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	Forwarding equivalence class - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC) is a term used in Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) to describe a set of packets with similar or identical characteristics which may be forwarded the same way; that is, they may be bound to the same MPLS label.
		Characteristics determining the FEC of a higher-layer packet depend on the configuration of the router, but typically this is at least the destination IP address.
		Thus, a Forward Equivalence Class tends to correspond to a label switched path (LSP).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Forwarding_equivalence_class (162 words)

	Equivalence
		Equivalence class In subset of all elements in X which are equivalent to a: [a] = { x in X
		Equivalence of categories In mathematics, an equivalence of categories is a relation between two categories that establi...
		Equivalence of matter and energy An equivalance between the mass and enery of matter is quantified by the relationship p...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/equivalence.html (287 words)

	Multiprotocol Label Switching - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When an unlabeled packet enters the ingress router and needs to be passed on to an MPLS tunnel, the router first determines the forwarding equivalence class the packet should be in, and then inserts one (or more) labels in the packet's newly created MPLS header.
		In a swap operation the label is swapped with a new label, and the packet is forwarded along the path associated with the new label.
		The forwarding of the packet is done based on the contents of the labels, which allows protocol independent packet forwarding that does not need to look at a protocol-dependent routing table and avoids the expensive IP longest prefix match at each hop.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/MPLS (1320 words)

	Forwarding equivalence class (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A FEC (Forward Equivalence Class) is a set of packets that can be handled (i.e.
		Forwarded) in the same manner and thus is suitable for binding to a single MPLS label.
		The set of packets destined for one address prefix is one example of an FEC.
	www.ceca.de /encyclopedia/f/fo/forwarding_equivalence_class.html (59 words)

	Forwarding
		Call forwarding Call forwarding (or call diverting), in telephone number where the desired called party is situated.
		Port forwarding Port forwarding is the act of forwarding a Port to a Router.
		Remote call forwarding In call-forwarding number to be automatically forwarded to any answering location designated by t...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/forwarding.html (89 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		FEC Construction For the purposes of this discussion, an FEC is viewed as a list of one or more addresses or prefixes with their associated Traffic Class value for QoS or precedence.
		The chosen label is added to the forwarding data structure as the outgoing label for the FEC and is also inserted into the Flow Label field of the outgoing packet.
		The reason that the FEC is in general limited to a single address is that the upstream 6LSR which assigns the label has no knowledge of how the next-hop 6LSR will forward the packet.
	anak.kambing.vlsm.org /bebas/id/draft-chakravorty-bcc-fec-00.txt (4102 words)

	MPLS FAQ For Beginners [MPLS] - Cisco Systems
		FEC is a group of IP packets which are forwarded in the same manner, over the same path, and with the same forwarding treatment.
		For FEC 10.1.1.0/24, R1 is the "Downstream" LSR to R2.
		For FEC 10.2.2.0/24, R2 is the "Downstream" LSR to R1.
	www.ciscosystems.org /en/US/tech/tk436/tk428/technologies_q_and_a_item09186a00800949e5.shtml (1477 words)

	MPLS RC - MPLS FAQ - Page 2
		Forwarding Equivalency Class (FEC) is a set of packets which will be forwarded in the same manner (e.g., over the same path with the same forwarding treatment).
		A FEC is a set of packets that can be handled equivalently for the purpose of forwarding and thus is suitable for binding to a single label.
		From a forwarding point of view, packets within the same subset are treated by the LSR in the same way, even if the packets differ from each other with respect to the information in the network layer header.
	www.mplsrc.com /faq2.shtml (4327 words)

	[No title]
		However this approach (like pure datagram forwarding) has the disadvantage that when a packet is forwarded it is not known whether the packet is being forwarded into a loop, into a fl hole, or towards links which have inadequate resources to handle the traffic flow.
		A forwarding equivalence class is therefore the set of L3 packets which could safely be mapped to the same label.
		In the case where VC merge and non-merge nodes are interconnected the forwarding of cells is based in all cases on a VC (ie, the concatenation of the VPI and VCI).
	www.seas.upenn.edu /~tcom502/references/IETF/draft-ietf-mpls-framework-05.txt (20739 words)

	Patent 6192051
		Compressed tree forwarding tables are generated from the uncompressed routing table by reducing the number of pointers stored at one or more levels to substantially the number of unique next hop addresses associated with network addresses at that level.
		In one approach a forwarding table is employed on the line cards to map the destination address of each received packet to the identity of the port to which the packet should be forwarded.
		The forwarding table is generated in a straightforward manner by traversing the uncompressed tree and performing a regular set of operations on each entry during the traversal.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6192051.html (11808 words)

	MPLSRC - Acronym Dictionary
		Forwarding equivalence classes are defined in the base LDP specification and may be extended through the use of additional parameters (such as is the case with CR-LDP).
		In general, an LSR may or may not be able to forward non-label-encapsulated data and provide ingress/egress to LSPs (that is, to perform what is frequently referred to as the label edge router, or LER, function).
		An approach used to forward L3 packets from an input L3 logical interface to an output L3 logical interface that may reasonably be optimized for hardware switching-similar to switching at the data-link layer.
	www.mplsrc.com /dictionary.shtml (2650 words)

	Zvon - RFC 2702 [Requirements for Traffic Engineering Over MPLS] - Traffic Trunk Attributes and Characteristics
		Resource class affinity attributes associated with a traffic trunk can be used to specify the class of resources (see Section 6) which are to be explicitly included or excluded from the path of the traffic trunk.
		The resource-class parameter identifies a resource class for which an affinity relationship is defined with respect to the traffic trunk.
		The affinity parameter indicates the affinity relationship; that is, whether members of the resource class are to be included or excluded from the path of the traffic trunk.
	www.zvon.org /tmRFC/RFC2702/Output/chapter5.html (3184 words)

	MPLS, Multi-Protocol Label Switching
		Aa group of IP packets which are forwarded in the same manner (e.g., over the same path, with the same forwarding treatment).
		The basic forwarding operation consisting of looking up an incoming label to determine the outgoing label, encapsulation, port, and other data handling information.
		A forwarding paradigm allowing streamlined forwarding of data by using labels to identify classes of data packets which are treated indistinguishably when forwarding.
	filibusta.crema.unimi.it /docs/rfc/mpls.htm (547 words)

	RFC 3814 (rfc3814) - Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Forwarding Equiv
		Those packets belonging to an FEC are associated with an NHLFE (i.e., MPLS label) via the FEC-to-NHLFE (FTN) mapping [RFC3031].
		Conceptually, some of the FTN table functionality could be implemented using the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) to map all packets destined for a prefix to an LSP.
		Notice that the FEC and corresponding action associated with this rule (i.e., "redirect packets with destination IPv4 addresses in the range [192.0.2.32, 192.0.2.96] to tunnel #4") are the same as that associated with Rule #2.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc3814.html (5733 words)

	NEC Global Net: White Paper on IP QoS Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC): The MPLS identifies a group of packets requiring the same forwarding processing as an FEC.
		The FEC of each packet is primarily identified by the header information of the packet.
		This FEC can be a group of destination address prefix of packets to be forwarded via the egress LSR (Label Switching Router) of the LSP end point.
	www.nec-globalnet.com /qos/0303.html (940 words)

	Riverstone Networks - Carrier Class Networking
		Neighboring routers mark all routes via the restarting router as "stale." Traffic continues to be forwarded through the restarting router using the stale routes while the neighboring routers hide the restart from the rest of the network.
		The RS 3000 in building #1 is configured with a root port that is the primary forwarding path to the root bridge (router A) for the VLANs in that building.
		On the same RS 3000, an alternate port is configured as a secondary forwarding path to router B and is blocked to prevent a loop.
	www.riverstonenet.com /solutions/carrier_class.shtml (4440 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In MPLS, packets belonging to same forwarding equivalence class are identified by a short fixed length "Label".
		The decision to forward this packet is based on this fixed length label.
		The binding between FEC F and Label L is supplied by Rd to Ru and this binding is local between Ru and Rd. So an outgoing packet belonging to F will carry this label from Ru.
	poisson.ecse.rpi.edu /~anand/projects/mini_project_MPLS/mpls_intro.txt (674 words)

	Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)
		Each FEC is associated with an appropriate label and forwarding path.
		Now the packet will be forwarded using a different set of instructions which correspond to the label 56.
		When the packet reaches the second network frontier, the last LER router pops the label 56 (really penultimate hop is used to do this) and forwards the packet again to the first network using its original label number 45.
	opalsoft.net /qos/MPLS-13.htm (395 words)

	Magazine
		A collection of packets can be said to be in the same forwarding equivalence class for a given router if they are all handled the same way.
		If one router can indicate to another the class of handling of a set of packets, then less work has to be done at the second step.
		MPLS uses labels to indicate the forwarding equivalence class of a packet.
	www.commsdesign.com /main/feat9711.htm (3484 words)

	Configure Aggregate Labels for VPNs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Aggregate labels for VPNs allow a Juniper Networks routing platform to aggregate a set of incoming labels (labels received from a peer router) into a single forwarding label that is selected from the set of incoming labels.
		The single forwarding label corresponds to a single next hop for that set of labels.
		For a set of labels to share a common forwarding label, they must belong to the same forwarding equivalence class (FEC).
	www.juniper.net /techpubs/software/junos/junos64/swconfig64-vpns/html/vpn-config30.html (135 words)

	Page Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		labels and forwards the packet based on the FEC, without ever examining the contents of the packet.
		Thus all packets which belong to the same FEC get treated in the same way and quickly are sped
		Packets are forwarded along a label switched path (LSP), where each label switch router
	www.qnetconsult.com /mpls.html (385 words)

	6.6. The IP Group
		Note that this counter does not include any datagrams counted in ipForwDatagrams." ::= { ip 10 } ipOutDiscards OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Counter ACCESS read-only STATUS mandatory DESCRIPTION "The number of output IP datagrams for which no problem was encountered to prevent their transmission to their destination, but which were discarded (e.g., for lack of buffer space).
		The semantics of this metric are determined by the routing-protocol specified in the route's ipRouteProto value.
		Some interfaces do not -- use translation tables for determining address -- equivalences (e.g., DDN-X.25 has an algorithmic method); -- if all interfaces are of this type, then the Address -- Translation table is empty, i.e., has zero entries.
	www.freesoft.org /CIE/RFC/1213/25.htm (925 words)

	Multi-protocol label switching : MPLS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Labels are used to specify a forwarding equivalence class[?]: that is to say, all packets with the same label are treated the same way for the purposes of packet forwarding.
		However, MPLS can make use of existing ATM network infrastructure, as its labeled flows can be simply mapped to ATM virtual circuit identifiers, and vice-versa.
		MPLS is currently in use in large networks, even though it is still (as of 2002) undergoing IETF standardization.
	www.eurofreehost.com /mp/MPLS_3.html (420 words)

	Forward Equivalence Class Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As we said earlier in this guide, FEC management in MPLS for Linux can be performed in several ways.
		The most interesting (and powerful) mechanism reuses the existing IP tables framework for FEC definition and management.
		In summary, using iptables it is possible to define the properties of IP packets (thus defining a FEC), set an ouput key as an attribute of the FEC and MAP all traffic that is classed into the FEC to a given MOI and LSP.
	perso.enst.fr /~casellas/mpls-linux/ch06.html (80 words)

	[No title]
		At the ingress of an MPLS network, packets entering the MPLS domain are assigned to a FEC.
		Those packets belonging to a FEC are associated with a NHLFE (i.e.
		A rule such as "redirect all packets with a source address in the range [192.0.2.0-192.0.2.62] and destination address in the range [192.0.2.128-192.0.2.190] to tunnel #2" would require the creation of 36 conceptual rows in mplsFTNTable if the rules were expressed as CIDR prefixes but only a single conceptual row if we used address ranges instead.
	www.ietf.org /proceedings/03nov/I-D/draft-ietf-mpls-ftn-mib-09.txt (6058 words)

	Cellular Networking Perspectives: Wireless Telecom Glossary
		Call forward on no-answer (and, usually, also on no page response).
		Forward Analog voice channel, transmitted by an MS
		It combines TDM on the forward link to provide from 38kbps to 2.5Mbps data rates.
	www.cnp-wireless.com /glossary.html (4184 words)

	MPLS, Multi-Protocol Label Switching
		(RFC 3031) Aa group of IP packets which are forwarded in the same manner (e.g., over the same path, with the same forwarding treatment).
		Generalized MPLS extends the MPLS control plane to encompass time-division (e.g., Synchronous Optical Network and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, SONET/SDH), wavelength (optical lambdas) and spatial switching (e.g., incoming port or fiber to outgoing port or fiber).
		(RFC 3031) A forwarding paradigm allowing streamlined forwarding of data by using labels to identify classes of data packets which are treated indistinguishably when forwarding.
	www.networksorcery.com /enp/protocol/mpls.htm (1006 words)

	I3 Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		class = defines metaknowledge as methods, attributes, ancestry, etc. for object instances assigned to it.
		among classes, and hence their objects, which inherit attributes from their ancestors
		ontology comparator = tool to determine equivalence, subsumption, or intersection of ontologies; used to determine the rules needed for their mapping.
	www.db.stanford.edu /pub/gio/1994/vocabulary.html (4339 words)

	Toggit Certification Home for MCSE CCNA A+ study guides and test prep
		A multicast group is a collection of computers receiving packets from a host that is transmitting multicast packets with IP Class D addresses.
		In the PC, interrupts are often divided into three classes: _ Internal hardware _ External hardware _ Software Intrusion Detection System The Intel family of processors supports 256 prioritized interrupts, of which the first 64 are reserved for use by the system hardware or by the operating system.
		IP switching locates paths in a network by using routing protocols and then forwards packets along that route at layer 2.
	www.toggit.com /Library/pedia/techno.asp?Term=i&Techno=Letter (8237 words)

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