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Topic: Four Horsemen (Supreme Court)

	History of the Supreme Court: Overview
		The Court upheld the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, maintaining that the slavery clauses of the Constitution were "sacred compromises." The ruling asserted the dictum that judges could not refuse to enforce an immoral law.
		The Court generally upheld President Lincoln's unilateral suspension of habeas corpus, the arrest by the military of anyone suspected of being disloyal, and his imposing of naval blockades in decisions that deferred to Congress and the Executive branches of government during times of war.
		With the outbreak of fighting, the Court took a backseat role in deference to the authority of the federal government principally because the big issues were being settled on the battlefield and not in the courtrooms.
	www.historyofsupremecourt.org /overview.htm (20155 words)

	The Supreme Court Historical Society
		United States, 294 U.S. In these cases, the Court upheld the government nullifying the gold clause in private and public contracts except for government bonds, but even in the latter case there could be no suit as the damages were only nominal.
		Alabama, 287 U.S. the Court held that a state must allow a person counsel in criminal cases (this was one of the famous Scottsboro cases), but Butler, speaking for himself and McReynolds, did not see any due process of law violation in this case.
		His decisions might have been on the conservative side except in the area of civil rights for fls, and his Court was usually divided, but their ranking for him is not supported by the facts.
	www.supremecourthistory.org /04_library/subs_volumes/04_c19_d.html (3131 words)

	Benjamin Cardozo
		In early 1868, Albert Cardozo became a Justice of the Supreme Court of New York County (a trial court), and his conduct as a judge from 1868-71 led to the newly formed Association of the Bar of the City of New York to present charges of corruption against him.
		In early 1932, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes resigned from the Supreme Court due to advancing age (Holmes was 90.) Cardozo, then 61 (Holmes's age when appointed to the Supreme Court), was nominated by President Herbert Hoover to the Court.
		The "Four Horsemen" (evoking the notion of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse), Pierce Butler, James McReynolds, George Sutherland, and Willis Van Devanter, were considered as the "reactionary" faction of the Court.
	www.michaelariens.com /ConLaw/justices/cardozo.htm (1103 words)

	Court threatens action for tone of lawyers' motion
		The three are handling a case in which the Supreme Court stripped a multimillion-dollar jury award from parents who said their daughter was born disfigured because of the anti-morning sickness drug Bendectin.
		The Supreme Court ruled in July that there was no scientifically reliable evidence to support the verdict for Kelly Havner, formerly of Corpus Christi, who was born without fingers on her right hand.
		The Supreme Court said rules call for lawyers to show respect for the legal system and those in it, including judges, and that lawyers shouldn't make false statements concerning the qualifications or integrity of a judge.
	www.texnews.com /texas97/threat111497.html (623 words)

	The switch in time that saved nine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		"The switch in time that saved nine" was the name given by the press to the apparent sudden shift by Justice Owen J. Roberts from the conservative wing of the Supreme Court (represented by the Four Horsemen) to the liberal wing (represented by Three Musketeers) in the case West Coast Hotel Co. v.
		The high court's decision in West Coast Hotel was not handed down until after Roosevelt's public announcement (the decision was issued on March 29, 1937; see West Coast Hotel.) Thus, Roosevelt's public announcement may have contributed to Justice Roberts' motivation for switching from his previous freedom of contract decisions.
		The switch, together with the resignation of Justice Willis Van Devanter a month later are often viewed as having contributed to the defeat of the Bill, preserving the size of the Supreme Court at 9 justices, as it remains to this day.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_switch_in_time_that_saved_nine (298 words)

	Economic Liberty and the Constitution, Part 9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Blaisdells went to state district court and sought the extension, which was granted by the court, provided that the Blaisdells made a monthly payment to the bank, to be applied to the indebtedness.
		The Supreme Court of Minnesota upheld the constitutionality of the new redemption law, and the bank appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.
		Resentment against lawyers and courts was freely manifested, and, in many instances, the course of the law was arrested and judges restrained from proceeding in the execution of their duty by popular and tumultuous assemblages.
	www.fff.org /freedom/fd0302a.asp (1889 words)

	Justice might be blind, but not deaf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The court also rejected the motion for rehearing, upholding its decision in July to throw out damages awarded the parents of teen-ager Kelly Havner, born without fingers on her right hand.
		The high court said this wasn't the first time that a lawyer for the Havners had "engaged in less than exemplary conduct." It said two briefs that Hilliard filed with a lower appeals court were found to be "insulting, disrespectful and unprofessional" by that court.
		He said he was in the middle of a trial and would ask the Supreme Court for more time to respond and for a hearing.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/metropolitan/97/11/14/sup-ct.2-0.html (622 words)

	Category:United States Supreme Court justices - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This category is for all past and present Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States; all Chief Justices are listed in the subcategory.
		List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition
		List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_justices (153 words)

	RustyWebb.com \| Four Term Delegate for West Virginia Senate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		At that time, it could be counted upon that all four of the delegates would vote together as a block on any particular issue and their reputation for honesty and sincerity and doing the right thing regardless of political pressures gained them the respect of the membership of the West Virginia House of Delegates.
		This particular delegate from Cabell County, however, was not impressed and attempted to portray the members of the 32nd District as not going along with the crowd and not being a part of the political group at the legislature.
		The Four Horsemen are further characterized by believing in strong family values, lower taxes, hard on crime, and believe in the rights of the unborn.
	www.paperworkpro.com /about.htm (1354 words)

	SCOTUSBlog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In rushing to hand-carry the Republicans' petition for certiorari to the Supreme Court, Senator Frist forgot to stop and double check the cover, which is inadvertently captioned as the New Jersey Democratic Party v.
		Under the U.S. Supreme Court's rules, the parties need to be reorganized with the relevant Republican(s) (probably candidate Forrester) as the petitioner and any of the remaining parties (most likely the New Jersey Democratic Party) as the respondent.
		Here is a report that the Supreme Court yesterday refused to stay the Fifth Circuit's ruling permitting Louisiana to issue "Choose Life" license plates.
	www.goldsteinhowe.com /blog/archive/2002_09_29_SCOTUSblog.cfm (3670 words)

	Supreme Court Judges Bring Themselves Into Disrepute
		The moment this court of last resort split five votes to four was the moment these emperors of the law lost their clothes.
		It means the same for the judges on up through the chain to the Florida supreme court (with an election in waiting, even for them, after a first term on that bench).
		The nine supreme justices have put themselves on the line and their arguments in doing so are inevitably frail.
	www.commondreams.org /views/121100-103.htm (1254 words)

	Greatest Heroes Who Fought FDR’s New Deal by Jim Powell
		He was a "swing" vote on the Court, often supporting the expansion of government power before the New Deal, joining the "Four Horsemen" against some important early New Deal decisions and later supporting the New Deal.
		The District Court ruled the taxes were valid, the Court of Appeals reversed this ruling, and the case went before the Supreme Court.
		The "Four Horsemen of Reaction" carried on valiantly with their lucky genes.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig4/powell-jim3.html (3481 words)

	What Killed the Four Horsemen?
		The evil Four Horsemen -- that was all the explanation they needed.
		Realizing their evil days were over, the Four Horsemen gradually stepped down from the Court.
		With a new Court and printing press money to fund a compassionate government, the people received countless benefits, except for another world war, a succession of lesser wars, unfathomable debt, devalued currency, deplorable education, and so on.
	www.strike-the-root.com /3/smith/smith2.html (870 words)

	The Return of George Sutherland: Restoring a Jurisprudence of Natural Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Since the Supreme Court discovered early in the last century that it could strike down laws repugnant to the Constitution, there has been a lively debate over the proper scope of that power.
		He is typically lumped in with the rest of the "Four Horsemen" - the Supreme Court Justices (Sutherland, McReynolds, Van Devanter, and Butler) who frequently voted as a bloc to invalidate New Deal legislation.
		The ruling, grounded on the inadequacy of the defendants' court-appointed lawyers, came three decades before the Supreme Court announced that criminal defendants are generally entitled to be represented by counsel.
	notabug.com /kozinski/georgesutherland (1569 words)

	Philippe Boulet-Gercourt \| America: The Fundamentalist Invasion
		Leo is part of a group nicknamed "the four horsemen" that organizes a telephone conference every Monday with the White House.
		The jackpot is obviously the Supreme Court, where, after John Roberts's confirmation as Chief Justice, hard-line Republicans are about to obtain a solid majority with the nomination of Samuel Alito, an eminent member...
		For example, the decision by the Ninth Court of Appeal to prohibit the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools because it contained the words "under God." This decision could have provoked a legal debate worthy of the name.
	www.truthout.org /docs_2005/printer_112105H.shtml (1272 words)

	Corpus Christi Online - / Hilliard won't be disciplined
		The Supreme Court had filed a grievance with the State Bar against lawyer Bob Hilliard, saying his language in an attack on the justices violated the dignity of the court.
		The court referred Nace, a former president of the Association of Trial Lawyers of America, for possible discipline even though he had not signed the brief, and affidavits from all three lawyers stated that he had nothing to do with filing it, the lawsuit states.
		He writes that the Republican-controlled court retaliated against him because he is a Democrat and a non-Texan, and because of his position as a trial lawyer.
	www.caller2.com /autoconv/newslocal98/newslocal111.html (685 words)

	Speed Building Tapes Court Reporter Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Court reporting dvds for the court reporting student wanting to practice and build speed.
		All court clerks are required to provide statistical information regarding district court activities to the Administrative Office of the Courts, or AOC.
		Although none of the pressing issues, such as compensation packages and store closings, were on the docket, the legions of lawyers very quickly became bogged down in the intricacies of reengineering the nation's fifth largest retailer as it tries to finalize the conditions of Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.
	court-reporter-corner.info /speed-building-tapes-court-reporter.html (681 words)

	October 30 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Then, the Court, in a series of decisions that often broke down on 5-to-4 or 6-to-3 lines, invalidated high-profile New Deal bills, such as the National Recovery Act and the Agricultural Adjustment Act.
		That breakdown left Roberts and Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes as the Court's swing votes, with the administration needing the support of both men.
		As the McMahon reading observes, in the final eight years of his presidency, Roosevelt appointed eight men to the Supreme Court, including such liberal luminaries as Hugo Black, Felix Frankfurter, Frank Murphy, and William O.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /history/johnson/4161937.htm (815 words)

	SSRN-The Telecoms Twilight Zone: Navigating the Legal Morass Among the Supreme Court, the D.C. Circuit, and the Federal ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Shortly thereafter, the Supreme Court in Verizon et al v.
		In a startling act of judicial activism, the D.C. Circuit cited Supreme Court Stephen Breyer's dissent from AT&T Corp. v.
		On one hand, the Supreme Court's Opinion in Verizon simply confirms the obvious: the FCC's proverbial "Four Horsemen" - if adopted as currently proposed - are patently antithetical to the maximization of consumer welfare and must be revised.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=503425 (672 words)

	ACLJ \| American Center for Law & Justice
		That has raised the profile of the Four Horsemen, but it has stirred unease about their role as well and made their mission more difficult.
		Two weeks ago, the four had to quiet dissension among evangelical conservatives upset over the prospect that Attorney General Alberto Gonzales might be the Supreme Court nominee.
		Since a message from the coalition is tantamount to word from the West Wing--a White House aide participates in the daily conference call, and the administration's press office suggests the tone and tenor of messages the group dispatches--the order from the Four Horsemen echoed through the news media.
	www.aclj.org /news/Read.aspx?ID=1753 (729 words)

	[No title]
		Knox served during the Court's watershed 1936-37 term as secretary to James Clark McReynolds, the most stridently reactionary of the "Four Horsemen," with whom working was likened to a daily walk through a mine field.
		The Supreme Court Historical Society published Knox's unsigned account of Justice McReynolds's career in 1983 and a lengthy summary the next year of his recollections of Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, particularly during the 1936-37 Term.
		By the time Knox began his clerkship, the Court's sessions were being held in the recently completed Supreme Court building.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/hutgar.html (1664 words)

	Reprinted by Permission of Dow Jones WebReprint Service®, 1-800-843-0008
		He's also the evangelical community's representative on a White House-backed team of lawyers, nicknamed the "four horsemen," which is setting strategy for the campaign.
		The horsemen were just developing their strategy in March when the debate over Terry Schiavo pushed conservatives' frustration with the direction of the courts over the edge.
		For the horsemen, it was an instructive moment about the risks of overreaching in the debate on judges.
	webreprints.djreprints.com /1231360309215.html (2080 words)

	[No title]
		These “Four Horsemen of the Broadband Apocalypse” not only ignore the fundamental economics of the telecoms industry, however, but also threaten to eviscerate nearly twenty-five years of FCC precedent and cut off the remaining lifeblood of the competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC) industry.
		The Supreme Court rejected this approach, holding that because the RBOCs are monopolists in the “last mile,” the 1996 Telecoms Act “proceeds on the understanding that incumbent monopolists and contending competitors are unequal.” and, as such, Congress deliberately decided that asymmetric government regulation and remediation of incumbent LEC networks is required.
		It is for this very reason that courts have long held that the FCC is not bound by the narrow confines of the antitrust laws when exercising its expert authority under the Communications Act.
	www.phoenix-center.org /pcpp/PCPP13Final.doc (7180 words)

	Amazon.com: A People's History of the Supreme Court: Books: Peter Irons,Howard Zinn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Taking a representative (if not comprehensive) accounting of the Supreme Court's most significant decisions, Irons puts cultural and political context--and a human face--to the parties involved, painting an absorbing and involving picture of landmark cases that readers are likely to recall but not fully understand.
		Irons begins this process with himself; in the introduction he expresses his belief that "the Constitution's basic command is that every person must be accorded the dignity he or she deserves as a human being."(xv) This view serves as the basis for his analysis in the book.
		This opened a new era in Supreme Court jurisprudence, one focusing more on cases involving individual rights rather than on economic matters, and is the subject of the final two sections of his book.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0670870064?v=glance (3740 words)

	Court Monitor (Current Edition)
		Perhaps intimidated, several of the Four Horsemen soon retired, enabling President Roosevelt to replace them and attain the judicial majority he sought.
		Olmstead appealed his conviction to the U.S. Supreme Court, where the presiding Chief Justice was former President William Howard Taft.
		Predictably, Chief Justice Taft and three of the Four Horsemen, along with another justice, upheld the conviction.
	www.americasfuture.net /courtmonitor/2005/2005-9-23.html (640 words)

	The Write Wing Conspiracy: The Four Horsemen Reunion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Furthermore, we were often accompanied by a beautifully upright Christian woman who is blessed with an appearance and demeanor that makes her appear 2 to 3 years older than she is; somehow her unusually advanced maturity didn't stop her from being in frequent company with four fairly boorish young males.
		This sense of controlled justified rage fueled our successful efforts to reinvent the campus conservative movement at Gonzaga, chiefly by reforming the College Republicans chapter and making it into a force that was both respected and reviled.
		I was merely reflecting on a course in American constitutional law, where I learned that the moniker was applied to the four U.S. Supreme Court justices (Willis Van Devanter, James Clark McReynolds, Pierce Butler, George Sutherland) that most vigorously opposed the New Deal until FDR's court-packing threat turned the tide.
	www.writewingconspiracy.com /archives/2005/05/the_four_horsem_1.html (1396 words)

	Overheard in a Beltway Taxi \| TPMCafe
		Everyone is talking about the lobbying for Harriet Miers' nomination to the Supreme Court.
		David Broder's column dwelt on the role and message of Leonard Leo, the on-leave executive vice president of the Federalist Society, chairman of Catholic outreach for the Republican Party, former liaison to the Catholic community for the Bush-Cheney campaign who's now working with the White House on judicial appointments.
		(Leo is also a member of the Four Horsemen, a group of Washington powerbrokers who are shaping Supreme Court nominee recommendations to the President.)
	auctionhouse.tpmcafe.com /story/2005/10/7/12324/8560 (478 words)

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