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Topic: Four Rightly guided Caliphs

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	Rashidun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs (Arabic: الخلفاء الراشدون‎ translit: al-Khulafā’ur-Rāshidūn) is a term used in Sunni Islam and in general around the world to refer to the first four caliphs who are seen as being model leaders.
		A small minority include Hasan ibn Ali as a fifth righteously guided Caliph, however most do not consider him to have been caliph at all.
		The first four Sunni Caliphs and the Sunnah
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Four_Righteously_Guided_Caliphs (212 words)

	Umayyad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Umayyad Dynasty (Arabic بنو أمية banū umayya / الأمويون al-umawiyyūn, Persian امویان Omaviyân, Turkish Emevi), also "Umawi", was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Islamic empire after the reign of the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali) ended.
		Caliph Uthman before him was also a descendent of Umayya, and during his time had been criticised for placing members of his family within political positions (for which he was murdered); however since he never declared an heir he cannot be considered the founder of a dynasty.
		This established the Umayyad dynasty, and the capital of the caliphate was moved to Damascus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ummayads (1308 words)

	Ali - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The new caliph argued that the Muhammad's considerable landed property had been held by the prophet in trust for the community, and was rightfully the property of the state -- despite Ali's rejoinder that Muhammad's revelations included accounts of prophetic inheritance (Qur'an 27:16, 21:89).
		In the view of Shi'as, she was a bitter enemy of Ali, and one of the chief hindrances to his advancement to the caliphate.
		The rebel army was defeated at the Battle of Basra (also known as the Battle of the Camel); Talha was killed, Zubayr fled and was killed later, and Aisha was captured and escorted with all respect to Medina, where she was given a pension.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Ali (3206 words)

	Islam Glossary
		The first of the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs, Abu Bakr was an early believer and follower of Mohammed who became a close advisor to him.
		The institution of the caliphs is called the "Caliphate." The office of caliph was held first by the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs, then by the Umayyads, and then the Abbasids.
		Uthman was the third of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and ruled from the death of Umar in 644 to 656.
	uwacadweb.uwyo.edu /religionet/er/islam/IGLOSSRY.HTM (4460 words)

	the Khalifates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Caliphate, office and realm of the caliph as supreme leader of the Muslim community and successor of the Prophet Muhammad.
		Ali, a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, was acknowledged as the fourth caliph by the Medinians and the rebellious Muslim troops.
		Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Harun Al-Rashid and the Narrative of the Abbasid Caliphate.
	www.arab-world-information.com /the_khalifates.htm (2122 words)

	History of the Muslims, empires of Islam
		2- In Medina and Kufa: the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs (632-661).
		Of the four Rightly Guided Caliphs, Ali was the only one who was a close blood relative of Mohammed.
		When Ali was elected Caliph, they believed that their views would finally dominate, but after Ali’s assassination, the leadership of the umma moved to the Umayyads.
	www.biblia.com /islam/history.htm (2490 words)

	Modernists April 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Saghifeh affair marked the basic features of the procedure of the elections of the caliph, which are 'Ijma' consensus, 'Baya' literally the clasping of hands and 'Ahde' the covenant undertaken by the caliph to rule in accordance with the provision of the shariah, and the community's promise to obey him.
		Abu Bakr for example was thought to be a suitable candidate for Caliphate based on his seniority, his standing within the community and the fact that he was one of the companions of the prophet.
		The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs partook, to some extent, in the spiritual charisma of the prophet by virtue of having been among his closest companions.
	www.islam21.net /pages/keyissues/key1-11.htm (1398 words)

	Islamic History: The Caliphs - ReligionFacts
		In the end, Abu Bakr would become the first of four caliphs, each of whom contributed significantly to the development and spread of Islam.
		Caliph Umar, Commander of the Faithful, was assassinated by a Persian Christian in 644.
		Ali declared himself the fourth caliph, a claim which was promptly challenged by Mu'awiya, Uthman's cousin and the governor of Syria.
	www.religionfacts.com /islam/history/caliphs.htm (1022 words)

	USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
		As successor to the Prophet, the Caliph was the head of the Muslim community and his primary responsibility was to continue in the path of the Prophet.
		After these four, the later Caliphs assumed the manners of kings and emperors and the true spirit of equality of ruler and ruled diminished to a considerable extent in the political life of Muslims.
		However, even though the era of Ali's caliphate was marred by civil strife, he nevertheless introduced a number of reforms, particularly in the levying and collecting of revenues.
	www.usc.edu /dept/MSA/politics/firstfourcaliphs.html (5344 words)

	Muslim Writers Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		These caliphs were the first of the four ârightly guided caliphs.â Under whom comes Abu-Bakr followed by âUmar, âUthman and âAli (May Allah be pleased with them).
		The first Caliph of Islam, Abu-Bakr al-Siddiq, the son of Abu-Qahafah (âUthman) and Umm-al-Khayr (Salma) was the first free man to embrace Islam, a genealogist and a cloth merchant by trade, the great friend and the father-in-law of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
		He was the first and one among the ârightly guided caliphsâ in establishing the true spirit of democracy.
	writers.oneummah.net /print.php?sid=497 (784 words)

	IslamLecture_Rashidun
		He was buried four miles away in the city of Najaf, a major Shiite shrine city.
		Ali’s son, Husayn, was himself martyred by the Umayyad caliph, Yazid, at Karbala, also in Iraq, in 680.
		Hence, the essential difference between the Shia and the Sunnis is that the Shia believe in a dynastic succession (the new caliph must be a blood descendant of the Prophet Muhammad) while the Sunnis believe that any qualified person from the tribe of the Prophet (the Quraysh) is eligible to succeed as caliph.
	faculty-staff.ou.edu /L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/IslamLecture_Rashidun.htm (1575 words)

	IslamiCity.com - Education
		Khalifah- anglicized as caliph - is a word meaning "successor" but also suggesting what his historical role would be: to govern according to the Quran and the practice of the Prophet.
		And while Sunnis consider the caliph a guardian of the shari'ah, the religious law, the Shi'is see the imam as a trustee inheriting and interpreting the Prophet's spiritual knowledge.
		His son Hasan was proclaimed caliph at Kufa but soon afterward deferred to Muiawiyah, who had already been proclaimed caliph in Jerusalem in the previous year and who now was recognized and accepted as caliph in all the Muslim territories - thus inaugurating the Umayyad dynasty which would rule for the next ninety years.
	www.islamicity.com /education/ihame/default.asp?Destination=/education/ihame/3.asp (1426 words)

	GLOSSARY
		He was the first of the four rightly guided Khalifaas (Caliphs).
		- The fourth of the four Rightly-Guided Caliphs and the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad (pbuh).
		These four Caliphs were the first successors after the death of Muhammad (pbuh).
	www.masjidannur.com /eduoutreach/articles/glossary.html (2516 words)

	[No title]
		These four Khulafaa (pl. for Caliph) are called the "Khulafaa-e-Rashidun" or the "Rightly Guided Caliphs." Together, these four Khulafaa ruled the Islamic State for about 29 years.
		They are called "Rightly Guided" because they ruled the people of that time exactly according to the Holy Quran and the commands of Sayyiduna Rasulullah (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam).
		The presence of the four Caliphs at the four Pillars of Kauther is also substantiated by a Hadith.
	members.lycos.co.uk /sep2002/KHULAFAAERASHIDUNINTRODUCTION.htm (556 words)

	Military Dictatorship Has No Place in Islam
		In the exemplary period of the four rightly guided caliphs it was simply unthinkable that any individual, however good or great, would take over power by the use of military force.
		The four caliphs themselves were elected heads of state who enjoyed widespread support and respect.
		When the rightly guided caliph Amir Mu`awiyah nominated his son as the ruler, the Prophet's own grandson, Hadrat Imam Hussain, protested and as we all know gave his life rather than accept the rule of a man who, among other faults, did not come to power through proper means, i.e.
	www.islamicperspectives.com /MilitaryDictatorship.htm (1406 words)

	THE RISE OF ISLAM - Ibrahim Stwodah's Home page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Caliph was responsible for creating and maintaining conditions under which it would be easy for Muslims to live according to Islamic principles, and to see that justice was done to all (8).
		The period of the Prophet Muhammad and first four caliphs of Islam the "Four Rightly Guided Caliphs" (632-661), is remembered as the best of times, the normative period to which the community has often returned for guidance and inspiration.
		However, even though the era of Ali's caliphate was torn by civil strife, he nevertheless introduced a number of reforms, particularly in the levying and collecting of revenues (13).
	www.longwood.edu /staff/stwodahim/islam1.htm (4572 words)

	Is Islam Secularizable? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Similarly, in Christianity the movement of Monsignor Marcel Lefebvre and his followers in Europe and the United States was an excellent example of the Church’s persistence in response to purism evolving into secular humanism, religious pluralism, mutual tolerance, freedom of conscience, a scientifically based culture, and so on.
		The Iranian Ayatollahs, in their moment of victory, did not proceed to restore the Islamic Caliphate-and there was a Shi'i Caliphate in Muslim history-nor did they erect an Imamate or vice-Imamate, but proceeded to establish a republic for the first time in Iran’s long history.
		Note also that, in spite of the Islamic idiom, the politico-ideological discourses of the Iranian clerics and guardians of correct belief are substantively dictated by the historical "Yes" of the present socio-economic-political conjuncture rather than the exigencies of the dogmatic "No" of orthodoxy.
	www.secularislam.org /separation/isisislam.htm (1596 words)

	The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs -- Islamic articles and information on Islam for Muslims at VictoryScent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		All four were among the earliest and closest Companions of the Prophet (peace be on him).
		When the Palestinians saw the Caliph of a vast Islamic empire in rough, patched cloak, walking on foot with no grain of pride and haughtiness they threw their gates open to welcome him into the Holy City.
		During Uthman's rule the characteristics of Abu Bakr's and Umar's caliphates - impartial justice for all, mild and humane policies, striving in the path of Allah, and the expansion of Islam - continued.
	www.victoryscent.co.uk /4_caliphs.htm (6013 words)

	The Sources and Tenets of Shi'ite Islam
		Ali found himself faced early in his caliphate with an insurrection led by a number of Muhammad's companions including his wife Ayishah (who had proved to be Ali's inveterate foe even during Muhammad's lifetime) which was ostensibly started to avenge the blood of Uthman.
		Ali himself was later assassinated and although Mu'awiyah was almost certainly not involved in the deed, he took the opportunity to establish himself as Caliph, a position that was to be held by his clan, the Ummayads, for nearly a hundred years.
		They cite at least four occasions where Ali was especially singled out by Muhammad to act as his viceroy, namely as the standard-bearer at the battles of Badr, Khaybar and Taluk, and as his representative at his last pilgrimage.
	answering-islam.org /Gilchrist/Vol1/9b.html (3887 words)

	Myth Note: Sunni and Shiite
		The third caliph, Uthman, who won an apparent power struggle among six men whom Umar had named worthy of succession, came from a great aristocratic clan of Mecca, the Umayyads.
		For all the chaos, bloodshed, murder, improvisation, and absolutism, the Rightly Guided Caliphs were a precedent for the type of Islamic regime -- the autocratically "virtuous" state -- that contemporary Islamists have sought to create.
		It was harder to understand, however, the militants' reverence for the "Rightly Guided Caliphs," that is the first four successors to Muhammad -- what they viewed as Islams true "golden" age.
	www.albany.edu /faculty/lr618/4islam.html (2174 words)

	glossary
		dynasty of caliphs ruling from 750 till 1258, although it had lost any meaningful power several centuries earlier.
		One who practices ihsan lives each moment of his life as if God were in front of him; a state often associated with Sufi Muslims.
		the first dynasty of caliphs, ruling from 661 until the takeover of the Abbasids in 750.
	faculty.vassar.edu /maleeming/Files/204/Terms/glossary.htm (1039 words)

	Reception & Classical Development of Muhammad's Islamic Message
		Caliph Umar conquers Jerusalem and Jews are permitted to return to the city under Islam.
		Harun Al Rashid, Caliph of the Abbasids forces Baghdad Jews to wear a yellow badge and Christians to wear a blue badge.
		Egyptian Caliph Hakkim, who claimed to be divine, pressured all non-Muslims to convert and forced all Jews to wear a "golden calf" around their necks.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/islamtime.html (743 words)

	SHAYKH AL ISLAM \| JANASHEEN - MUHADDITH AL A'ZAM AL HIND
		As successor to the Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala alayhi wa Sallam), the Caliph was the head of the Muslim community and his primary responsibility was to continue in the path of the Beloved Prophet(Salla Allahu ta'ala alayhi wa Sallam).
		All four were among the earliest and closest Companions of the Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu ta'ala alayhi wa Sallam).
		Hadrat Abu Bakr (Radi Allahu Ta'ala anhu) died on 21 Jamadi-al Akhir, 13 A.H. (23 August 634 A.C.), at the age of sixty-three, and was buried by the side of the Beloved Prophet (Salla Allahu Ta'ala alayhi wa Sallam).
	www.islam786.org /thefourcaliphs.htm (7004 words)

	Darul Huda
		After him, Ali (RA) was elected as the fourth Caliph, he ruled for nearly 4 years.
		Then the caliphate of central governance ended and the power transferred to the provincial rulers.
		This caliphate came to an end following the defeat of the Germans in the First World War; the Turks were allied with Germany.
	www.darulhuda.org /codes/history_islam.htm (246 words)

	Wikinfo \| Ilm ar-Rijal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Since the sira is part of the sunnah, or moral example that Muslims are supposed to follow, and validating the sayings of Muhammad is a major study ("isnah"), accurate biography has always been of great interest to Muslims.
		Another important influence of biography on Islam is in the recording of the lives of the four Rightly Guided Caliphs (a Sunni term), who expanded Islamic dominance rapidly:
		Abu Bakr Siddiq, first Caliph after Muhammad, unanimously elected by a constitutional assemly in Madina shortly after Muhammad's death in 631.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Ilm_ar-Rijal (441 words)

	Islam Social Organization
		During this time, four main schools of legal interpretation arose within Sunni Islam, giving different levels of authority to the Koran, the Hadith, community consensus and reasoning.
		These four schools were ultimately all considered to provide valid interpretations of the Sharia, with their influence varying from region to region.
		In the early decades of the movement, all the initial followers of Mohammed and the Four Caliphs were Arabs.
	uwacadweb.uwyo.edu /ReligioNet/ER/Islam/iorg.htm (2957 words)

	Umar ibn al-Khattab
		During Abu Bakr's short reign as caliph, Umar was an important advisor to him, and Abu Bakr selected Umar as his successor prior to his death.
		Umar's time as caliph saw the Islamic empire grow at an unprecedented rate, taking Iraq and parts of Iran from the Sassanids, and thereby ending that empire, and taking Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Byzantines.
		Umar was murdered in 644 by a Persian slave who was angered by a personal quarrel with Umar; he stabbed the caliph six times as Umar led prayers in Masjid al Nabawi.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/Khattab.html (372 words)

	NEAR E 210 - Review Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		What are the three major parties that took part in the two civil wars during the Caliphal Era (i.e.
		Compare and contrast Umayyad and Abbasid caliphal empires regarding the characteristics of the army and the bureaucracy under each of them.
		Write about the establishment and development of the four religious schools of law, and their approaches to sharia.
	courses.washington.edu /islamciv/questions.htm (375 words)

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