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	IFF Foundation Ontology
		The terminology of the IFF Foundation Ontology is mathematical.
		The upper metalevel of the IFF Foundation Ontology is used to represent and axiomatize the lower metalevel.
		This functorial passage is axiomatized in the IFF Classification Ontology.
	suo.ieee.org /IFF/versions/20011205/IFFFoundationOntology.htm (4655 words)

	Foundation ontology - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In computer science jargon, a foundation ontology or upper ontology is a hierarchy of entities and associated rules (both theorems and regulations) that attempts to describe those general entities that do not belong to a specific problem domain.
		In philosophy of mathematics, a foundation ontology is an ontology in the formal philosophical sense that is deemed to play a role in the foundations of mathematics.
		Hilary Putnam made the distinction in 1975, arguing that one could believe in a realist philosophy of mathematical foundations without also accepting Plato's ontology or his sacred geometry, thus the labels "Platonist" and "realist" were not to be held equivalent.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Foundation_ontology (160 words)

	Foundation ontology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In computer science jargon, a foundation ontology or upper ontology is a hierarchy of entities and associated rules (both theorems and regulations) that attempts to describe those general entities that do not belong to a specific problem domain.
		In philosophy of mathematics, a foundation ontology is an ontology in the formal philosophical sense that is deemed to play a role in the foundations of mathematics.
		Hilary Putnam made the distinction in 1975, arguing that one could believe in a realist philosophy of mathematical foundations without also accepting Plato's ontology or his sacred geometry, thus the labels "Platonist" and "realist" were not to be held equivalent.
	www.centipedia.com /index.php?title=Foundation_ontology (181 words)

	Ontology text pane
		Ontology is, literally, the study of the nature of being (or existence), and what we shall assume is that ontology is a kind of explanation.
		Ontological philosophy takes ontology to be a kind of explanation in which the causes are basic substances (along with their basic relationships to one another), and the effects are what is found in the world, or all the phenomena.
		If ontology is a valid kind of explanation, an adequate ontology should explain everything found in the world, for it is a theory about the nature of existence and what we mean by "the world" is everything that exists.
	www.twow.net /ObjText/OtdO.htm (7494 words)

	physics - Foundation ontology
		Within the physics community, the two most common foundation ontologies are the reductionist position, which is held most strongly by particle physicists, and the anti-reductionist position, which tends to be held by solid state physicists.
		In this foundation ontology, new universes are formed "on the other side" of fl holes as stars collapse, and vary in their foundation parameters much as bacteria vary slightly in their genetic makeup from their parent.
		Accordingly, the term foundation ontology should be used in all three (philosophy, theology or computer science) senses of the term ontology.
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Foundation_ontology (734 words)

	Virtual Travelog \| Judging the likely Success of an Ontology
		All too often ontologies are presented in isolation as if they were the end of the story when in fact they are only the beginning of the dialog.
		General purpose ontologies capable of self definition have existed for a century at the most and have only had any practical application outside mathematics and philosophy since the widespread adoption of the computer in the 1960's and 70's.
		To reduce the risk of failure in the early stages of specification the various components of the ontology should be assessed individually and collectively in terms of their ability to support required use cases for operational activity data.
	www.virtualtravelog.net /entries/000057.html (3622 words)

	Sample Chapter for White, S.K.: Sustaining Affirmation: The Strengths of Weak Ontology in Political Theory.
		One is the shift in the meaning of ontology that emerged in the last century in analytic philosophy and philosophy of science.
		One might object that the distinction between strong and weak ontology is merely a relabeling of the familiar distinction between metaphysical and antimetaphysical or postmodern views, or between foundationalist and antifoundationalist ones.
		But if weak ontology is thus not entirely confused in a conceptual sense, then perhaps it will be nevertheless so thin in its claims as to amount to nothing more finally than a good helping of air sauce and wind pudding.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/s6971.html (5384 words)

	Ontology: what exists (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ontology is the theory of objects and their ties.
		Concrete ontology is the attempt to formulate an exhaustive and rigorous conceptual schema within a given domain, a typically hierarchical data structure containing all the relevant entities and their relationships and rules (theorems, regulations) within that domain.
		A foundation ontology is a core glossary in whose terms everything else must be described.
	cs.wwc.edu /~aabyan/Articles/SE/node2.html (211 words)

	Ontology (computer science) - Wikinfo
		In computer science, an ontology is the attempt to formulate an exhaustive and rigorous conceptual schema within a given domain, a typically hierarchical data structure containing all the relevant entities and their relationships and rules (theorems, regulations) within that domain.
		The purpose of a computational ontology is not to specify what does or does not 'exist', but to create a database, which is a human artifact, containing concepts referring to entities of interest to the ontologist, and which will be useful in performing certain types of computations.
		An ontology which is not tied to a particular problem domain but attempts to describe general entities is known as a foundation ontology or upper ontology.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Ontology_(computer_science) (2281 words)

	Web Ontology Language OWL / W3C Semantic Web Activity
		Where earlier languages have been used to develop tools and ontologies for specific user communities (particularly in the sciences and in company-specific e-commerce applications), they were not defined to be compatible with the architecture of the World Wide Web in general, and the Semantic Web in particular.
		SchemaWeb provides a comprehensive directory of RDF schemas and OWL ontologies to be browsed and searched by human agents and also an extensive set of web services to be used by agents and reasoning software applications that wish to obtain real-time schema information.
		Swoogle is a search engine for Semantic Web documents, including OWL ontologies, built by the University of Maryland Baltimore County under funding from the National Science Foundation.
	www.w3.org /2004/OWL (1071 words)

	[No title]
		An ontology certainly articulates our most fundamental intimations of human being, but it is best to think of such intimation as always part of a horizontal circuit of reflection, affect, and argumentation.
		Her efforts to find bearings for feminism and gay and lesbian thought have proceeded by means of a persistent critique of the way ontology has traditionally worked to dissimulate power by installing in ethical-political views a level of conceptualization that is beyond contestation.
		But if weak ontology is thus not entirely confused in a conceptual sense, then perhaps it will be nevertheless so thin in its claims as to amount to nothing more finally than a good helping of air sauce and wind pudding.
	press.princeton.edu /chapters/DAB/sent/0691050325.html (5282 words)

	Meta-Level
		At the upper metalevel is a Basic (bootstrap) KIF Ontology, whose function is to represent a core aspect of set theory.
		At the lower (and main) metalevel, ontologies are organized in two dimensions, the instantiation-predication dimension and the entity-relation dimension.
		In the entity-relation dimension are a Hypergraph Ontology that represents multivalent relations and a Language Ontology (whose presentation is a little delicate) that represents expressions.
	www.ontologos.org /IFF/Metalevel/Metalevel.html (740 words)

	Ontology (computer science) - Information from Reference.com
		There are no dictionary entries for Ontology (computer science), but Ontology is spelled correctly.
		ontology) is an attempt to create an ontology which describes very general...
		This ontology is declared in this document both in human-readable form...
	dictionary.reference.com /search?q=Ontology+(computer+science) (248 words)

	Sample Chapter for White, S.K.: Sustaining Affirmation: The Strengths of Weak Ontology in Political Theory.
		One is the shift in the meaning of ontology that emerged in the last century in analytic philosophy and philosophy of science.
		One might object that the distinction between strong and weak ontology is merely a relabeling of the familiar distinction between metaphysical and antimetaphysical or postmodern views, or between foundationalist and antifoundationalist ones.
		But in the case of the latter, the framework of truth, or the telos, within which the virtues acquire their significance is the unshakable foundation on the basis of which the cultivation proceeds.
	press.princeton.edu /chapters/s6971.html (5384 words)

	An Ontology for Engineering Mathematics
		We have built ontologies (for the specification of a configuration design task for elevators--the VT experiment) in which constraint expressions and their constituents (variables and arithmetic operators) are part of the domain of discourse.
		If a ontology B includes ontology A, then ontology B is the union of the definitions in A with those specific to B. More sophisticated methods for partitioning knowledge bases into modular theories are being explored [25], but set inclusion is sufficient for mutually consistent ontologies in a uniform namespace.
		The core ontology of physical quantities includes abstract algebra (evolved from the example in the KIF 3.0 specification [16]) and a theory of objects and relations called the Frame Ontology [20].
	www-ksl.stanford.edu /knowledge-sharing/papers/engmath.html (8798 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Teknowledge’s ontologies use a form of predicate logic in which the predicate, is an infantryman, is further decomposed to show that the subject belongs to the class of infantrymen.
		An ontology may be used as a common language to correlate types from different classification systems based on specialized technical terminology.
		Appendix A: SUO-KIF Ontology Quick Reference SUO-KIF FormatEnglish Paraphrase & MeaningInstances(instance X C)“X is an instance of the class C.” X meets all the criteria for belonging to C.Classes(instance C Class)“C is an instance of the class Class.” C is a class.
	ontology.teknowledge.com /Ontology_User_Guide.doc (5154 words)

	Ontology : search word (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For the term in computer science, see ontology (computer science).'' ---- In philosophy, ontology (from the Greek ων = being and λόγος = word/speech) is the most fundamental branch of metaphysics.
		Whereas, in theology and library science and artificial intelligence, one typically adopts a relatively stable foundation ontology.
		More precisely, ontology concerns determining what categories of being are fundamental and asks whether, and in what sense, the items in those categories can be said to "be".
	www.searchword.org /on/ontology.html (1053 words)

	Cover Pages: Ontology Interchange Language (OIL)
		OIL is a Web-based representation and inference layer for ontologies, which combines the widely used modelling primitives from frame-based languages with the formal semantics and reasoning services provided by description logics.
		Furthermore, OIL is the first ontology representation language that is properly grounded in W3C standards such as RDF/RDF-Schema and XML/XML-Schema." The development of OIL is governed by a Steering Commitee and an Advisory Board; the project is sponsored by the European Community via the IST projects Ibrow and On-to-knowledge.
		Ontologies provide a shared and common understanding of a domain that can be communicated across people and application systems.
	www.oasis-open.org /cover/oil.html (2789 words)

	More on Ontology
		In this latter view, mind, instead of referring to an entity, refers to a collection of mental events experienced by a person; society refers to a collection of persons with some shared characteristics, and geometry refers to a collection of a specific kind of intellectual activity.
		Ontology has as one of its basic questions: "What are the fundamental categories of being?" Different philosophers make different lists of such fundamental categories of being.
		According to this theory, then, ontology is the science of being with regard to the aspect of being, or the study of beings insofar as they exist.
	www.artilifes.com /ontology.htm (996 words)

	Deborah L. McGuinness (Site not responding. Last check: )
		She has built and deployed numerous ontology environments and ontology applications, including some that have been in continuous use for over a decade at AT&T and Lucent.
		She is the co-editor of the W3C Candidate Recommendation Ontology Markup Language (OWL) proposal and co-author of the predecessor language -the DARPA agent markup language (DAML+OIL).
		She is a co-author of the current ontology evolution environment from Stanford University.
	www-ksl.stanford.edu /people/dlm/blurb.html (245 words)

	REA enterprise ontology
		The REA enterprise ontology is based on elements of the REA model first published in the early 1980s as a core framework for transaction processing of economic phenomena in a shared data environment.
		For a quick visual overview of how this ontology fits into accounting, here is a recent presentation that was done in July of 2002.
		Specification of logical axioms for the REA ontology is also a work in progress, but we have established a subset of this work in the sixth paper below which explains intensional reasoning for the core accounting objects of REA.
	www.msu.edu /user/mccarth4/rea-ontology (717 words)

	A Method-Description Language:
		In the Protégé/Win architecture, each class in the ontology is associated with a form in the knowledge-acquisition tool, and each slot of that class is mapped to a field or graphical widget for acquiring values to fill that slot.
		This ontology is referenced in the first slot of the Ontology Frame (in Figure 3, it is "P-and-R_Base.pont"); in Section 3.4, we discuss further method ontologies and show examples in the Protégé/Win toolset.
		One purpose of the foundation ontology is to encourage developers to specify method requirements with a "normal form".
	ksi.cpsc.ucalgary.ca /KAW/KAW98/gennari (6599 words)

	Plant Ontology Consortium web site at http://www.plantontology.org
		The main objective of the Plant Ontology Consortium (POC) is to develop, curate and share controlled vocabularies (ontologies) that describe plant structures and growth and developmental stages, providing a semantic framework for meaningful cross-species queries across databases.
		Plant ontology is not an extensive collection of botanical terms, but rather a complex hierarchical structure in which botanical concepts are described by their meaning and by relationship to each other.
		Educational aspect of the plant ontology is to some extent limited; this is imposed by the structure of the ontology itself and the limitations of the current software.
	www.plantontology.org (500 words)

	吴晓明译文
		Nevertheless, if their criticisms were still limited to the sphere of modernity, if the ontological foundation of their criticisms were still obscure and broken, this kind of criticisms had to draw back in theory as if they were definitely lonely in practice.
		In the discussion of the ontological foundation of Marx’s philosophy, it is essential to distinguish ‘oral decorations’ from the inner solid contents constituting main principles.
		Viewed from philosophical ontology, so-called objective or directly perceived forms are, at first, Spinoza’s ‘entity’ whose nature is ‘the metaphysicized Nature separated from man’, so they are double abstractions---both the abstraction of the division (departure from its original connections)between the nature and man and the abstraction in metaphysicizing meaning.
	netx.u-paris10.fr /actuelmarx/m4wu.htm (6707 words)

	OpenCyc.org
		The entire Cyc ontology containing hundreds of thousands of terms, along with millions of assertions relating the terms to each other, forming an upper ontology whose domain is all of human consensus reality.
		The Cyc Foundation is now forming to manage the OpenCyc ontology and to grow the ontology and knowledge base exponentially with the help of volunteers from all walks of life.
		Those interested in participating in the Cyclify Project or assisting the Cyc Foundation in any way should send email to johndcyc@gmail.com.
	www.opencyc.org (519 words)

	Heidegger (Site not responding. Last check: )
		B.) Foundation: If X supervenes on Y, then X is founded on Y. For example, dreams presuppose perception which supplies its content, so dreams are said to be founded on perception, or perception is said to be founding for dreams.
		Heidegger uses several terms to describe the notion of "foundational" or "fundamental." (Grund or grunden, fundieren, Fundament, or fundamentieren.) The sense in which I use the term, as Dreyfus and Hall explains, is that the project tries to supply an "ungrounded ground" for ontology (Dreyfus and Hall 3).
		John Caputo asserts that Heidegger's ontology of temporality is "largely inherited from Kierkegaard" (Caputo 121).
	www.arisaka.org /heidegger.html (6018 words)

	Information Ethics
		Following Heidegger’s conception of the relation between ontology and metaphysics, I will argue that ontology has to do with Being itself and not just with the Being of beings which is the matter of metaphysics.
		Ontology is, in Foucault’s terminology, the problematization of metaphysics.
		This foundation of morality is metaphysical although it is not based on theoretical knowledge but on the practical and “factual” experience of the moral imperative.
	www.capurro.de /oxford.html (7384 words)

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