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Topic: Four Righteously Guided Caliphs

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	Encyclopedia: Caliphate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Yazid ibn Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik or Yazid III (701 - 744) was an Umayyad caliph.
		Mohammed II was the fourth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty.
		Muhammad III was an Umayyad Caliph of Cordoba.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Caliphate (10158 words)

	khalif (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Caliph (خليفة) was the title taken by Abu Bakr, the father-in-law of Muhammad, when he succeeded him as leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam, in 632.
		With defeat of these peripheral caliphates, the caliphate of the Ottomans began increasingly to be considered to be undisputed primary caliphate.
		The word "Caliph" came through French, which got it from Latin (calīpha), a Romanization of the Arabic word, Khalīfa (probably خليفة), literally "Successor of the Prophet." Khalīfa originates from the verb khalafa, meaning "to succeed" or "to be behind." Some Orientalists wrote it as Khalîf.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Khalif.html (472 words)

	Read about Caliph at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Caliph and learn about Caliph here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Caliph is the term or title for the Islamic leader of the Ummah, or community of Islam.
		The Shi'a, on the other hand, believe that legitimate authority belonged to Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law Ali Ibn Abi Talib on the basis of his blood relation to the Prophet himself, and on the belief that he was designated by Muhammad as his successor.
		Ottomans began increasingly to be considered the undisputed primary caliphate.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Caliph (946 words)

	[No title]
		Conflict between caliph and ulema was a recurring theme in early Islamic history, and ended in the victory of the ulema.
		The first four caliphs are called the Rashidun, the Rightly Guided Caliphs, because they are believe to have followed the Qur'an and the way or sunnah of Muhammad in all things.
		But by 940 the power of the caliphate under the Abassids was waning as non-Arabs, particularly the Turkish (and later the Mamluks in Egypt in the latter half of the 13th century), gained influence, and sultans and emirs became increasingly independent.
	www.homestayfinder.com /Dictionary.aspx?q=caliph (2788 words)

	Caliph - Unipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Sunnis identify the first four Caliphs, all close associates of Muhammad, as the '"rightly guided" caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib.
		Muslims believe that the Caliphate is the application of Messengership of Prophets (Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, until Jesus and Muhammad) as the institution to protect and order the Muslims according the Law of God (in the Qur'an and the Universe), with the structure imitating the structure of Heaven (Mulkiyah/Government) and Earth (Ummah/People).
		The last Caliphate was abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on March 3, 1924, and the title has since been inactive.
	www.unipedia.info /Caliph.html (1962 words)

	ummah.com forum - Definnition of caliphate on Wordiq
		The Caliph combines four roles that are often distinct in the Western world.
		The English word "Caliph" comes from Arabic via French, which got it from Latin (calīpha), which romanized the Arabic word, Khalīfa (probably خليفة), literally "Successor of the Prophet." Khalīfa originates from the verb khalafa, meaning "to succeed" or "to be behind." Some Orientalists wrote it as Khalîf.
		The goal of the coup was to initiate a caliphate which would encompass the entire Muslim world, from Morocco to Indonesia; not as a union of states, but the amalgamation of all 53 Muslim states -one army, one currency, one religion, one brotherhood.
	www.ummah.net /forum/printthread.php?t=37324 (792 words)

	IslamOnline - Views Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the past, the focus of attention on a righteous and just ruler was justified because the general body of Islamic Ummah (community of believers) was alive to its responsibilities, and healthily scrutinizing all leaders.
		It is also important to constitute vigilant and independent civil rights institutions to monitor workings of the government in order that it works righteously and in no way infringes on the rights of its citizens.
		Therefore, they must be made to understand that it is their rights that are being usurped, and it is they who have abdicated their responsibility of taking them back, for which they will suffer here and will be equally accountable along with the perpetrators to God in the eternity of the Hereafter.
	www.islamonline.net /English/Views/2002/03/article4.shtml (2147 words)

	Caliph Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is important to understand, however, that the Sunnis and Shi'a IslamShi'as differ profoundly on the critical question of who the first Caliph of Islam should have been, and the subsequent legitimacy all later office holders.
		With the defeat of these peripheral caliphates, the caliphate of the Ottoman EmpireOttomans began increasingly to be considered the undisputed primary caliphate.
		Some parallels have been drawn between the offices of the caliphate and the Popepapacy, but the relevancy of these comparisons are disputed.
	www.echostatic.com /Caliph.html (1079 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Caliph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		After the first four caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib) the title was claimed by the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Ottomans, as well as by other, competing lineages in Spain, Northern Africa, and Egypt.
		Sunni and Wahabi Islamist movements have gained momentum in recent years, calling for a restoration of the caliphate.
		Iraq Museum International always displays the most recent published revision of the source article, Caliph; all previous versions may be viewed here.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=Caliph (2940 words)

	Uthman ibn Affan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		574 - 656) was the third Caliph of the Ummah, and is regarded as one of the "Four Righteously Guided Caliphs".
		Uthman was also one of the first men to memorize the Qur'an and he would be instrumental to its compilation after the death of Muhammad.
		Uthman became caliph after the assassination of Umar ibn al-Khattab (Caliph Omar) in 644.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/U/Uthman-ibn-Affan.htm (591 words)

	Caliph articles and news from Start Learning Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Palestine, before the Abbassid dynasty was able to turn the tide, limiting the Fatimids to rule to Egypt.
		Eventually the caliphate of the Ottoman EmpireOttomans established primacy.
		Thus, by the eve of the World War IFirst World War, the Ottoman caliphate represented the largest and most powerful independent Islamic political entity.
	www.startlearningnow.com /caliph.htm (2867 words)

	Timeline
		Afghanistan timeline February 1-14, 2003 Afghanistan timeline 14 February 1, 2003 2003 In Kabul, Afghanistan, four arme...
		Afghanistan timeline May 2004 Timeline of Afghan history 21 May 2, 2004 2004 Four U.S soldiers were wounded in the blas...
		Gay rights timeline This page is a timeline of significant events in LGBT communities as a reference point.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/timeline.html (4916 words)

	file:///D:/wefound.org/texts/Da'wah_files/Da'wah3.htm
		Let us always be guided with the Qur’ânic injunction to obey Allâh I and His Messenger r by adhering to the Qur’ân and the Sunnah.
		To facilitate learning and to make the discussion more meaningful, we can tell them that it is for their own benefit that they listen to the teachings of Allâh I and His Messenger r and while listening they should keep their knowledge of the Bible for themselves.
		Da’wah session is over and they do not right away accept the Truth, then we can tell them to ponder over the veracity and incomparable supreme words of Allâh in the Qur’ân and the truthful wisdom of the Prophet r.
	www.wefound.org /texts/Da'wah_files/Da'wah3.htm (3720 words)

	Islam,: The Straight Path for as low as $31.29 at The Gaming Outpost. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		There is no mention about the Pact of Umar, dating from the 8th Century CE (if not from Umar, one of the four "righteously-guided caliphs" who succeeded Muhammad as leader of the early Moslem community), which dictated discriminatory and degrading measures against non-Muslims living under Moslem rule.
		Discussion of women's rights focuses principally on veiling, and substantive issues like the lesser value of women's testimony or evidence in courts of law or lesser inheritance are mentioned only in passing.
		To balance the lack of treatment of minority and women rights in Islam: The Straight Path, the reader is advised to read Islam & Human Rights, 2nd edition (1995) by Anne Elizabeth Mayer of the University of Pennsylvania.
	www.gamingoutpost.com /shop/pr/0195112342/islam_the_straight_path (843 words)

	WPJ Fall 2004 - Political Islam: Image and Reality by Mohammed Ayoob
		Anyone familiar with the history of Muslim polities knows that in practice the religious and political spheres began to be clearly demarcated very soon after the death of the Prophet in 632 C.E. This was inevitable because, according to Muslim belief, revelation ended with the Prophet’s death.
		His immediate temporal successors, the first four “righteously guided” caliphs, while respected for their piety and closeness to the Prophet, could not claim that their decrees were divinely ordained.
		The growing power of the Christian right in American politics, particularly the 40-million strong Evangelical movement, with its apocalyptic vision of “Rapture” and the “Second Coming,” is changing the political culture of the United States slowly but surely.
	www.worldpolicy.org /journal/articles/wpj04-3/ayoob.htm (7467 words)

	Wisdom Enrichment Foundation (WEFOUND) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It guides us to strive hard to enjoy the material comfort, socio-cultural understanding and universal peace and prosperity in this world and at the same time to develop our spiritual aspects of life in order to enjoy everlasting peace, happiness and ultimate success in the life Hereafter.
		Islâm inspires the righteous believers with ultimate success in paradise and gives clear admonitions to the unbelievers of their severe and eternal punishments in the hell-fire.
		It is the quality of life that guides one who sincerely believes and does righteous deeds in Islam to attain success, especially supreme success in the eternal life to come.
	www.wefound.org /texts/knowledge_files/education.htm (10963 words)

	Success Through Da'wah Based on Authentic Knowledge of Islam - LI Islamic Forum
		Do you know what Allah’s right on His slaves is, and what the right of His slaves on Him is?” I replied, “Allah and His Messenger know better.” He said, “Allah’s right on His slaves is that they should worship Him (Alone) and should not worship any besides Him.
		This is to guide them to the Truth so that they will fulfill their very purpose of existence/creation in this world ¾ i.e., to worship Allah (S.W.T.) throughout their lives and therefore avoid committing the most sinful of all sins, which is Shirk (associating partners with Allah (S.W.T.)).
		Caliph Umar (R.A.A) was indeed pleased with Allah as Rabb, with Islam as religion, and with Muhammad (S.A.W.) as Prophet.
	www.islamicboard.com /showthread.php?t=3445 (8286 words)

	Boston.com / News / Rebuilding Iraq
		But they are all printed in extremely small print runs, which is not too surprising as they are read only by initiates like my friend, and are closely monitored by Islam's official caretakers.
		There is little room for open criticism or reflection in the Arab world right now.
		Three of the four righteously guided caliphs after Muhammad died of non-natural causes, so it wasn't a perfect society, right?"
	www.boston.com /news/packages/iraq/globe_stories/021603_dispatch_2.htm (1244 words)

	Islam,: The Straight Path: Current Amazon U.S.A. One-Edition Data
		Esposito traces the historical development of Islam from its genesis with Muhammad and the Quran, through the great ages of Islamic fluorescence and expansion-- the Umayyad (661-750) and Abbasid (750-1258) caliphates -- right up to the modern period, when "neorevivalists" struggled to reconcile the fundamental principles of Islam with secular and western-dominated contemporary life.
		To balance the lack of treatment of minority and women rights in Islam: The Straight Path, the reader is advised to read Islam and Human Rights, 2nd edition (1995) by Anne Elizabeth Mayer of the University of Pennsylvania.
		He then sketches the history of the Islamic world in the medieval period, covering the Umayyads, the Abbasid Caliphate, the Crusades and the later Islamic empires, which are Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal.
	www.negative-procreative.biz /stuff-0195112342.html (2017 words)

	righteously - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "righteously" is defined.
		Righteously : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
		Phrases that include righteously: self righteously, four righteously guided caliphs
	www.onelook.com /?w=righteously&ls=a (114 words)

	[No title]
		As for the sahaba who were not Shi`as, as well as the caliphs, kings, and princes who ruled the Muslims from the time of Abu Bakr and till the reign of the Abbaside caliph Muhammad ibn al-Rasheed al-Mu`tasim, they never recognized the caliphate of Ali ibn Abu Talib at all.
		To love Ali may Allah be pleased at him, and to believe the legitimacy of his leadership after the first three Righteously Guided caliphs — where he is the fourth — is of unanimous agreement between Ahl Al-Sunnah in all the times and places, from the time of the Companions to our time.
		This matter is so famous that it is taken for granted where no one argues about it save for a very ignorant person or a big time liar.
	www.ansar.org /english/taijani4.htm (617 words)

	Caliph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Caliph has often been referred to as Ameer al-Mumineen (Ø£ÙÙØ± Ø§ÙÙØ¤ÙÙÙÙ), or "Prince of the Faithful," where "Prince" is used in the context of "commander." The title has been defunct since the abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate in 1924.
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	pillscatalog.net /Caliph.html (2398 words)

	SHAYKH AL-ISLAM - MUHADDITH AL A'ZAM MISSION, SILSILA QADIRIYA-CHISTIYA-ASHRAFIYA
		And not to depend on your tyrannical ego that is ignorant of the rights of Allah (Subhanahu wa Ta'ala).
		Al-Kashaani said, “One who does not sit with a Guide (Imam) who is a Physician (hakeem), is always in error.” Hamud Al-Qasar said, “Do not sit with the People of Mischief.
		He was a student of 'Uthman bin Affaan, the third Caliph of Islam and he took narrations from Malik Aldar, and he in turn, learned the knowledge of Hadith from his Father (i.e.
	www.islam786.org /awliyaallah.htm (11086 words)

	Caliph - guideofcasinos.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		On March 3, 1924, at the end of the First World War, the secular, Turkish military commander Kemal AtatÃ¼rk abolished the institution of the Caliphate and transfered the powers of the Ottoman family line to the Turkish Grand National Assembly (parliament) of the newly formed Turkish nation-state.
		Caliph and Emir: MPEG-7 Photo Annotation and Retrieval
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	guideofcasinos.com /Caliph.html (2367 words)

	The Official Website of the Chisti Sabiree Jahangiri Silsila (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Hazrat Thabit Nibhaani Radi Allahu Anhu was a Taba’ee (Ones that saw the Sahaaba after the demise of the Holy Prophet (Salallahu Alaihi Wasallam)).
		© 2003 Sabiree.com - The Chisti Sabiree Jahangiri Silsila Online - All Rights Reserved
		All questions, comments or suggestions may be directed to
	www.sabiree.com /saints/who_are_the_awliya.htm (2097 words)

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