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Topic: Forward chaining

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	Forward chaining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Forward chaining is one of the two main methods of reasoning when using inference rules (in artificial intelligence).
		Forward chaining starts with the available data and uses inference rules to extract more data (from an end user for example) until an optimal goal is reached.
		The top-down approach of forward chaining is commonly used in expert systems, such as CLIPS.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Forward_chaining (355 words)

	Chaining - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chaining is an instructional procedure used in Behavioral Psychology.
		It is frequently used for training behavioral sequences (or "chains") that are beyond the current repertoire of the learner.
		The chain is set in motion through the use of a discriminant stimulus, or prompt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chaining (258 words)

	Chaining: Introduction
		Chaining is a teaching technique that consists of breaking a task down into small steps and then teaching each specific step within the sequence by itself.
		There are two types of chaining techniques: “forward chaining” and “backward chaining.” The forward chaining technique moves a student from the first part of the task to the end.
		The decision to use either a forward chaining” or backward chaining” is dependent on the student and the task.
	www.autismnetwork.org /modules/behavior/chaining (241 words)

	PC AI 16.4 Paid Version Page 32
		Forward chaining is often faster than backward chaining since it does not have the overhead of dynamically determining which rule to activate, but it does not exclude blocks of rules and logic that are not actually needed.
		Forward chaining asks less focused questions and is not as good an emulation of a human interaction with an expert.
		While forward chaining can be used for these types of systems, backward chaining is sometimes a better choice for problems that benefit by being modularized or handled from top-level logic down.
	www.pcai.com /Paid/Issues/PCAI-Online-Issues/16.4_OL/New_Folder/NI0618/16.4_PA/PCAI-16.4-Paid-pg.32-Art2.htm (565 words)

	Rules, Inferencing, and Chaining
		Forward chaining is a form of deductive reasoning.
		G2 only forward chains to rules when a variable or parameter referenced in the rule receives a new value that is different from its previous value; whereas, G2 forward chains to rules whenever an attribute referenced in the rule receives a new value, regardless of whether the value has changed.
		When two or more rules are invocable due to forward chaining based on a change to the same attribute or current value of the same item, G2 does not specify the order in which those rules are invoked.
	www.cs.fsu.edu /g2/g2doc/g2rm/rules6.htm (2836 words)

	Forward Chaining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Forward chaining is a method that finds every conclusion possible based on a given set of premises.
		Forward chaining is used primarily for diagnosis, where all possible outcomes based on given input are under consideration.
		For all other purposes forward chaining is only feasible when the number of possible outcomes is small.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/EXPERT/forward.html (83 words)

	Forward Vs Backward chaining - Drools - Confluence
		Forward chaining - When one or more conditions are shared between rules, they are considered "chained." Chaining refers to sharing conditions between rules, so that the same condition is evaluated once for all rules.
		Backward chaining engines query for new facts, whereas forward chaining relies on the application asserting facts to the rule engine.
		One of the benefits of backward chaining is the user doesn't have to explicitly write rules for the subgoals.
	docs.codehaus.org /x/RV (627 words)

	OPSR2 Brochure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Forward chaining is commonly used for design and configuration, intelligent process monitoring, scheduling, and other tasks that have complex control requirements.
		Recursive forward chaining (RFC) is a recently-developed technique that is upward compatible with conventional forward chaining, but that is much more powerful.
		It is no more complicated for a forward chaining rule to invoke a set of backward chaining rules than it is for that same rule to invoke other forward chaining rules.
	www.pst.com /opsr2bro.htm (1143 words)

	SHAPING AND CHAINING
		Chaining is the reinforcement of successive elements of a behavior chain.
		Forward chaining is a chaining procedure that begins with the first element in the chain and progresses to the last element (A to Z).
		Backward chaining is a chaining procedure that begins with the last element in the chain and proceeds to the first element.
	www.bbbautism.com /aba_shaping_and_chaining.htm (1903 words)

	Introduction to the Windows Workflow Foundation Rules Engine ("Longhorn" Technical Articles) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Forward chaining will be discussed later in the document; briefly put, it refers to the ability for the actions of one rule to cause other, dependent rules to be reevaluated.
		Through implicit chaining, WF does the majority of the necessary chaining for the user, so that the user does not have to explicitly model updates, and can, in fact, be blissfully unaware of the chaining or the need for it, in most instances.
		Forward chaining is a very powerful notion that allows atomic rules to be assembled into RuleSets without the definition of, or necessarily even the knowledge of, the dependencies among the rules.
	msdn.microsoft.com /library/en-us/dnlong/html/intWF_FndRlsEng.asp?frame=true (4171 words)

	" + pageTitle + " (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Forward Chainer is a simple program which can work through small examples to demonstrate the concept of forward chaining.
		Forward chaining is a type of algorithm used in artificial intelligence (AI).
		Forward chaining basically allows one to give a computer some pre-defined knowledge about the world and some rules with which to use, or "reason", with that knowledge.
	www.supermagnus.com /mac/ForwardChainer/index.html (1861 words)

	Lindley^"s PSA Paper
		Forward chaining and backward chaining are reciprocal strategies for reasoning about one part of a mechanism on the basis of what is known or conjectured about other parts in the mechanism.
		Forward chaining uses the early stages of a mechanism to reason about the types of entities and activities that are likely to be found downstream.
		The molecular biologists reasoned forward from the DNA while the biochemists reasoned backward from the finished protein; their work met in the middle of the mechanism, with the discovery of the various types of RNAs and their roles in the middle of the mechanism.
	www.philosophy.umd.edu /Faculty/LDarden/Research/pubs/PSA2000pap.html (4478 words)

	Forward and Backward Chaining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Forward chaining may be regarded as progress from a known state (the original knowledge) towards a goal state(s).
		When an unknown predicate about a known piece of knowledge is detected in an operator's condition list, all rules relevant to the knowledge in question are fired until the question is answered or until quiescence.
		Additionally, the branching factor (the number of considerations at each state) may vary between forward and backward chaining and thus also drive a consideration of which method is the more efficient.
	ai.eecs.umich.edu /cogarch0/common/prop/chain.html (235 words)

	FORWARD-CHAINING.html -- ACL2 Version 2.9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Forward chaining rules are generated from the corollary term as follows.
		(Forward chaining is thus carried out from scratch for each goal.) If any term in the goal is an instance of a trigger of some forward chaining rule, we try to establish the hypotheses of that forward chaining theorem (from the negation of the goal).
		Forward chaining is then used to expand the context.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /~moore/acl2/v2-9/FORWARD-CHAINING.html (509 words)

	The AI Dictionary
		Backward-chaining is to be contrasted with forward chaining.
		Forward chaining is a means of utilizing a set of condition-action rules.
		Forward-chaining is to be contrasted with backward chaining.
	www.cse.unsw.edu.au /~billw/aidict.html (3968 words)

	ES Chaining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The word, chaining, is used because each step in the reasoning process is linked to others in the manner of a chain.
		In backward chaining, reasoning starts with some goal to be verified or proven, and proceeds backward to the data given in the problem.
		Forward chaining is therefore referred to as data driven reasoning.
	www.ryerson.ca /~dgrimsha/courses/cps820/ESChaining.html (804 words)

	5 Forward Chaining
		Forward chaining systems are often called "production" systems.
		The animal identification problem is one that can be solved either in a data driven (forward chaining) approach as illustrated here and in Winston and Horn, or in a goal driven (backward chaining) approach.
		The flow of control of a forward chaining system is often controlled by setting goal facts in working storage.
	www.amzi.com /ExpertSystemsInProlog/05forward.htm (4557 words)

	Inference
		Forward chaining assumes we know all the facts, and works from that premise.
		Forward Chaining: given that bowl is full, and telly is on as initial facts
		When an object is instantiated either through rule or user query, forward chaining is triggered again, then backward chaining resumes, etc.
	www.cse.dmu.ac.uk /~jennyc/AI_inference.htm (358 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		With backward chaining, meta-rules pick a rule or fact (not necessarily the first in database order) to try to match to a predicate expression in a query or rule right side.
		To do pure forward chaining, write the rules as facts with predicate name rule, for which the first argument is a left side and the second argument is the corresponding right side.
		The criteria for when to delete a rule in forward chaining were conservative: they miss other circumstances under which it would be good to delete rules.
	www.cs.nps.navy.mil /people/faculty/rowe/book/chap7.html (9484 words)

	CS 5300 / 6300 -- assignment 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		For forward chaining inferences, print the proposition that is being verified and then print in order each derived proposition.
		For backward chaining inferences, print in order every proposition for which support is searched for using the recursive backward chaining algorithm, along with every proposition found to be asserted as a result of the backward chaining search.
		Give an example of a problem for which forward chaining inference would likely be more appropriate than backward chaining inference.
	www.cs.utah.edu /classes/cs5300/assignments/project-3.html (1334 words)

	FAQ - Drools - Confluence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Backward Chaining are query based system where an application queries a fact space to see if something is true.
		Forward chaining systems are event based and consequences are triggered based on the information in the fact space.
		Drools is, at its core, an engine for processing Rete graphs and is a Forward Chaining system.
	docs.codehaus.org /display/DROOLS/FAQ (2567 words)

	FLEX : FLEX Forward Chaining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The actual forward chaining engine implemented in flex is an elaboration
		chaining, is the method by which rules are selected, flex provides two
		The rule agenda determines the context during a forward chaining
	www.dei.isep.ipp.pt /~ntm/flex/forward_chaining.htm (797 words)

	[No title]
		Because the set of rules is divided into two subsets, backward and forward chaining rules, the are two ways in which these rules can be applied: Forward chaining rules have a higher priority, thus they are the first ones to be tried.
		¡°&Ú òY’ 10’ 2 %Ù`‘ª{ó("¨2Priority to forward chaining rules (example cont.)¡33¨ÏAssuming that the forward chaining rules have a higher priority, the inference process is carried out as follows, given FB: (A, C) and goal K. Step 1: Attempt to fire only forward chaining rules for as long as possible.
		However, no more forward chaining rules can fire meaning that F cannot be proved by either forward chaining or backward chaining rules.
	www.cs.ccsu.edu /~neli/cs462/lecture13.ppt (838 words)

	Forward and Backward Chaining
		Backward chaining involves matching the conclusion of a sequent against the consequent of a universal formula.
		Forward chaining involves matching hypotheses of a sequent against antecedents of a universal formula.
		Chaining tactics take a number of optional arguments .
	www.cs.cornell.edu /Info/Projects/NuPrl/manual.with.index/node127.html (346 words)

	Cover Pages: Baltimore Technologies Releases RDFExpert as a Web-Powered Expert System for Generic Inference Tasks.
		These methods of inference are called backward and forward chaining.
		Backward chaining is the process of trying to match the goal fact against the conclusion element of rules in the knowledge base -- moving backwards from the goal through the rules.
		Forward chaining works by trying to match rules in the knowledge base against existing facts in the knowledge base -- thereby moving forward towards the goal fact through the rules.
	xml.coverpages.org /ni2001-08-31-a.html (548 words)

	forward from FOLDOC
		Forward chaining is the basis of production systems.
		A system is forward compatible if it is designed to be compatible with planned later versions of itself.
		Previous: forward chaining, forward compatibility, forward compatible, forward delta
	www.instantweb.com /d/dictionary/foldoc.cgi?forward (286 words)

	HITERM Deliverable: D06.2
		Descriptors, defining the variables that are used in the inference; they are linked closely to HOT, the Hierarchical Object Tool, that provides the data for the instantiations of the Descriptors.
		The Rules of the backward chaining expert system follow a first-order logic, and are encoded in near natural language, which makes them easy to code and understand.
		Due to the complexity of the integrated forward- and backward-chaining systems, and their continuing development, no final knowledge engineering tools (specific editor for Rules, Descriptors, and ACTIONs) have yet been developed that can be used directly by an end user.
	www.ess.co.at /HITERM/DELIVERABLES/D06_2.html (2436 words)

	FORWARD-CHAINING.html -- ACL2 Version 2.7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		See rule-classes for a general discussion of rule classes and how they are used to build rules from formulas.
		is an enabled nonrecursive function symbol then this forward chaining rule may well be useless, since calls of
		Another common misconception is this: Suppose that you forward chain and put
	www.mathcs.duq.edu /simon/acl2/FORWARD-CHAINING.html (509 words)

	Rules, Inferencing, and Chaining
		For information on how rules participate in backward and forward chaining, see Backward Chaining and Forward Chaining.
		rule that cannot be invoked using forward chaining or backward chaining.
		rule by using scanning, forward chaining, or backward chaining.
	www.cs.fsu.edu /g2/g2doc/g2rm/rules4.htm (1210 words)

	Problem Solving Strategies::: Forward Chaining & Backward Chaining (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The selection of which direction of chaining is proper depends on the topology of the problem space.
		If it is the arrival of a new fact, forward chaining makes sense.
		If it is a query to which a response is desired, backward chaining is more natural.
	ai.eecs.umich.edu /cogarch2/cap/forward-chaining.plan (128 words)

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