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Topic: Four Cardinal Virtues

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Virtue

Virtue ethics

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Intellectual virtues

Seven virtues

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Cardinal Virtues
		In this pair of cardinal virtues is exhibited a not very precise portion of Greek psychology, which the Scholastics have perpetuated in the division of appetites as concupiscible and irascible, the latter member having for its characteristic that it must seek its purpose by an arduous endeavour against obstacles.
		The cardinal virtues unite the intellectual element and the affective.
		Within limits the cardinal virtues may be said to be a scientifically arranged group, helpful to clearness of aim for a man who is struggling after well-ordered conduct in a disordered world, which is not prudent, just, brave, temperate.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03343a.htm (1360 words)

	About Cardinal Key
		Cardinal Key is an organization open to all students with a cumulative 3.0 GPA and having accumulated between 61 and 90 credit hours who have demonstrated scholastic achievement and leadership in the college community and who are deemed to be leaders.
		The purposes of Cardinal Key are to recognize achievement in scholarship and extracurricular activities; to advance personal growth, patriotism and service by affording training for leadership in the college community; and to develop worthy character by application of the cardinal virtues of living.
		Four heavy bars running from the cross to the border's edge symbolize the four cardinal virtues set forth in the Cardinal Key Pledge - Faith, Trust, Fortitude, and Wisdom - which are derived from the ancient Greek Cardinal virtues - Prudence, Justice, Temperance and Fortitude.
	www.auburn.edu /student_info/cardinal_key/about1.html (797 words)

	An Overview of the Virtues
		The Latin word virtus literally means "manliness," from vir, "man" in the masculine sense; and referred originally to masculine, warlike virtues such as courage.
		The virtue of perseverance is needed for all and any virtue since it is a habit of character and must be used continuously in order for any person to maintain oneself in virtue.
		The thesis of the unity of the virtues is controversial.
	www.thefourvirtues.com /fourvirtues/virtues/virtue.asp (443 words)

	virtues
		Thomas held that there can be no virtue at all without charity, for the practice of virtue, by definition, is for the sake of something else, that is, for love of God and neighbor and a grasp of the true meaning of love of self.
		The virtues are practiced and acquired through practice, becoming habits that reinforce further virtuous behavior and cleanse the character of habits that constitute "vices." Together they lead to a firm and stable habit of choosing well in which one’s choices are guided by reason and one’s emotions and appetites are consistently inclined toward the good.
		While it is an intellectual virtue, it is different from the other virtues of the intellect, that is, contemplation, knowledge, and understanding, in that it, along with the other three moral virtues, governs human action.
	www.saintolaf.org /virtues.html (1576 words)

	Temperance (virtue) - Psychology Wiki - A Wikia wiki
		It was one of the five "cardinal" virtues held to be vital to society in Hellenic culture.
		It is one of the Four Cardinal Virtues considered central to Christian behaviour by the Catholic Church and is an important tenet of the moral codes of other world religions—for example, it is one of the Five Precepts of Buddhism.
		The virtues of abstinence, chastity, and modesty are considered sub-classes of the virtue of temperance, as it governs the practice of eating and drinking, practice of sexual intercourse, and the restraint of vanity.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Temperance_(virtue) (329 words)

	Summa Theologica
		Others, however, with better reason, take these four virtues, according as they have their special determinate matter; each of its own matter, in which special commendation is given to that general condition from which the virtue's name is taken as stated above (Article [3]).
		Accordingly virtue may be considered as existing originally in God, and thus we speak of "exemplar" virtues: so that in God the Divine Mind itself may be called prudence; while temperance is the turning of God's gaze on Himself, even as in us it is that which conforms the appetite to reason.
		Now these virtues differ by reason of a difference of movement and term: so that some are virtues of men who are on their way and tending towards the Divine similitude; and these are called "perfecting" virtues.
	www.ccel.org /a/aquinas/summa/FS/FS061.html (3219 words)

	Virtues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		We don't have to be gullible or indiscriminate to be virtuous.
		Joseph Conrad wrote, "We oscillated between the desire of virtue and the fear of ridicule; we wished to save ourselves from the pain of remorse, but did not want to be made the contemptible dupes of our sentiment." I think that attitude is entirely reasonable.
		In classical philosophy, the four cardinal virtues were justice, prudence, fortitude, and temperance.
	www.geocities.com /ucsb1990/virtues.html (5174 words)

	Just Another Jim: The 4 Cardinal Virtues of Trading, pt 1
		The four cardinal virtues of prudence, temperance, justice, and fortitude are the human response to the divine gift.
		Prudence: this is the virtue of common sense.
		In the vernacular we might say the four cardinal virtues are (1) common sense, (2) moderation, (3) being a good sport, and (4) guts.
	www.justanotherjim.com /virtue1.php (527 words)

	Fr. Hardon Archives - The Virtues
		Virtue in general is a firm and habitual disposition to do good; it allows a person not only to perform good actions but, to give the best of himself.
		Same thing, except the cardinal virtues are the cardianars, the hinges around which all the other moral virtues revolve.
		Faith is the virtue by which we ascent with the intellect to everything which God has revealed, not because we understand, but because of the authority of God revealing, who can neither deceive nor be deceived.
	www.therealpresence.org /archives/Virtues/Virtues_001.htm (3446 words)

	Aquinas' Account of the Virtues
		The virtue of courage (which concerns the emotions of fear and confidence) is one of the virtues that perfects the irascible appetite.
		Among the secondary virtues that are connected to temperance and that pertain to the concupiscible appetite are abstinence, sobriety, chastity, and virginity; cf.
		Among the secondary virtues that are connected to courage and that pertain to the irascible appetite are magnificence, magnanimity, patience, and perseverance; cf.
	www.uwplatt.edu /~drefcins/233AquinasVirtues.html (4096 words)

	Virtues
		One cannot separate the virtues practiced by Father de Montfort from those he called others to practice, such as in his set of hymns known as the “Treatise on the Virtues.” One of Montfort’s dominant virtues was precisely that his preaching and his own life were one.
		The imitation of the Blessed Virgin’s virtues is for Montfort one of the characteristics of the “predestined” and one of the interior practices of the consecration.
		In identifying Jesus with the virtue of wisdom and the experience of his cross (Wisdom is the Cross and the Cross is Wisdom,”; LEW 180), Montfort plainly shows that Jesus’ virtues are not distinct from his person and his life.
	www.ewtn.com /library/Montfort/Handbook/Virtues.htm (8226 words)

	The Cardinal Virtue of Prudence - Practical Christianity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The virtues can be divided into two groups: the three theological virtues (faith, hope, and charity) and the four cardinal virtues (justice, prudence, temperance, and fortitude).
		Although the list of the seven virtues is first found among the writings of Ambrose and Augustine, the list of the cardinal virtues wasn’t their creation; it was mentioned centuries before by Aristotle and Plato and represents the classical mind on what constitutes a virtuous man.
		The cardinal virtues are not, I believe, what most Americans would think of if asked to define the four fundamental characteristics of a virtuous person.
	www.touchstonemag.com /docs/issues/14.7docs/14-7pg56.html (570 words)

	CERC: Prudence: Mother of All Virtues
		Paul, in his Letter to the Philippians, captured the idea of virtue and the living of a virtuous life: "My brothers, your thoughts should be wholly directed to all that is true, all that deserves respect, all that is honest, pure, admirable, decent, virtuous or worthy of praise" (4:8).
		Prudence, the "mother" of all of the virtues, is the virtue by which a person recognizes his moral duty and the good means to accomplish it.
		Given this introduction to the cardinal virtues and to the virtue of prudence, next week we will continue the discussion on the virtues of justice, fortitude and temperance.
	www.catholiceducation.org /articles/religion/re0530.html (1052 words)

	The Virtues
		Virtue is a firm and habitual disposition, by which a person strives firmly and regularly toward the good with all of his powers.
		Human virtues are firm, stable attitudes and dispositions which order the passions and guide conduct.
		These are the four cardinal virtues (meaning "hinge") around which the other virtues are grouped.
	www.catholicity.com /catechism/the_virtues.html (379 words)

	The Virtues ~ books we recommend
		These are cardinal virtues because they are the fundamental human virtues that must be acquired to reach any level of human perfection.
		The ethics of virtue predominated in the ancient world, and recent moral philosophy has seen a revival of interest in virtue ethics as a rival to Kantian and utilitarian approaches to morality.
		Divided into four sections, the collection includes articles critical of other traditions; early attempts to offer a positive vision of virtue ethics; some later criticisms of the revival of virtue ethics; and, finally, some recent, more theoretically ambitious essays in virtue ethics.
	www.thevirtues.org /site/60-Books.html (3983 words)

	Core Virtues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		There are virtues associated with being a good farmer or a good lawyer, but the Core Virtues are those virtues associated with being a good human being.
		The major virtues are divided into the four cardinal virtues of justice, wisdom, temperance, and courage.
		Core Virtues and the Core Virtues program are published by the Link Institute, a 501c3 non-profit educational organization located in Chicago, Illinois.
	www.corevirtues.org /cvfaq.asp (478 words)

	[No title]
		Emphasis is stressed on the four cardinal virtues, jen, yi, li and chih.
		The sincere man in Confucius's eyes was the man whose conduct was always based on the love of virtue, and who in consequence sought to observe the rules of right conduct in his heart as well as in outward actions, when alone as well as in the presence of others.
		He claimed to be a restorer of ancient morality and held that proper outward acts based on the five virtues of kindness, uprightness, decorum, wisdom, and faithfulness constitute the whole of human duty.
	lycos.cs.cmu.edu /info/confucius--virtues.html (655 words)

	Seven_Cardinal_Virtues
		From a numerical point of view they are four in number, further evidence that they belong to the “horizontal” or material plane of Masonry and rightfully belong in the Entered Apprentice degree, as four is the number of the cube.
		Charity, being the greatest of the virtues and the third of the group presents it’s own special considerations because it is both temporal and thoughtful as well as spiritual.
		The practice of this one virtue develops in us then, the spiritual aspect, the thoughtful aspect and the temporal action aspect of the “Complete Man.” It is then that our horizontals and perpendiculars will be true.
	www.phoenixmasonry.org /seven_cardinal_virtues.htm (1074 words)

	A Philosopher of Virtue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		By contrast, The Four Cardinal Virtues was profound and compelling, even though I knew it was in many respects a reworking of the (to me) foreign world of the Summa.
		What I learned about the theory of the virtues from all this I’m not sure, but I did learn something of what it means to inhabit a system of thought long enough to see the world in its terms.
		However important the life of virtue may be, though, the more we attempt it the more we will realize its limits.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft9804/opinion/meilaender.html (1036 words)

	The Chief Virtues of Man (1905)
		There are very many virtues belonging to humanity; but there are two classes which stand out quite apart from all others, and which, by reason of their object, have been called the theological and the moral virtues.
		These seven virtues together go to make up the endowment of the soul, the cardinal virtues being the foundation of the active life of the Christian in the world, and the theological virtues forming the basis of the contemplative life.
		Fortitude is the virtue which regulates the irascible appetite of man, and enables him to surmount all obstacles and to overcome all difficulties in his path, by giving him courage to choose the lesser evil or harm, in order to avoid a greater.
	anglicanhistory.org /usa/mortimer/chief_virtues.html (12972 words)

	Catholic Pages Directory: » Morals » VIRTUES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Donald DeMarco's explanation of the virtue of humility, the foundation of all the other virtues, shows it to be in rather sharp contrast to the popular notion of self-esteem.
		Justice, Wisdom, Courage and Moderation: The Four Cardinal Virtues by Peter Kreeft.
		These four cardinal virtues are not the only virtues, but they are the cardes, the "hinges", on which all the other virtues turn.
	www.catholic-pages.com /dir/virtues.asp (545 words)

	Virtues and Vices
		The terms "virtue" and "vice" were in common usuage among Greek philosophers.
		"Virtue (arete) is the settled disposition (hexis) of the mind determining the choice of actions (praxeis) and emotions (pathe), consisting in the observance of the mean relative to us, this being determined by principle (logos), that is, as a prudent man would determine it." (ll,vi,15)
		Such a stable disposition to act well or badly is what Thomas means, respectively, by virtue and vice.There is, for better or worse, a predictability in our lives, a stability of choice, an ingrained disposition to act in one way rather than another.
	www.rc.net /wcc/virtues/notes.htm (2035 words)

	Catechism of the Catholic Church - PART 3 SECTION 1 CHAPTER 1 ARTICLE 7
		The virtuous person tends toward the good with all his sensory and spiritual powers; he pursues the good and chooses it in concrete actions.
		Justice toward God is called the "virtue of religion." Justice toward men disposes one to respect the rights of each and to establish in human relationships the harmony that promotes equity with regard to persons and to the common good.
		1810 Human virtues acquired by education, by deliberate acts and by a perseverance ever-renewed in repeated efforts are purified and elevated by divine grace.
	www.scborromeo.org /ccc/p3s1c1a7.htm (2719 words)

	The Celtic Neo-Pythagorean Church
		The study and practice of the Four Fold Path is the vehicle for reaching our divine potential.
		The study of Ethics is pursued through the rational application of the Four Cardinal Virtues to our thinking and actions.
		The Four Cardinal Virtues are justice, temperance, fortitude and prudence.
	www.fourfoldpath.org (303 words)

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