by armor.
	www.army.mil /cmh/books/wwii/lorraine/lorraine-ch03.html (21413 words)

	A History of The Nations and Empires Involved and a Study of the Events Culminating in The Great Conflict By Logan ...
		The fortifications were far too strong to be taken by assault, and all depended on a close blockade.
		It was evident that the hope of reaching Metz was at an end, and MacMahon, abandoning the attempt, concentrated his army around the frontier fortress of Sedan.
		It was with horror and despair that France learned on the 30th of October, that the citadel of Metz, with its fortifications and arms of defense, had been yielded to the Germans, and its army of more than 150,000 men had surrendered as prisoners of war.
	www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in /resources/english/etext-project/history/eigic/chapter12.html (8300 words)

	Facetation / george goodall
		He may have worked with Henry I, Duke of Guise, on the restoration of the fortifications of Metz.
		He may have stayed in Metz during the construction of the citadel (1552-1562).
		He wrote a discourse that refuted the need for fortifications noting that Bologna had walls to defend against skirmishers and would have sufficient time and resources to prepare additional defenses in the even of a full scale attack.
	www.deregulo.com /facetation/2006/11/so-where-was-ramelli-assuming-that.html (476 words)

	Two Cheers for Thomas Aquinas
		Father Gilby’s comments focus on the dangers for Catholic theology itself of canonizing the thought of its admittedly greatest exponent, Thomas Aquinas:
		There have been times when his followers have been like poor Bazaine who immobilized his field-army behind the fortifications of Metz.
		For here is a body of thought which is more versatile, therefore more authentically itself, when working as a minority and not a majority movement, or when not being paraded under anti-Modernist drill-sergeants with their manuals of standardized mechanization [Summa Theologiae -- Vol.
	www.religion-online.org /showarticle.asp?title=1608 (1836 words)

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