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Topic: Fossil energy

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	Fossil Fuels
		Fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas, are a non-renewable source of energy.
		The original source of this energy is all the solar energy the prehistoric organisms trapped in their bodies eons ago.
		Fossil fuels are excellent sources of energy for out transportation needs; however they are also the primary source of electrical energy in the world today.
	www.umich.edu /~gs265/society/fossilfuels.htm (5459 words)

	Energy from Fossil Fuels
		During chemical reactions, energy is either released to the environment (exothermic reaction) or absorbed from the environment (endothermic reaction).
		The amount of energy released is dependent on the oxidation state of the carbons in the hydrocarbon which is related to the hydrogen/carbon ratio.
		For calculating the expected energy release per CH unit, the energy of two C-H bonds and one C-C bond (since the carbon joins two neighboring groups and we are averaging) would be used which gives an energy content similar to that of methane ("natural gas").
	www.wou.edu /las/physci/GS361/Energy_From_Fossil_Fuels.htm (977 words)

	Eating Fossil Fuels \| EnergyBulletin.net \| Peak Oil News Clearinghouse
		The energy for the Green Revolution was provided by fossil fuels in the form of fertilizers (natural gas), pesticides (oil), and hydrocarbon fueled irrigation.
		Other agricultural energy inputs not considered were energy and machinery for drying crops, transportation for inputs and outputs to and from the farm, electricity, and construction and maintenance of farm buildings and infrastructures.
		Exosomatic energy is generated by transforming energy outside of the human body, such as burning gasoline in a tractor.
	www.energybulletin.net /281.html (4219 words)

	Piedmont Biofuels : Education : Energy Balance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The fossil energy balance tracks all energy inputs (whether from feedstock subset or process subset) that are from fossil sources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
		Energy in transportation is a small proportion of all energy inputs into the process, yet when counted, it would lower the energy balance given in the ILSR report.
		The fossil energy inputs were determined to be electricity, methanol, KOH and a portion of the soydiesel used.
	www.biofuels.coop /education/energy_balance.shtml (6655 words)

	Renewable Resources The Ethanol Forum
		Pimentel and Patzek conclude that the energy outputs from ethanol produced using corn, switchgrass and wood biomass are less than the fossil energy inputs and that the same is true for producing biodiesel using soybeans and sunflower.
		Using the latest energy data for agricultural requirements and ethanol plant use, several studies released in 2002 estimated that the net energy gain for corn ethanol is between 21 and 34 percent.
		When you burn gasoline in your car you are consuming the fossil energy required to produce and distribute the gasoline plus the fossil energy contained in the crude oil from which the gasoline was made.
	www.oregon.gov /ENERGY/RENEW/Biomass/forum.shtml (4952 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Fossil fuel energy resources are those energy resources that are carbon-based and formed by natural processes in the Earth's past.
		Coal is the term applied to rock-like fossil fuels that are formed by the decomposition of buried plant matter, again under the influence of increased pressure and temperature.
		However, natural gas is another carbon-based fossil fuel and therefore the combustion of natural gas emits carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and lesser amounts of other gasses to the atmosphere.
	cse.cosm.sc.edu /hses/NatRes/pages/fossil.htm (947 words)

	GREEN ENERGY, BIOMASS FOSSIL FUEL ALTERNATE ENERGY GREEN ELECTRICITY
		Energy sources that reduce dependence on imported petroleum, including coal, landfill gas, geothermal, hydropower, municipal solid waste, solar, and wind energy.
		Energy has several forms, some of which are easily convertible and can be changed to another form useful for work.
		Energy from sources that cannot be exhausted: sunshine, water flow, wind and vegetation.
	www.ellisenergy.com /glossary.html (714 words)

	Overview of Fossil Fuel Energy Resources
		Because new fossil fuel resources are still being discovered, the total amount of fossil fuel energy available on Earth is somewhat larger than the 38,000 EJ reported in the above figure.
		Actual rates of fossil fuel energy use in the future will be determined by many factors and will probably not follow either of the assumptions made in the above estimates.
		However, it is certain that the Earth's fossil fuel resources are limited, and that if we keep using them at a rate near what we do now, we will run out within a fairly short time.
	www.cpast.org /Articles/fetch.adp?topicnum=14 (498 words)

	Best Replacement Energy to Fossil Fuels
		Fossil fuels account >for 85% of all the energy used in the United states.
		Indirect use of solar energy (e.g., hydroelectric >and wind power, agriculture directed at producing fuel) is attractive, >and the states of the technologies that convert energy produced in >these ways into the actual work that needs to be done will determine >which are most economical.
		The use of nuclear energy is inevitable -- though >many oppose it for some good reasons and some zany ones -- because of >the huge amount of energy that would have to be replaced if fossil >fuels were absent.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/gen99/gen99773.htm (1259 words)

	Sustainable Table: The Issues: Buy Local
		And despite the fact that fossil fuels are limited resources that cannot be replaced, the Department of Energy acknowledges that their usage in the United States is likely only to grow over the next century.
		The biggest culprit of fossil fuel usage in industrial farming is not transporting food or fueling machinery; it’s chemicals.
		Large quantities of energy are required to cultivate, harvest, and ship animal feed, house, transport and slaughter animals, process and package their meat, and refrigerate it until it’s cooked.
	www.sustainabletable.org /issues/energy (2098 words)

	energy economics - extraction efficiency and costs, depletion of fossil fuels
		Fossil fuel extraction, and its accompanying depletion, is a tragedy of the commons [3] situation, without even the likelihood of any later recovery.
		When an energy source that has an EROEI ratio of 4:1 is replaced with another, alternative, energy source which has an EROEI ratio of 2:1, twice as much gross energy has to be produced in order to reap the same net quantity of resulting usable energy.
		Or put another way, it costs you approximately the energy of 1 barrel of energy to extract 31 barrels, refine it, move it around the world and pump it into the tank of a vehicle.
	www.abelard.org /briefings/energy-economics.asp (2275 words)

	The Energy Story - Chapter 8: Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil and Natural Gas
		There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas.
		But the main deposits of fossil fuels are from the Carboniferous Period.
		The rock squeezed the diatoms and the energy in their bodies could not escape.
	www.energyquest.ca.gov /story/chapter08.html (1853 words)

	Energy Resources: Fossil fuels
		Coal, oil and gas are called "fossil fuels" because they have been formed from the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals.
		Natural gas provides around 20% of the world's consumption of energy, and as well as being burnt in power stations, is used by many people to heat their homes.
		Fossil fuels are not a renewable energy resource.
	www.darvill.clara.net /altenerg/fossil.htm (706 words)

	Impacts of Energy Research and Development-Fossil Energy
		S. 1766 distributes RandD for fossil energy over three main areas: core research designed to reduce emissions associated with fuel combustion for electricity generation, oil and gas exploration—both onshore and offshore—and transportation fuels.
		These systems pressurize the fluidized bed to generate sufficient flue gas energy to drive a gas turbine and operate it in a combined-cycle.
		Coal-to-liquids technologies are not currently represented in NEMS; however, in response to a recent request from the U.S. Department of Energy 's (DOE's) Office of Fossil Energy, work is underway to add this modeling capability.
	www.eia.doe.gov /oiaf/servicerpt/erd/fossil.html (2057 words)

	Elementary Students' Ideas Concerning Fossil Fuel Energy Journal of Geoscience Education - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sixty-seven preservice teachers responding to a ten-question survey to investigate the persistence of fossil fuel misconceptions into adulthood revealed many held the same ideas as elementary students, confirming the importance of addressing younger students' ideas during instruction.
		Energy is a central factor in world economy and politics.
		Because adult consumers and voters impact political and environmental practices related to fossil fuel energy, science educators' task in conveying these energy concepts well is important.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4089/is_200505/ai_n14715204 (954 words)

	Get Energy Wise
		Energy makes electricity so that we can turn on lights, watch TV, listen to the radio and run fridge's, stoves, other appliances and electrical gadgets.
		People using energy to do work for them (and to play) is nothing new.
		Energy has been used for heat and to cook food for thousands of years.
	www.ecokids.ca /pub/eco_info/topics/energy/intro/index.cfm (184 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Fossil Fuels
		Fossil fuels are currently the most economically available source of power for both personal and commercial uses.
		In particular, in the process of burning fossil fuels, compounds are emitted into the air which can cause harm to humans, plants, animals, and entire ecosystems.
		The Energy Policy and Conservation Act was one of the first U.S. laws intended to regulate and reduce energy consumption.
	www.enviroliteracy.org /subcategory.php/21.html (284 words)

	Fossil fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In common dialogue, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing natural resources that are not derived from animal or plant sources.
		When generating electricity, energy from the combustion of fossil fuels is often used to power a turbine.
		A global movement toward the generation of renewable energy is therefore underway to help meet the increased global energy needs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fossil_fuel (1097 words)

	Department of Energy - Fossil Fuels
		Fossil fuels – coal, oil and natural gas -- currently provide more than 85% of all the energy consumed in the United States, nearly two-thirds of our electricity, and virtually all of our transportation fuels.
		Energy’s Fossil Energy program, through the National Energy Technology Laboratory, is developing a full array of new technologies that can locate and produce oil and gas beyond the reach of today’s technologies, overcome the environmental challenges of using coal, and extract clean-burning hydrogen from fossil fuels.
		In addition, the Office of Fossil Energy supports several initiatives to develop clean fuels from hydrogen and cleaner burning coal.
	www.energy.gov /energysources/fossilfuels.htm (279 words)

	Eating Fossil Fuels
		Adding in estimates for these energy costs brought the input/output energy ratio down to 1.15 Yet this does not include the energy expense of packaging, delivery to retail outlets, refrigeration or household cooking.
		Fossil fuels now represent 90% of the exosomatic energy used in the United States and other developed countries.17 The typical exo/endo ratio of pre-industrial, solar powered societies is about 4 to 1.
		On top of this, urbanization, road building, and industry claim another 1 million acres annually from farmland.24 Approximately three-quarters of the land area in the United States is devoted to agriculture and commercial forestry.25 The expanding human population is putting increasing pressure on land availability.
	www.mnforsustain.org /oil_eating_fossil_fuels_pfeiffer_d.htm (4405 words)

	CARBON--Los Alamos Energy Security (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Fossil fuels represent an abundant and cheap domestic resource for energy, yet increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO, which is by volume the largest byproduct of fossil-fuel combustion) are challenging their continued use.
		To meet this challenge, Los Alamos National Laboratory is leveraging a range of theoretical and experimental capabilities to identify new approaches to improving the efficiency of the carbon fuel cycle and minimizing its environmental impact.
		Los Alamos's Carbon Fuel Cycle RandD is funded by the Department of Energy's Office of Fossil Energy.
	www.lanl.gov /energy/compendium/carbon (392 words)

	Non-Fossil Energy
		In order to stabilize atmospheric carbon dioxide content at less than twice pre-industrial levels by the year 2050 there needs to be a tenfold increase in carbon-emission-free power generation over the next 50 years, according to university researchers.
		The change the researchers are calling for is a 150 percent increase in today's total energy production, implying a major transition in the global energy system.
		While Hoffert says that the energy systems needed to produce that amount of power are not currently technologically ready, "there are renewable, fission and fusion concepts incorporating innovative technological ideas at early research and development stages that could, in principle, provide needed carbon-free power".
	www.healthandenergy.com /non-fossil_energy.htm (599 words)

	Science.gov topic Fossil Energy for user category All categories
		Energy Use and Conservation - National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST) - NIST helps U.S. industry produce, distribute, and use energy in a reliable, fair, and efficient manner.
		Fossil Energy Online Project Database - More than 500 active research and development projects spanning a wide range of coal, petroleum and natural gas topics in 24 program areas are made available by state, keyword or program topic.
		Fossil Energy Publications and Projects - Research and development project news on fossil energy technologies including oil and natural gas supply, coal and power systems, carbon sequestration and hydrogen, and clean fuels
	www.science.gov /browse/w_121E.htm (819 words)

	DOE - Fossil Energy: Clean Coal & Natural Gas Power Systems
		Vision 21 is the Energy Department's program to develop a new concept for fossil fuel power plants that will co-produce multiple commercial products and achieve the ultimate in fuel-to-power efficiency and environmental cleanliness.
		One of the cleanest and most versatile ways to extract energy from coal, coal gasification is likely to be a core technology for future power plants.
		After helping develop and introduce the first fuel cells into the market, DOE is now working on ways to dramatically lower their costs and expand their use in power generation, military applications, and transportation.
	www.fossil.energy.gov /programs/powersystems/index.html (366 words)

	NETL: Secure & Reliable Energy Supplies
		It is expected that fossil energy will fill a large portion of this growing need over this timeframe.
		Total primary energy consumption in the United States is projected to increase from 99.7 quadrillion Btu in 2004 to 133.9 quadrillion Btu in 2030 (an average annual increase of 1.1 percent).
		Through DOE's Office of Fossil Energy, NETL supports a range of RandD partnerships to keep domestic resources a viable part of our Nation's energy portfolio, and to ensure that these resources are used cleanly and efficiently.
	www.netl.doe.gov /KeyIssues/secure_energy.html (796 words)

	DOE - Fossil Energy: Office of Fossil Energy Home Page
		Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman announced that DOE has identified the salt domes at Richton, near Hattiesburg, Mississippi, as the preferred site to lead the expansion of the SPR to one billion barrels.
		Energy Secretary Samuel Bodman and Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson announced the award of $1 billion in federal tax incentives to nine companies to bring about rapid deployment of advanced coal-based power generation and gasification technologies.
		Fossil fuels supply 85% of the nation's energy, and we are working on such priority projects as pollution-free coal plants, more productive oil and gas fields, and the continuing readiness of federal emergency oil stockpiles.
	www.fe.doe.gov (285 words)

	International Energy Agency
		Continued economic growth is expected to result in increased use of fossil fuels with likely increases in the emissions of local and global pollutants.
		Clean Fossil energy is vital but must overcome its environmental difficulties.
		With these technologies, fossil fuel plants can achieve near zero or zero emissions of regulated pollutants and CO They are all based on the strategy of separation, transportation and sequestration of CO Publications and Papers
	www.iea.org /Textbase/subjectqueries/keyresult.asp?KEYWORD_ID=4152 (161 words)

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